nach oben

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Erschienen in:

18.04.2020 | Original Article

The Fear of Losing Control in Social Anxiety: An Experimental Approach

verfasst von: Kenneth Kelly-Turner, Adam S. Radomsky

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 4/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is often conceptualized as arising from maladaptive cognitions. One cognitive domain that has received relatively little attention, despite endorsement from people struggling with social anxiety, is the belief that they may lose control over their speech/behaviour and/or their physical symptoms of anxiety. The present study aimed to evaluate the causal role of these beliefs on social anxiety symptoms in an analogue sample.

Methods

Beliefs were manipulated using false feedback in undergraduate psychology students (N = 130) to induce either high or low levels of beliefs about losing control. Participants then engaged in a social interaction task with a confederate.

Results

The high beliefs about losing control (HLC) condition reported greater anxiety just before meeting the confederate than the low loss of control (LLC) condition. Further, HLC participants reported worse social performance and greater perceived failures of control than did those in the LLC condition during their interaction with a confederate.

Conclusion

Results suggest beliefs about losing control are producing cognitive and behavioural changes which may in part explain differences in performance in social interactions. Beliefs about losing control appear to be relevant to the cognitive model of social anxiety. Future studies should consider whether these beliefs are malleable among individuals with SAD.

Though both sex and gender were included in demographics, all participants reported their gender as matching their sex assigned at birth.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef

Alcolado, G. M., & Radomsky, A. S. (2011). Believe in yourself: Manipulating beliefs about memory causes checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy,49(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.001.CrossRefPubMed

Alden, L. E., & Wallace, S. T. (1995). Social phobia and social appraisal in successful and unsuccessful social interactions. Behaviour Research and Therapy,33(5), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00088-2.CrossRefPubMed

Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., et al. (2004). Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: Results from the european study of the epidemiology of mental disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,109(s420), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00329.x.CrossRef

Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Gender and emotion in context. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 395–408). New York: Guilford Press.

Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy,24(4), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.

Clark, D. A., & Purdon, C. (1993). New perspectives for a cognitive theory of obsessions. Australian Psychologist,28(3), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069308258896.CrossRef

Cloitre, M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., & Gitow, A. (1992). Perceptions of control in panic disorder and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research,16(5), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175142.CrossRef

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry,176, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.379.CrossRefPubMed

De Castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology,66(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12053.CrossRef

Gagné, J., & Radomsky, A. S. (2017). Manipulating beliefs about losing control causes checking behaviour. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders,15, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.08.013.CrossRef

Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,26(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465898000022.CrossRef

Herres, J., Shearer, A., Kodish, T., Kim, B., Wang, S. B., & Diamond, G. S. (2019). Differences in suicide risk severity among suicidal youth with anxiety disorders. Crisis. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000571.CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, S. G. (2005). Perception of control over anxiety mediates the relation between catastrophic thinking and social anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy,43(7), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.002.CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,36(4), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hofmann, S. G., Ehlers, A., & Roth, W. T. (1995). Conditioning theory: A model for the etiology of public speaking anxiety? Behaviour Research and Therapy,33(5), 567–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00072-R.CrossRefPubMed

Johns, A., & Peters, L. (2012). Self-discrepancies and the situational domains of social phobia. Behaviour Change,29(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.1.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research,21(3), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kline, R. B. (2009). Becoming a behavioral science researcher: A guide to producing research that matters. New York: Guilford Press.

Koyuncu, A., Ertekin, E., Binbay, Z., Özyıldırım, İ., Yüksel, Ç., & Tükel, R. (2014). The clinical impact of mood disorder comorbidity on social anxiety disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry,55, 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.016.CrossRefPubMed

Kushner, M. G., Sher, K. J., & Beitman, B. D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry,147(6), 685–695. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.6.685.CrossRefPubMed

Leung, A. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (1996). Homework compliance, perceptions of control, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy,34(5), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(96)00014-9.CrossRefPubMed

Levenson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,41(3), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035357.CrossRefPubMed

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy,33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.CrossRef

Mansell, W., & Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self. Behaviour Research and Therapy,37(5), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00148-X.CrossRefPubMed

Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,16(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.04.002.CrossRef

Moscovitch, D. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2007). When ambiguity hurts: Social standards moderate self-appraisals in generalized social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy,45(5), 1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.008.CrossRefPubMed

Osborne, J. W., & Overbay, A. (2004). The power of outliers (and why researchers should always check for them). Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation,9(6), 1–12.

