Background
Fall risk and consequence
Diabetes and fall
The local situation
Method
Study design
Setting and participants
Data collection and statistical analysis
Sample size calculation
Results
Demographic data
Total Fallers N = 103 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Overall | Nonfaller | Total fallers | Fall once | Recurrent Fall | ||||||
N = 442 | N = 339 | N = 103 | N = 65 | N = 38 | |||||||
N% | N% | N% | N% | N% | |||||||
Sex | |||||||||||
Female | 223 | 50.5 | 167 | 49.3 | 56 | 54.4 | 32 | 49.2 | 24 | 63.2 | |
Male | 219 | 49.5 | 172 | 50.7 | 47 | 45.6 | 33 | 50.8 | 14 | 36.8 | |
Age (years) | |||||||||||
65–69 | 138 | 31.2 | 119 | 35.1 | 19 | 18.4 | 11 | 16.9 | 8 | 21.1 | |
70–74 | 136 | 30.8 | 104 | 30.7 | 32 | 31.1 | 24 | 36.9 | 8 | 21.1 | |
75–79 | 76 | 17.2 | 54 | 15.9 | 22 | 21.4 | 12 | 18.5 | 10 | 26.2 | |
80–84 | 49 | 11.1 | 35 | 10.3 | 14 | 13.6 | 10 | 15.4 | 4 | 10.5 | |
> = 85 | 43 | 9.7 | 27 | 8 | 16 | 15.5 | 8 | 12.3 | 8 | 21.1 | |
Current smoker | 31 | 7 | 26 | 7.7 | 5 | 4.9 | 3 | 4.6 | 2 | 5.3 | |
Drinker | 39 | 8.8 | 33 | 9.7 | 6 | 5.8 | 3 | 4.6 | 3 | 7.9 | |
Living arrangement | |||||||||||
alone | 67 | 15.2 | 50 | 14.7 | 17 | 16.5 | 11 | 17 | 6 | 15.8 | |
lives with someone | 371 | 83.9 | 288 | 85 | 83 | 80.6 | 53 | 81.5 | 30 | 78.9 | |
residential home | 4 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 | 2.9 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 5.3 | |
Walking aids | 100 | 22.6 | 64 | 18.9 | 36 | 35 | 24 | 36.9 | 12 | 31.6 | |
HT | 387 | 87.6 | 297 | 87.6 | 90 | 87.4 | 57 | 87.7 | 33 | 86.8 | |
CVA | 67 | 15.2 | 47 | 13.9 | 20 | 19.4 | 7 | 10.8 | 13 | 34.2 | |
OA | 117 | 26.5 | 86 | 25.4 | 31 | 30.1 | 19 | 29.2 | 12 | 31.6 | |
CAD | 41 | 9.3 | 34 | 10 | 7 | 6.8 | 4 | 6.2 | 3 | 7.9 | |
SBP (mmHg) | |||||||||||
< 120 | 46 | 10.4 | 33 | 9.7 | 13 | 12.6 | 8 | 12.3 | 5 | 13.2 | |
120–129 | 106 | 24 | 81 | 23.9 | 25 | 24.3 | 15 | 23.1 | 10 | 26.3 | |
130–139 | 140 | 31.7 | 111 | 32.7 | 29 | 28.2 | 18 | 27.7 | 11 | 28.9 | |
> = 140 | 150 | 33.9 | 114 | 33.6 | 36 | 34.9 | 24 | 36.9 | 12 | 31.6 | |
DBP (mmHg) | |||||||||||
< 60 | 84 | 19 | 62 | 18.3 | 22 | 21.4 | 13 | 20 | 9 | 23.7 | |
60–69 | 172 | 38.9 | 126 | 37.2 | 46 | 44.7 | 28 | 43 | 18 | 47.4 | |
70–79 | 133 | 30.1 | 107 | 31.5 | 26 | 25.2 | 20 | 30.8 | 6 | 15.8 | |
> = 80 | 53 | 12 | 44 | 13 | 9 | 8.7 | 4 | 6.2 | 5 | 13.1 | |
BMI | |||||||||||
< 25 | 223 | 50.5 | 169 | 49.9 | 54 | 52.4 | 33 | 50.8 | 21 | 55.3 | |
> = 25 | 219 | 49.5 | 170 | 50.1 | 49 | 47.6 | 32 | 49.2 | 17 | 44.7 | |
HbA1c (%) | |||||||||||
< = 6.4 | 103 | 23.3 | 74 | 21.8 | 29 | 28.2 | 15 | 23 | 14 | 36.8 | |
6.5–6.9 | 156 | 35.3 | 119 | 35.1 | 37 | 35.9 | 24 | 37 | 13 | 34.2 | |
7.0–7.4 | 108 | 24.4 | 86 | 25.4 | 22 | 21.4 | 16 | 24.6 | 6 | 15.8 | |
7.5–7.9 | 31 | 7 | 24 | 7.1 | 7 | 6.8 | 5 | 7.7 | 2 | 5.3 | |
