Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Acta Diabetologica 3/2012

01.06.2012 | Review Article

The potential role of glutamate in the current diabetes epidemic

verfasst von: Alberto M. Davalli, Carla Perego, Franco B. Folli

Erschienen in: Acta Diabetologica | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

In the present article, we propose the perspective that abnormal glutamate homeostasis might contribute to diabetes pathogenesis. Previous reports and our recent data indicate that chronically high extracellular glutamate levels exert direct and indirect effects that might participate in the progressive loss of β-cells occurring in both T1D and T2D. In addition, abnormal glutamate homeostasis may impact all the three accelerators of the “accelerator hypothesis” and could partially explain the rising frequency of T1D and T2D.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Gale EA (2009) The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 51(12):3353–3361CrossRef Gale EA (2009) The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 51(12):3353–3361CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Harjutsalo V, Sjöberg L, Tuomilehto J (2008) Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study. Lancet 371(9626):1777–1782PubMedCrossRef Harjutsalo V, Sjöberg L, Tuomilehto J (2008) Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study. Lancet 371(9626):1777–1782PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Karvonen M, Pitkaniemi J, Tuomilehto J (1999) The onset age of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children has become younger. The Finnish childhood diabetes registry group. Diabetes Care 22(7):1066–1070 Karvonen M, Pitkaniemi J, Tuomilehto J (1999) The onset age of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children has become younger. The Finnish childhood diabetes registry group. Diabetes Care 22(7):1066–1070
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, Yamauchi K (1998) Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37(2):111–115CrossRef Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, Yamauchi K (1998) Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37(2):111–115CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Dabelea D, DeGroat J, Sorrelman C, Glass M, Percy CA, Avery C, Hu D, D’Agostino RB Jr, Beyer J, Imperatore G, Testaverde L, Klingensmith G, Hamman RF; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group (2009) Diabetes in Navajo youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care 32(suppl 2):S141–147 Dabelea D, DeGroat J, Sorrelman C, Glass M, Percy CA, Avery C, Hu D, D’Agostino RB Jr, Beyer J, Imperatore G, Testaverde L, Klingensmith G, Hamman RF; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group (2009) Diabetes in Navajo youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care 32(suppl 2):S141–147
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Braun B, Zimmermann MB, Kretchmer N, Spargo RM, Smith RM, Gracey M (1999) Risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in young Australian aborigines. A 5-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 19(5):472–479 Braun B, Zimmermann MB, Kretchmer N, Spargo RM, Smith RM, Gracey M (1999) Risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in young Australian aborigines. A 5-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 19(5):472–479
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Drake AJ, Smith A, Betts PR, Crowne EC, Shield JP (2002) Type 2 diabetes in obese white children. Arch Dis Child 86(3):207–208PubMedCrossRef Drake AJ, Smith A, Betts PR, Crowne EC, Shield JP (2002) Type 2 diabetes in obese white children. Arch Dis Child 86(3):207–208PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Gallwitz B, Kazda C, Kraus P, Nicolay C, Schernthaner G (2011) Contribution of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance to the development of type 2 diabetes: nature of early stage diabetes. Acta Diabetol Aug 23 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21861172 Gallwitz B, Kazda C, Kraus P, Nicolay C, Schernthaner G (2011) Contribution of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance to the development of type 2 diabetes: nature of early stage diabetes. Acta Diabetol Aug 23 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21861172
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Carnevale Schianca GP, Colli E, Onolfo S, Pedrazzoli R, Fra GP, Bartoli E (2010) Individuation of different metabolic phenotypes in normal glucose tolerance test. Acta Diabetol 47(2):167–172PubMedCrossRef Carnevale Schianca GP, Colli E, Onolfo S, Pedrazzoli R, Fra GP, Bartoli E (2010) Individuation of different metabolic phenotypes in normal glucose tolerance test. Acta Diabetol 47(2):167–172PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanat M, Norton L, Winnier D, Jenkinson C, DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani MA (2011) Impaired early- but not late-phase insulin secretion in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Acta Diabetol 48(3):209–217PubMedCrossRef Kanat M, Norton L, Winnier D, Jenkinson C, DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani MA (2011) Impaired early- but not late-phase insulin secretion in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Acta Diabetol 48(3):209–217PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Mølbak AG, Christau B, Marner B, Borch-Johnsen K, Nerup J (1994) Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in age groups over 30 years in Denmark. Diabet Med 11(7):650–655PubMedCrossRef Mølbak AG, Christau B, Marner B, Borch-Johnsen K, Nerup J (1994) Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in age groups over 30 years in Denmark. Diabet Med 11(7):650–655PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenbloom AL, Joe JR, Young RS, Winter WE (1999) Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care 22(2):345–354PubMedCrossRef Rosenbloom AL, Joe JR, Young RS, Winter