Ottaviani, R., & Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive aspects of panic disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,1(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(87)90019-3.CrossRef

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2002). Effects of heart rate information on anxiety, perspective taking, and performance in high and low social-evaluative anxiety. Behavior Therapy,33(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80024-7.CrossRef

Plasencia, M. L., Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2011). Differential effects of safety behaviour subtypes in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy,49(10), 665–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.005.CrossRefPubMed

Radomsky, A. S., & Gagné, J. P. (2019). The development and validation of the beliefs about losing control inventory (BALCI). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1614978.CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M. (1997). Perceived threat and perceived control as predictors of the degree of fear in physical and social situations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,11(5), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00022-4.CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy,35(8), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3.CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Measurement of perceived control over anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy,27(2), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80018-9.CrossRef

Reuven-Magril, O., Dar, R., & Liberman, N. (2008). Illusion of control and behavioral control attempts in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,117(2), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.334.CrossRefPubMed

Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Ierullo, M. D., Chiang, B., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., et al. (2015). A false sense of security: Safety behaviors erode objective speech performance in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy,46(3), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.11.004.CrossRefPubMed

Sanavio, E. (1988). Obsessions and compulsions: The padua inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy,26(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(88)90116-7.CrossRefPubMed

Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model. Psychological Bulletin,92(3), 641–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641.CrossRefPubMed

Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Social anxiety and emotional suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,40(2), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.004.CrossRefPubMed

Stein, M. B., & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia: Epidemiologic findings. American Journal of Psychiatry,157(10), 1606–1613. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1606.CrossRefPubMed

Stevens, S., Gerlach, A. L., Cludius, B., Silkens, A., Craske, M. G., & Hermann, C. (2011). Heartbeat perception in social anxiety before and during speech anticipation. Behaviour Research and Therapy,49(2), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.009.CrossRefPubMed

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy,31(3), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90024-O.CrossRefPubMed

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (2001). Social phobia: Comments on the viability and validity of an analogue research strategy and British norms for the fear of negative evaluation questionnaire. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,29(4), 423–430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465801004039.CrossRef

Thompson, S., & Rapee, R. M. (2002). The effect of situational structure on the social performance of socially anxious and non-anxious participants. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,33(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(02)00021-6.CrossRefPubMed

Voncken, M. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Social performance deficits in social anxiety disorder: Reality during conversation and biased perception during speech. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22(8), 1384–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.001.CrossRefPubMed

Weilage, M., & Hope, D. A. (1999). Self-discrepancy in social phobia and dysthymia. Cognitive Therapy & Research,23(6), 637. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018788925223.CrossRef

Wolpe, J. (1969). The practice of behavior therapy (1st ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.

Wolpe, J. (1988). Subjective anxiety scale. In M. Hersen & A. S. Bellack (Eds.), Dictionary of behavioral assessment techniques (pp. 455–457). New York: Pergamon.

Titel: The Fear of Losing Control in Social Anxiety: An Experimental Approach
verfasst von: Kenneth Kelly-Turner
Adam S. Radomsky
Publikationsdatum: 18.04.2020
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10104-5

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

The Fear of Losing Control in Social Anxiety: An Experimental Approach

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

Typ-2-Diabetes und Depression folgen oft aufeinander

Update Psychiatrie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2020

Enhancing Social Connectedness in Anxiety and Depression Through Amplification of Positivity: Preliminary Treatment Outcomes and Process of Change

Interpretation Bias in Online and Offline Social Environments and Associations with Social Anxiety, Peer Victimization, and Avoidance Behavior

The Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Youth Mental Health: A Systematic Review

Dampening of Positive Affect Predicts Substance Use During Partial Hospitalization

Cognitive Vulnerability in the Context of Panic: Assessment of Panic-Related Associations and Interpretations in Individuals with Varying Levels of Anxiety Sensitivity

The Effects of Alcohol and Depressive Symptoms on Positive and Negative Post-Event Rumination in Social Anxiety

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

Typ-2-Diabetes und Depression folgen oft aufeinander

Update Psychiatrie