Background
Materials and methods
Study Population
Depression Assessment
Vitamin D measurement
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic characteristics
Characteristics, n% | Sample Capacity | Depression | Non-depression | Test statistics | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 15,156 | n = 3883 | n = 11,273 | ||||||
Gender
| 124.424a | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Male | 7301 | (48.17) | 1571 | (40.46) | 5730 | (50.83) | ||
Female | 7855 | (51.83) | 2312 | (59.54) | 5543 | (49.17) | ||
Age Group
| -9.827b | < 0.001*** | ||||||
20–39 | 5031 | (33.19) | 1189 | (30.62) | 3842 | (34.08) | ||
40–59 | 4979 | (32.85) | 1328 | (34.20) | 3651 | (32.39) | ||
≥ 60 | 5146 | (33.95) | 1366 | (35.18) | 3780 | (33.53) | ||
Race
| -5.201b | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Hispanic | 3642 | (24.03) | 973 | (25.06) | 2669 | (23.68) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 5814 | (38.36) | 1588 | (40.90) | 4226 | (37.49) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 3215 | (21.21) | 832 | (21.43) | 2383 | (21.14) | ||
Non-Hispanic Asian | 1894 | (12.50) | 311 | (8.01) | 1583 | (14.04) | ||
Other | 591 | (3.90) | 179 | (4.61) | 412 | (3.65) | ||
Education
| -11.479b | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Below high school | 3154 | (20.81) | 1021 | (26.29) | 2133 | (18.92) | ||
High school | 3458 | (22.82) | 958 | (24.67) | 2500 | (22.18) | ||
Post high school | 8544 | (56.37) | 1904 | (49.03) | 6640 | (58.90) | ||
Marital Statues
| 184.221a | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Cohabitation | 9010 | (59.45) | 1973 | (50.81) | 7037 | (62.42) | ||
Married living alone | 3381 | (22.31) | 1125 | (28.97) | 2256 | (20.01) | ||
Not married | 2765 | (18.14) | 785 | (20.22) | 1980 | (17.56) | ||
Income to Poverty
| 238.087a | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Impoverished | 4825 | (31.84) | 1623 | (41.80) | 3202 | (28.40) | ||
Moderate income | 10,331 | (68.16) | 2260 | (58.20) | 8071 | (71.60) | ||
BMI
| -9.103b | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Underweight | 479 | (3.16) | 132 | (3.40) | 347 | (3.08) | ||
Normal weight | 3932 | (25.94) | 863 | (22.23) | 3069 | (27.22) | ||
Overweight | 4744 | (31.30) | 1080 | (27.81) | 3664 | (32.50) | ||
Obese | 6001 | (39.59) | 1808 | (46.56) | 4193 | (37.20) | ||
Physical Activity
| -1.224b | 0.221 | ||||||
Inactive | 8794 | (58.02) | 2217 | (57.10) | 6577 | (58.34) | ||
Insufficiently active | 2962 | (19.54) | 784 | (20.19) | 2178 | (19.32) | ||
Sufficiently active | 3400 | (22.43) | 882 | (22.71) | 2518 | (22.34) | ||
Suicidal Attempt
| 1354.514a | < 0.001*** | ||||||
Yes | 559 | (3.69) | 516 | (13.29) | 43 | (0.38) | ||
No | 14,597 | (96.31) | 3367 | (86.71) | 11,230 | (99.62) | ||
Serum Vitamin D
| 14.744a | < 0.001*** | ||||||
< 30nmol/L | 1185 | (7.82) | 359 | (9.25) | 826 | (7.33) | ||
≥ 30nmol/L | 13,971 | (92.18) | 3524 | (90.75) | 10,447 | (92.67) |
Depression percentage in this study
PHQ-9 Score | Depression Status | n | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
0–4 | no depression | 11,273 | 74.38 |
5–9 | mild depression |
2521
|
16.63
|
10–19 | moderate depression |
1211
|
7.99
|
20–27 | severe depression |
151
|
1.00
|
Logistic regression analysis
Association of vitamin D and depression
Mode |
b
| SE |
Wald
|
P
| OR(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ic | -0.253 | 0.066 | 14.680 | < 0.001*** | 0.776(0.682–0.884) |
IId | -0.218 | 0.067 | 10.450 | 0.001** | 0.804(0.704–0.918) |
IIIe | -0.252 | 0.070 | 12.988 | < 0.001*** |
0.777(0.678–0.891)
|
IVf | -0.273 | 0.070 | 15.068 | < 0.001*** |
0.761(0.663–0.874)
|
Association of age and vitamin D
Mode |
b
| SE |
Wald
|
P
| OR(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vg | 0.423 | 0.038 | 122.014 | < 0.001*** | 1.526(1.416–1.645) |
VIh | 0.316 | 0.042 | 57.247 | < 0.001*** | 1.371(1.263–1.488) |
VIIi | 0.315 | 0.042 | 57.102 | < 0.001*** |
1.371(1.263–1.487)
|
Association of Age and Depression
Mode |
b
| SE |
Wald
|
P
| OR(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIIIj | 0.076 | 0.023 | 11.218 | 0.001** | 1.079(1.032–1.128) |
IXk | 0.090 | 0.024 | 14.748 | < 0.001*** | 1.095(1.045–1.146) |
Xl | 0.097 | 0.024 | 16.874 | < 0.001*** |
1.102(1.052–1.154)
|
XIm | 0.088 | 0.025 | 12.692 | < 0.001*** |
1.092(1.040–1.146)
|