Introduction
Methods
Participants and procedures
Measures
Individual-level Social Capital
Depression
Demographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Variable | Urban elderly (N = 1322) | Migrant elderly (N = 1248) |
χ
2 or t
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 10.662 | 0.001 | ||
Male | 530 (40.1) | 580 (46.5) | ||
Female | 792 (59.9) | 668 (53.5) | ||
Age | 211.459 | 0.000 | ||
60–69 | 748 (56.6) | 1007 (80.7) | ||
70–79 | 356 (26.9) | 208 (16.7) | ||
80– | 218 (16.5) | 33 (2.6) | ||
Marital status | 23.352 | 0.000 | ||
Married | 1015 (77.6) | 1031 (82.6) | ||
Widowed | 264 (20.2) | 170 (13.6) | ||
Other | 29 (2.2) | 47 (3.8) | ||
Education level | 56.321 | 0.000 | ||
Illiteracy | 350 (26.6) | 193 (15.5) | ||
Primary school | 357 (27.1) | 341 (27.3) | ||
Junior high school | 337 (25.6) | 354 (28.4) | ||
Senior high school and high | 273 (20.7) | 360 (28.8) | ||
Annual household income (RMB) | 124.191 | 0.000 | ||
0–24,999 | 294 (22.2) | 406 (32.5) | ||
25,000–49,999 | 356 (26.9) | 474 (38.0) | ||
50,000–74,999 | 457 (34.6) | 231 (18.5) | ||
75,000– | 215 (16.3) | 137 (11.0) | ||
Living arrangement | 255.741 | 0.000 | ||
Living with family member | 908 (68.7) | 1141 (93.8) | ||
Living alone | 414 (31.3) | 76 (6.2) | ||
Religious faith | 0.050 | 0.823 | ||
Having | 376 (28.4) | 350 (28.0) | ||
Not having | 946 (71.6) | 898 (72.0) | ||
Physical function (mean ± SD) | 81.7 ± 21.1 | 89.0 ± 16.7 | −9.811 | 0.000 |
Generalized trust | 4.990 | 0.025 | ||
Low | 910 (69.0) | 911 (73.0) | ||
High | 409 (31.0) | 337 (27.0) | ||
Reciprocity | 7.905 | 0.005 | ||
Low (less than the mean) | 572 (43.3) | 609 (48.8) | ||
High (above the mean) | 750 (56.7) | 639 (51.2) | ||
Support from individual | 42.756 | 0.000 | ||
Low (sum score = 0) | 378 (28.6) | 510 (40.9) | ||
High (sum score ≥1) | 944 (71.4) | 738 (59.1) | ||
Social contact | 189.145 | 0.000 | ||
Low (less than once a week) | 563 (42.6) | 868 (69.6) | ||
High (at least once a week) | 759 (57.4) | 380 (30.4) | ||
Depression | 13.225 | 0.000 | ||
No depression (0–10) | 995 (75.3) | 859 (68.8) | ||
Mild-to-severe depression (11–30) | 327 (24.7) | 389 (31.2) |
Variable |
N (%) |
---|---|
Household registration | |
Urban | 702 (56.3) |
Rural | 546 (43.8) |
Hometown | |
Zhejiang province | 690 (55.3) |
Other province | 558 (44.7) |
Length of staying in Hangzhou (years) | |
≤3 | 537 (43.0) |
>3 and ≤6 | 370 (29.6) |
>6 | 341 (27.3) |
Reason of moving to Hangzhou | |
Taking care of child | 628 (52.6) |
Taking care of grandchildren | 1045 (87.6) |
Relying on child | 160 (13.4) |
Working | 34 (2.8) |
Other | 23 (1.9) |
Social capital
Variable | Generalized trust | Reciprocity | Support from individual | Social contact | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) |
p
| OR (95% CI) |
p
| OR (95% CI) |
p
| OR (95% CI) |
p
| |
Migrant status | ||||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Migrant | 1.34 (1.10–1.64) | 0.004 | 1.55 (1.29–1.87) | 0.000 | 1.96 (1.61–2.38) | 0.000 | 3.27 (2.70–3.97) | 0.000 |
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 1.32 (1.09–1.59) | 0.004 | 1.24 (1.04–1.47) | 0.015 | 1.07 (0.90–1.28) | 0.437 | 0.71 (0.60–0.85) | 0.000 |
Age | ||||||||
60–69 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
70–79 | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.006 | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.999 | 1.34 (1.08–1.66) | 0.009 | 1.25 (1.01–1.56) | 0.044 |
80– | 0.50 (0.36–0.70) | 0.000 | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.251 | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | 0.830 | 1.82 (1.31–2.51) | 0.000 |
Annual household income (RMB) | ||||||||
75,000– | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
50,000–74,999 | 0.93 (0.70–1.25) | 0.635 | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) | 0.216 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.740 | 1.59 (1.20–2.10) | 0.001 |
25,000–49,999 | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.853 | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | 0.193 | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 0.133 | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 0.553 |
0–24,999 | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 0.832 | 1.06 (0.78–1.42) | 0.721 | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) | 0.099 | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 0.806 |
Education level | ||||||||
Senior high school and high 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Junior high school | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.167 | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.777 | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | 0.078 | 1.25 (0.99–1.59) | 0.063 |