> = 8.0 | 44 | 10 | 36 | 10.6 | 8 | 7.8 | 5 | 7.7 | 3 | 7.9 | |
OHA | |||||||||||
0 | 80 | 18.1 | 62 | 18.3 | 18 | 17.5 | 10 | 15.4 | 8 | 21.1 | |
1 | 196 | 44.3 | 145 | 42.8 | 51 | 49.5 | 31 | 47.7 | 20 | 52.6 | |
> = 2 | 166 | 37.6 | 132 | 38.9 | 34 | 33 | 24 | 36.9 | 10 | 26.3 | |
Sulfonylurea | 181 | 41 | 144 | 42.5 | 37 | 35.9 | 26 | 40 | 11 | 28.9 | |
Insulin | 13 | 2.9 | 10 | 2.9 | 3 | 2.9 | 3 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 | |
Hypoglycemia symptoms | 72 | 16.3 | 46 | 13.6 | 26 | 25.2 | 10 | 15.4 | 16 | 42.1 | |
Diabetic retinopathy | 115 | 26 | 86 | 25.4 | 29 | 28.2 | 20 | 30.8 | 9 | 23.7 | |
VA | |||||||||||
< 0.6 | 204 | 46.2 | 141 | 41.6 | 63 | 61.2 | 39 | 60 | 24 | 63.2 | |
0.6–1.0 | 238 | 53.8 | 198 | 58.4 | 40 | 38.8 | 26 | 40 | 14 | 36.8 |
Number of falls
Associated risk factors for fall (one or more falls versus non-fallers)
Variables | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1.23 | 0.79–1.92 | 0.426 | 1.22 | 0.71–2.1 | 0.472 |
Male | Ref | Ref | ||||
Age (years) | ||||||
65–69 | Ref | Ref | ||||
70–74 | 1.93 | 1.03–3.6 | 0.04* | 1.86 | 0.96–3.61 | 0.067 |
75–79 | 2.55 | 1.28–5.1 | 0.008* | 2.23 | 1.02–4.85 | 0.044* |
80–84 | 2.51 | 1.14–5.5 | 0.022* | 2.06 | 0.81–5.24 | 0.13 |
> = 85 | 3.71 | 1.69–8.14 | 0.001* | 2.13 | 0.81–5.57 | 0.125 |
Current smoker | 0.61 | 0.23–1.64 | 0.448 | 0.66 | 0.22–1.96 | 0.456 |
Drinker | 0.57 | 0.23–1.41 | 0.305 | 0.69 | 0.26–1.84 | 0.454 |
Living arrangement | ||||||
alone | Ref | Ref | ||||
with someone/residential home | 0.88 | 0.48–1.6 | 0.781 | 0.97 | 0.5–1.87 | 0.924 |
Walking aids | 2.31 | 1.42–3.76 | 0.001* | 1.59 | 0.83–3.0 | 0.161 |
HT | 0.98 | 0.50–1.9 | 1.000 | 0.88 | 0.41–1.85 | 0.729 |
CVA | 1.50 | 0.84–2.67 | 0.223 | 1.08 | 0.56–2.09 | 0.817 |
OA | 1.27 | 0.78–2.06 | 0.409 | 1.03 | 0.6–1.79 | 0.904 |
CAD | 0.65 | 0.28–1.52 | 0.426 | 0.49 | 0.2–1.21 | 0.123 |
SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
< 120 | Ref | Ref | ||||
120–129 | 0.78 | 0.36–1.71 | 0.541 | 0.93 | 0.39–2.21 | 0.868 |
130–139 | 0.66 | 0.31–1.42 | 0.29 | 0.8 | 0.35–1.87 | 0.611 |
> = 140 | 0.8 | 0.38–1.69 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.36–2.08 | 0.749 |
DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
< 60 | Ref | Ref | ||||
60–69 | 1.03 | 0.57–1.86 | 0.925 | 1.34 | 0.7–2.56 | 0.384 |
70–79 | 0.69 | 0.36–1.3 | 0.252 | 1.1 | 0.51–2.29 | 0.841 |
> = 80 | 0.58 | 0.24–1.37 | 0.213 | 0.7 | 0.26–1.87 | 0.472 |
BMI | ||||||
< 25 | Ref | Ref | ||||
> = 25 | 0.90 | 0.58–1.4 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.62–1.67 | 0.95 |
HbA1c (%) | ||||||
< = 6.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
6.5–6.9 | 0.79 | 0.45–1.4 | 0.423 | 0.82 | 0.45–1.52 | 0.535 |
7.0–7.4 | 0.65 | 0.35–1.23 | 0.188 | 0.55 | 0.28–1.11 | 0.094 |
7.5–7.9 | 0.74 | 0.29–1.92 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.25–2.04 | 0.525 |
