Introduction
Principles of T1 Mapping
Contrast-enhanced T1 Mapping and Extracellular Volume (ECV) Fraction
T1-Mapping Techniques
Inversion Recovery-Based Techniques
Saturation Recovery-Based Techniques
T1 Mapping in Ischemic Heart Disease
First author | Publication year | Aim of the study | Study design | Sample size | Main outcome |
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Sado et al. [20] | 2012 | To assess the significance of myocardial ECV, as a clinical biomarker in health and in cardiac diseases | Prospective, single center | 192 # 20 ^ 81* | Myocardial ECV shows gender differences in normal individuals and disease-specific variability. Mean ECV was higher in MI and AL amyloidosis |
Ma et al. [21•] | 2021 | To evaluate the feasibility of texture analysis on non-CE T1 maps of CMR imaging for the diagnosis of myocardial injury in MI | Retrospective, single center | 68 | Combination of radiomics of non-CE T1 mapping and T1 values showed high diagnostic accuracy in MVO detection |
Wang et al. [22] | 2020 | To assess the feasibility of CMR without gadolinium-based contrast agents using native T1-maps at 3 T to characterize chronic MI | Prospective, multicenter | 215 | Native-T1 mapping can be used to image chronic MI with high degree of accuracy, and as such, it is a viable alternative for scar imaging in patients with chronic MI who are contraindicated for LGE |
Kaolawanich et al. [23] | 2022 | To explore the impact of fatty metaplasia on the accuracy of native T1 mapping in discerning myocardial replacement fibrosis among individuals suffering from chronic MI | Prospective, single center | 312 § 50 * | Native T1 mapping is poor at detecting replacement fibrosis but may indirectly detect chronic MI if there is associated fatty metaplasia |
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Chronic Myocardial Infarction
T1 Mapping in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
First author | Publication year | Aim of the study | Study design | Sample size | Main outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puntman et al. [33] | 2016 | To assess the prognostic relevance of T1 mapping parameters in NIDCM and compare them with conventional markers of adverse outcome | Prospective, longitudinal, observational, multicenter | 637 | Measures of diffuse myocardial disease by T1 mapping are significantly predictive of all-cause of mortality in NIDCM, independently of conventional markers of function, structure, and regional myocardial disease by LGE |
Cadour et al. [34] | 2023 | To determine if T1 mapping and ECV have a prognostic value in NIDCM patients | Prospective, multicenter | 225 | Native T1 was an independent predictor in arrhythmia-related events occurrence. The addition of ECV and native T1 in the decision-making algorithm may improve arrhythmia risk stratification |
Aikawa et al. [35] | 2019 | To investigate the clinical impact of T1 mapping for detecting myocardial impairment in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy over time | Prospective, single center | 23 | Native T1 mapping offers high diagnostic performance for detection of myocardial oedema and prediction of LV wall motion restoration |
First author | Publication year | Aim of the study | Study design | Sample size | Main outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liang et al. [36] | 2022 | To assess the effectiveness of various CMR parameters in differentiating between HCM and HHD | Prospective, longitudinal, observational, multicenter | 38 * 35 § 29° | Both native T1 values and ECV can support clinically relevant discrimination between HCM and HHD |
Bourfiss et al. [37] | 2019 | To compare T1 mapping between patients with ARVC and control subjects | Prospective, single center | 30 # 13° | Genotype-positive ARVC patients had significantly higher native T1 values than controls, suggesting a predominant role of LV replacement fibrosis rather than fat infiltration in ARVC pathogenesis |
Araujo-Filho et al. [38] | 2018 | To characterize myocardial T1 mapping and ECV fraction by CMR and investigate how these biomarkers relate to LVNC | Prospective, single center | 36 18° | Tissue characterization by T1 mapping suggests an extracellular expansion by diffuse fibrosis in myocardium without LGE, associated with myocardial dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias, but not with the amount of non-compacted myocardium |
First author | Publication year | Aim of the study | Study design | Sample size | Main outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palmisano et al. [39] | 2020 | To evaluate the value of early enhanced T1 shortening for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis | Prospective, single center | 45 * 19° | Percentage of T1 shortening at early enhanced T1 mapping showed high accuracy for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis |
Puntmann et al. [40] | 2020 | To evaluate the presence of myocardial injury in unselected patients recently recovered from COVID-19 illness | Prospective, observational, single center | 100 # 50° | Myocardial native T1 and T2 measures provided the best discriminatory value against healthy controls and risk factor–matched controls for exclusion of any myocardial disease or confirmation of COVID-19–related involvement, respectively |
Galea et al. [41] | 2021 | To assess the clinical value of CMR in characterizing myocardial damage in active COVID-19 patients | Retrospective observational, single center | 27 # | CMR allowed characterization of myocardial by means of a multiparametric scanning protocol including conventional imaging and T1–T2 mapping and ECV |
Puntmann et al. [42] | 2017 | To determine whether quantitative tissue characterization with T1 and T2 mapping supports recognition of myocardial involvement in patients with systemic sarcoidosis | Prospective, single center | 53 § 36° | Quantitative myocardial tissue characterization with T1 and T2 mapping may enable noninvasive recognition of cardiac involvement and activity of myocardial inflammation in patients with systemic sarcoidosis |
First author | Publication year | Aim of the study | Study design | Sample size | Main outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fontana et al. [43] | 2014 | To explore the ability of native myocardial T1 mapping to detect cardiac involvement in ATTR amyloidosis, track the cardiac amyloid burden and detect early disease | Retrospective, single center | 172 # 52° 46 § | Native myocardial T1 mapping detects cardiac ATTR amyloid with similar diagnostic performance and disease tracking to AL amyloid. In individuals with established cardiac ATTR amyloidosis, the degree of T1 elevation was comparatively lower than that observed in AL amyloidosis |
Sado et al. [44] | 2013 | To evaluate non contrast T1 mapping ability to detect early cardiac involvement and distinguish LVH due to AFD from other causes | Prospective, single center | 227 | Noncontrast T1 mapping shows potential as a unique and powerful measurement in the imaging assessment of LVH and AFD |
Alam et al. [45] | 2015 | To compare the established 1.5 T BB T2* technique against native T1 values at 1.5 T and 3 T in iron overload patients with cardiac siderosis | Prospective, single center | 53 * 20° | T1 mapping at both 1.5 T and 3 T can effectively detect individuals with substantial iron loading, as defined by the current gold standard T2* measurement at 1.5 T |
Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (NIDCM)
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Genetic Cardiomyopathies
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Left Ventricular Noncompaction
Inflammatory Cardiomyopathies
Acute myocarditis
Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies
Cardiac Amyloidosis
Anderson-Fabry Disease
Cardiac Siderosis
T1 Mapping in Valvular Disease
First author | Publication year | Aim of the study | Study design | Sample size | Main outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al [118] | 2018 | To investigate whether the native T1 values of myocardial tissue, as assessed by CMR, could predict clinical events in patients with significant AS | Prospective, single center | 127 # 33^ | Elevated native T1 values represent an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with AS |
Pavon et al. [119] | 2021 | To explore the relationship between the severity of MAD and myocardial interstitial fibrosis in patients with MVP, and the association between interstitial fibrosis and VA | Retrospective, single center | 30° 14 * 10 § | Elevated basal segments ECV is evident in MVP-MAD patients, even when LGE is not present, and this elevation is associated with the length of MAD and an elevated risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |