Background
The dementia and disability project (DDP) on Thai elderly: rationale
Objectives
Methods
Subjects
Inclusion
Exclusion
Baseline assessment
Functional and clinical assessments
Magnetic resonance imaging study
Follow-up assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Character (N=1973) | mean(SD) or N(%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 69.51(6.71) |
Weight (Kgms) | 58.36(11.20) |
TMSE | 26.06(3.62) |
Thai ADL scale scores | 0.83(2.35) |
Tinetti balance & gait assessment (N=868) | 23.72(2.92) |
Tinetti balance subscale assessment (N=868) | 15.25(1.81) |
Tinetti gait subscale assessment (N=868) | 8.47(1.28) |
Sum Thai GDS | 9.35(6.65) |
Serum B12 (pmol/L) (N=309) | 448.85(229.43) |
Serum folate (nmol/L) (N=309) | 7.83(5.29) |
Serum homocystein (μmol/L) (N=309) | 14.42(5.13) |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) (N=318) | 223.56(48.23) |
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) (N=318) | 113.41(47.36) |
Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) (N=318) | 157.09(96.76) |
Hemoglobin (gm/dL) (N=319) | 12.79(1.89) |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.46(20)/81.64(10.47) |
Timed get up and go (TUG) (seconds) | 13.22(7.27) |
Gender: male/female | 689(34.9)/1284(65.1) |
Religion: Buddhist/Islam/Christian/ Other (N=1962) | 1907(97.2)/51(2.6)/2(0.1)/2(0.1) |
Marital status: married/ single/ widowed or divorced (N=1960) | 1009(51.5)/ 146(7.4)/ 805(41.1) |
Levels of education: no formal years of education/ < 4 years/4 years/ >4-6 years/ >6-9 years/Diploma levels/ >=bachelor degree (N=1968) | 224(11.4)/ 273(13.9)/ 934(47.5)/ 167(8.5)/152(7.7)/137(7)/ 81(4.1) |
Previous occupation: Civil Servant/Business/ employee/ agriculturist/ Other (N=1967) | 369(18.8)/ 480(24.4)/ 415(21.1)/ 220(11.2)/ 483(24.6) |
Currently still working (N=1966) | 1043(53.1) |
Levels of income: very poor / not enough or poor/ sometimes insufficient/sufficient income/good income with some saving (N=1938) | 60(3.1)/403(20.8)/490(25.3)/809(41.7)/176(9.1) |
Living status : alone/ with family/ with non-family/ other (N=1964) | 125(6.4)/ 1752(89.2)/ 27(1.4)/ 60(3.1) |
N=1956 | Independent(%) | Partial support/ need supervision(%) | Total dependence(%) |
---|---|---|---|
Bathing | 1935(98.9) | 12(0.6) | 9(0.5) |
Dressing | 1938(99.1) | 12(0.6) | 6(0.3) |
Toileting | 1943(99.1) | 6(0.3) | 7(0.4) |
Transferring | 1922(98.3) | 26(1.3) | 8(0.4) |
Bowel/ bladder incontinence | 1885(96.4) | 58(3) occasionally or 1–2 times per week | 13(0.7) a few times per week |
Eating | 1936(98.9) | 17(0.9) | 3(0.2) |
Ability to use a telephone | 1732(88.5) | 144(7.4) | 80(4.1) |
Travelling or utilizing public transportation or commuting into a community | 1596(81.6) | 291(14.9) | 69(3.5) |
Grocery/housewhole shopping | 1823(93.2) | 86(4.4) | 47(2.4) |
Cooking | 1839(94) | 71(3.6) | 46(2.3) |
Doing housework | 1864(95.3) | 62(3.2) | 30(1.5) |
Ability to take her/his own medication | 1875(95.9) | 57(2.9) | 24(1.2) |
Money handling | 1862(95.2) | 68(3.5) | 26(1.3) |
Character (N=1973) | mean(SD) or N(%) | Pearson correlation |
---|---|---|
0.83(2.35) | Thai ADL scale scores | |
Age (years) | 69.51(6.71) | 0.305(**) |
Weight (kgs) | 58.36(11.20) | −0.110(**) |
TMSE | 26.06(3.62) | −0.505(**) |
Tinetti balance & gait assessment (N=868) | 23.72(2.92) | −0.344(**) |
Tinetti balance subscale assessment (N=868) | 15.25(1.81) | −0.360(**) |
Tinetti gait subscale assessment (N=868) | 8.47(1.28) | −0.303(**) |
Sum Thai GDS | 9.35(6.65) | 0.139(**) |
Serum B12 (pmol/L) (N=309) | 448.85(229.43) | −0.074 |
Serum folate (nmol/L) (N=309) | 7.83(5.29) | −0.066 |
Serum homocystein (μmol/L) (N=309) | 14.42(5.13) | 0.152(**) |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) (N=318) | 223.56(48.23) | −0.020 |
Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) (N=318) | 157.09(96.76) | −0.007 |
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) (N=318) | 113.41(47.36) | −0.049 |
Hemoglobin (gm/dL) (N=319) | 12.79(1.89) | −0.025 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)(N=317) | 15.36(5.44) | −0.013 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (N=319) | 0.9235(0.54) | 0.019 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.46(20)/81.64(10.47) | 0.054(*)/0.032 |
Timed get up and go (TUG) (seconds) | 13.22(7.27) | 0.397(**) |
Gender: male/female | 689(34.9)/1284(65.1) | 0.173(**)(Spearman correlation) |
Previous occupation: Civil Servant/ Business/ employee/ agriculturist/ Other (N=1967) | 369(18.8)/ 480(24.4)/ 415(21.1)/ 220(11.2)/ 483(24.6) | 0.102(**)(Spearman correlation) |
Levels of income: very poor / not enough or poor/ sometimes insufficient/ sufficient income/ good income with some saving (N=1938) | 60(3.1)/403(20.8)/490(25.3)/809(41.7)/176(9.1) | −0.157(**)(Spearman correlation) |
Living status: alone/ with family/ with non-family/ other (N=1964) | 125(6.4)/ 1752(89.2)/ 27(1.4)/ 60(3.1) | 0.043(Spearman Correlation) |
History of smoking: yes/ex smoking/no (N=1967) | 242(12.3)/379(19.3)/1346(68.4) | 0.040(Spearman Correlation) |
History of alcohol drinking: yes/ex drinking/no (N=1961) | 193(9.8)/483(24.6)/1285(65.5) | (0.046(*)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of hypertension: yes/no (N=1951) | 753(38.6)/ 1198(61.4) | −0.100(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: yes/no (N=1964) | 71(3.6)/ 1893(96.4) | −0.024(Spearman Correlation) |
History of heart disease: yes/no (N=1962) | 216(11.0)/ 1746(89.0) | −0.098(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of diabetes mellitus: yes/no (N=1964) | 330(16.8)/ 1634(83.2) | −0.070(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: yes/no (N=1962) | 379(19.3)/ 1583(80.7) | −0.087(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of stroke: yes/no (N=1962) | 51(2.6)/ 1911(97.4) | −0.124(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of any thyroid disorders: yes/no (N=1962) | 63(3.2)/ 1899(96.8) | 0.048(*)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of any comorbid diseases: yes/no (N=1964) | 1183(60.2)/ 781(39.8) | 0.131(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of taking hypnotics or anxiolytics: yes/no (N=1958) | 251(12.8)/ 1707(87.2) | −0.063(**)(Spearman Correlation) |
History of taking antidepressants: yes/no (n=1952) | 11(0.6)/1941(99.4) | −0.026(Spearman Correlation) |
History of taking antipsychotics: yes/no (N=1952) | 7(0.4)/1945(99.6) | 0.011(Spearman Correlation) |
History of DM | FBS <100 mg% | FBS 100-125 mg% | FBS >125 mg% | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Take medication | 6 (17.1%) | 5 (14.3%) |
24 (68.6%)
| 35 (100%) |
No | No | 2 (25%) | 4 (50%) |
2 (25%)
| 8 (100%) |
No | 165 (62%) | 69 (25.9%) |
326 (12%)
| 266 (100%) |
Normal or well controlled BP (<140/90) | High BP (≥140/90) | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
History of hypertension (divided into those with adequate treatment with good BP controlled (<140/90) and inadequate treatment with poor BP controlled (BP>140/90) | Yes | 193 (25.6% of those on antihypertensive drugs & having well controlled BP) 529 (44.2%) |
560 (74.4% of those on antihypertensive drugs but having poor controlled BP)
| 753 (100%) |
No | 669 (55.8% of those without a history of hypertension but having high BP) | 1198 (100%) | ||
Total | 722 (37%) | 1229 (63%) | 1951 (100%) |
Number of comorbidities | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0(n, % in row, % in column) | 1(n, % in row, % in column) | 2(n, % in row, % in column) | 3(n, % in row, % in column) | 4(n, % in row, % in column) | 5(n, % in row, % in column) | 6(n, % in row, % in column) | (n, % in row, % in column) | ||
Age group | 60-64 | 219(41.56, 30.81) | 175(33.21, 26.16) | 92(17.46, 22.49) | 31(5.88, 24.22) | 9(1.71, 23.08) | 0 | 1(0.19, 100) | 527(100, 26.86) |
65-69 | 202(35.88, 28.41) | 205(36.41,30.64) | 114(20.25, 27.87) | 30(5.33, 23.44) | 12(2.13, 30.77) | 0 | 0 | 563(100, 28.70) | |
70-74 | 141(32.64, 19.83) | 146(33.80,21.82) | 100(23.15, 24.45) | 30(6.94, 23.44) | 12(2.78, 30.77) | 3(0.69, 60) | 0 | 432(00, 22.02) | |
75-79 | 88(32.23, 12.38) | 89(32.60, 13.30) | 62(22.71, 15.16) | 27(9.89, 21.09) | 5(1.83, 12.82) | 2(0.73, 40) | 0 | 273(100, 13.91) | |
80+ | 61(36.53, 8.58) | 54(32.34, 8.07) | 41(24.55, 10.02) | 10(5.99, 7.81) | 1(0.6, 2.56) | 0 | 0 | 167(100, 8.61) | |
Total | 711(36.24, 100) | 669(34.10,100) | 409(20.85, 100) | 128(6.52, 100) | 39(1.99, 100) | 5(0.25, 100) | 1(0.05, 100) | 1962(100, 100) |
ApoE gene (N=302) | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
E2E2 | 2 | 0.7 |
E2E3 | 42 | 13.9 |
E2E4 | 11 | 3.6 |
E3E3 | 189 | 62.6 |
E3E4 | 55 | 18.2 |
E4E4 | 3 | 1.0 |
Fazekas grade | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
0 | 21 | 9.4 |
1 | 116 | 52.0 |
2 | 60 | 26.9 |
3 | 26 | 11.7 |