> = 8.0 | 0.57 | 0.24–1.37 | 0.205 | 0.49 | 0.19–1.29 | 0.151 |
OHA | 1.06 | 0.59–1.89 | 0.967 | 1.04 | 0.54–2.01 | 0.900 |
Sulfonylurea | 0.76 | 0.48–1.2 | 0.284 | |||
Insulin | 0.99 | 0.27–3.66 | 1.000 | 0.63 | 0.15–2.65 | 0.526 |
Hypoglycemia symptoms | 2.15 | 1.25–3.70 | 0.008* | 2.42 | 1.28–4.57 | 0.007* |
Diabetic retinopathy | 1.15 | 0.7–1.89 | 0.663 | 1.24 | 0.71–2.17 | 0.445 |
VA | ||||||
< 0.6 | 2.22 | 1.41–3.45 | 0.001* | 1.75 | 1.03–3.03 | 0.038* |
0.6–1.0 | Ref |
Variables | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1.75 | 0.88–3.45 | 0.142 | 1.72 | 0.7–4.17 | 0.226 |
Male | Ref | Ref | ||||
Age (years) | ||||||
65–69 | Ref | Ref | ||||
70–74 | 1.02 | 0.37–2.79 | 0.976 | 0.85 | 0.28–2.58 | 0.771 |
75–79 | 2.46 | 0.93–6.53 | 0.07 | 2.82 | 0.86–9.22 | 0.086 |
80–84 | 1.44 | 0.42–5.03 | 0.563 | 1.87 | 0.42–8.32 | 0.413 |
> = 85 | 3.71 | 1.3–10.6 | 0.014* | 3.15 | 0.74–13.4 | 0.121 |
Current smoker | 0.72 | 0.17–3.13 | 0.913 | 0.65 | 0.1–4.13 | 0.646 |
Drinker | 0.88 | 0.26–2.99 | 1.0 | 2.12 | 0.46–9.69 | 0.332 |
Living arrangement | ||||||
alone | Ref | Ref | ||||
with someone/residential home | 0.95 | 0.38–2.37 | 1.0 | 1.02 | 0.36–2.9 | 0.97 |
Walking aids | 1.66 | 0.8–3.42 | 0.239 | 0.56 | 0.19–1.65 | 0.292 |
HT | 0.93 | 0.35–2.5 | 1.0 | 0.65 | 0.21–2.05 | 0.465 |
CVA | 3.37 | 1.63–6.99 | 0.001* | 4.24 | 1.64–10.97 | 0.003* |
OA | 1.31 | 0.64–2.7 | 0.579 | 1.47 | 0.62–3.53 | 0.383 |
CAD | 0.83 | 0.24–2.81 | 1.0 | 0.59 | 0.14–2.44 | 0.469 |
SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
< 120 | Ref | Ref | ||||
120–129 | 0.85 | 0.28–2.66 | 0.785 | 0.88 | 0.23–3.38 | 0.853 |
130–139 | 0.7 | 0.23–2.13 | 0.529 | 0.92 | 0.25–3.42 | 0.906 |
> = 140 | 0.71 | 0.24–2.14 | 0.547 | 0.78 | 0.2–3.01 | 0.714 |
DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
< 60 | Ref | Ref | ||||
60–69 | 0.97 | 0.42–2.27 | 0.951 | 1.1 | 0.4–3.0 | 0.857 |
70–79 | 0.39 | 0.14–1.15 | 0.088 | 0.6 | 0.16–2.17 | 0.433 |
> = 80 | 0.87 | 0.27–2.75 | 0.81 | 1.08 | 0.26–4.45 | 0.919 |
BMI | ||||||
< 25 | Ref | Ref | ||||
> = 25 | 0.81 | 0.42–1.58 | 0.652 | 1.3 | 0.6–2.97 | 0.48 |
HbA1c (%) | ||||||
< = 6.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
6.5–6.9 | 0.58 | 0.26–1.29 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.16–1.09 | 0.075 |
7.0–7.4 | 0.37 | 0.14–1.01 | 0.053 | 0.32 | 0.1–0.97 | 0.044* |
7.5–7.9 | 0.44 | 0.09–2.04 | 0.294 | 0.29 | 0.05–1.73 | 0.173 |
> = 8.0 | 0.47 | 0.13–1.71 | 0.249 | 0.52 | 0.12–2.34 | 0.4 |
OHA | 0.81 | 0.36–1.85 | 0.784 | 0.67 | 0.25–1.81 | 0.429 |
Sulfonylurea | 0.56 | 0.27–1.16 | 0.161 | |||
Hypoglycemia symptoms | 4.52 | 2.24–9.13 | < 0.001* | 6.64 | 2.69–16.4 | < 0.001* |
Diabetic retinopathy | 0.87 | 0.4–1.9 | 0.881 | 0.91 | 0.36–2.29 | 0.834 |
VA | ||||||
< 0.6 | 2.13 | 1.08–4.17 | 0.042* | 1.32 | 0.56–3.13 | 0.522 |
0.6–1.0 | Ref | Ref |