Primary school | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.218 | 1.52 (1.20–1.93) | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | 0.213 | 1.21 (0.95–1.56) | 0.123 |
Illiteracy | 1.64 (1.21–2.23) | 0.002 | 2.48 (1.88–3.26) | 0.000 | 1.60 (1.21–2.12) | 0.001 | 0.75 (0.57–1.00) | 0.047 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Widowed | 0.73 (0.56–0.96) | 0.022 | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.045 | 1.22 (0.95–1.58) | 0.120 | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | 0.017 |
Other | 0.73 (0.43–1.22) | 0.226 | 1.00 (0.62–1.63) | 0.998 | 1.59 (0.99–2.57) | 0.056 | 1.67 (0.98–2.85) | 0.058 |
Living arrangement | ||||||||
Living with family member 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Living alone | 1.51 (1.16–1.96) | 0.002 | 1.51 (1.19–1.90) | 0.001 | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) | 0.276 | 0.54 (0.43–0.69) | 0.000 |
Religious faith | ||||||||
Having | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Not having | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 0.962 | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 0.364 | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 0.587 | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.129 |
Physical function | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.000 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.000 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.451 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.646 |
Variable | Urban-to-urban migrant elderly (N = 702) | Rural-to-urban migrant elderly (N = 546) |
χ
2 or t
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Generalized trust | ||||
Low | 509 (72.5) | 402 (73.6) | 0.195 | 0.659 |
High | 193 (27.5) | 144 (26.4) | ||
Reciprocity | 13.818 | 0.000 | ||
Low (less than the mean) | 310 (44.2) | 299 (54.8) | ||
High (above the mean) | 392 (55.8) | 247 (45.2) | ||
Support from individual | 7.680 | 0.006 | ||
Low (sum score = 0) | 263 (37.5) | 247 (45.2) | ||
High (sum score ≥1) | 439 (62.5) | 299 (54.8) | ||
Social contact | 9.802 | 0.002 | ||
Low (less than once a week) | 463 (66.0) | 405 (74.2) | ||
High (at least once a week) | 239 (34.0) | 141 (25.8) | ||
Depression | 8.606 | 0.003 | ||
No depression (0–10) | 507 (72.2) | 352 (64.5) | ||
Mild-to-severe depression (11–30) | 195 (27.8) | 194 (35.5) |
Depression
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) |
p
| OR (95% CI) |
p
| OR (95% CI) |
p
| |
Migrant status | ||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Migrant | 1.78 (1.47–2.15) | 0.000 | 2.11 (1.68–2.65) | 0.000 | 1.85 (1.44–2.36) | 0.000 |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Male | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.721 | 1.23 (1.01–1.50) | 0.040 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 0.208 |
Age | ||||||
60–69 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
70–79 | 2.10 (1.69–2.60) | 0.000 | 1.50 (1.18–1.90) | 0.001 | 1.55 (1.21–1.99) | 0.001 |
80– | 3.08 (2.29–4.13) | 0.000 | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) | 0.229 | 1.42 (0.98–2.05) | 0.062 |
Annual household income (RMB) | ||||||
75,000– | 1 | 1 | ||||
50,000–74,999 | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) | 0.528 | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | 0.397 | ||
25,000–49,999 | 1.32 (0.94–1.86) | 0.107 | 1.40 (0.99–2.00) | 0.060 | ||
0–24999 | 1.49 (1.04–2.14) | 0.029 | 1.54 (1.06–2.22) | 0.024 | ||
Education level | ||||||
Senior high school and high | 1 | 1 | ||||
Junior high school | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) | 0.462 | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 0.571 | ||
Primary school | 1.51 (1.14–2.00) | 0.004 | 1.40 (1.04–1.88) | 0.026 | ||
Illiteracy | 2.42 (1.77–3.30) | 0.000 | 1.98 (1.43–2.73) | 0.000 | ||
Marital status | 1 | 1 | ||||
Married | 1 | 1 | ||||
Widowed | 1.35 (1.03–1.76) | 0.031 | 1.51 (1.14–2.00) | 0.004 | ||
Other | 2.09 (1.26–3.46) | 0.004 | 2.24 (1.30–3.86) | 0.004 | ||
Living arrangement | ||||||
Living with family member | 1 | 1 | ||||
Living alone | 1.04 (0.80–1.36) | 0.774 | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.366 | ||
Religious faith | ||||||
Having | 1 | 1 | ||||
Not having | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) | 0.372 | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.383 | ||
Physical function | 0.97 (0.97–0.98) | 0.000 | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | 0.000 | ||
Generalized trust | ||||||
High | 1 | |||||
Low | 2.14 (1.65–2.76) | 0.000 | ||||
Reciprocity | ||||||
High | 1 | |||||
Low | 2.46 (2.00–3.03) | 0.000 | ||||
Support from individual | ||||||
High | 1 | |||||
Low | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) | 0.103 | ||||
Social contact | ||||||
High | 1 | |||||
Low | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 0.930 |