WE (1999) Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care 22(2):345–354PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Aizawa T, Funase Y, Katakura M, Asanuma N, Yamauchi K, Yoshizawa K, Hashizume K (1997) Ketosis-onset diabetes in young adults with subsequent non-insulin-dependency, a link between IDDM and NIDDM? Diabet Med 14(11):989–991PubMedCrossRef Aizawa T, Funase Y, Katakura M, Asanuma N, Yamauchi K, Yoshizawa K, Hashizume K (1997) Ketosis-onset diabetes in young adults with subsequent non-insulin-dependency, a link between IDDM and NIDDM? Diabet Med 14(11):989–991PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks-Worrell BM, Reichow JL, Goel A, Ismail H, Palmer JP (2011) Identification of autoantibody-negative autoimmune type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 34(1):168–173PubMedCrossRef Brooks-Worrell BM, Reichow JL, Goel A, Ismail H, Palmer JP (2011) Identification of autoantibody-negative autoimmune type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 34(1):168–173PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, Shattock M, Bottazzo GF, Holman R (1997) UKPDS 25: antibodies to islet cell and GAD for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. UK prospective diabetes study group. Lancet 350(9087):1288–1293PubMedCrossRef Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, Shattock M, Bottazzo GF, Holman R (1997) UKPDS 25: antibodies to islet cell and GAD for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. UK prospective diabetes study group. Lancet 350(9087):1288–1293PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Unnikrishnan AG, Singh SK, Sanjeevi CB (2004) Prevalence of GAD65 antibodies in lean subjects with type 2 diabetes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1037:118–121PubMedCrossRef Unnikrishnan AG, Singh SK, Sanjeevi CB (2004) Prevalence of GAD65 antibodies in lean subjects with type 2 diabetes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1037:118–121PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Hathout EH, Thomas W, El-Shahawy M, Nahab F, Mace JW (2001) Diabetic autoimmune markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics 107:E102PubMedCrossRef Hathout EH, Thomas W, El-Shahawy M, Nahab F, Mace JW (2001) Diabetic autoimmune markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics 107:E102PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Umpaichitra V, Banerji MA, Castells S (2002) Autoantibodies in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:525–530PubMed Umpaichitra V, Banerji MA, Castells S (2002) Autoantibodies in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:525–530PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hypponen E, Virtanen SM, Kenward MG, Knip M, Akerblom HK (2000) Obesity, increased linear growth, and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care 23(12):1755–1760PubMedCrossRef Hypponen E, Virtanen SM, Kenward MG, Knip M, Akerblom HK (2000) Obesity, increased linear growth, and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care 23(12):1755–1760PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Arslanian SA, LaPorte RE, Becker DJ (2003) Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(10):2871–2875PubMedCrossRef Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Arslanian SA, LaPorte RE, Becker DJ (2003) Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(10):2871–2875PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Fourlanos S, Narendran P, Byrnes GB, Colman PG, Harrison LC (2004) Insulin resistance is a risk factor for progression to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 47(10):1661–1667PubMedCrossRef Fourlanos S, Narendran P, Byrnes GB, Colman PG, Harrison LC (2004) Insulin resistance is a risk factor for progression to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 47(10):1661–1667PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Donath MY, Shoelson SE (2011) Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 11(2):98–107PubMedCrossRef Donath MY, Shoelson SE (2011) Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 11(2):98–107PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang AP, Li X, Zheng Y, Liu BL, Huang G, Yan X, Liu Z, Zhou Z. (2010) Thiazolidinediones protect mouse pancreatic beta-cells directly from cytokine-induced cytotoxicity through PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanisms. Acta Diabetol Dec 10 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21153483 Wang AP, Li X, Zheng Y, Liu BL, Huang G, Yan X, Liu Z, Zhou Z. (2010) Thiazolidinediones protect mouse pancreatic beta-cells directly from cytokine-induced cytotoxicity through PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanisms. Acta Diabetol Dec 10 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21153483
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mandrup-Poulsen T, Zumsteg U, Reimers J, Pociot F, Mørch L, Helqvist S, Dinarello CA, Nerup J (1993) Involvement of interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 antagonist in pancreatic beta-cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cytokine 5(3):185–191PubMedCrossRef Mandrup-Poulsen T, Zumsteg U, Reimers J, Pociot F, Mørch L, Helqvist S, Dinarello CA, Nerup J (1993) Involvement of interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 antagonist in pancreatic beta-cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cytokine 5(3):185–191PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Pickersgill LM, Mandrup-Poulsen TR (2009) The anti-interleukin-1 in type 1 diabetes action trial–background and rationale. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 25(4):321–324PubMedCrossRef Pickersgill LM, Mandrup-Poulsen TR (2009) The anti-interleukin-1 in type 1 diabetes action trial–background and rationale. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 25(4):321–324PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanda S, Bollyky J, Standifer N, Nepom G, Hamerman JA, Greenbaum C (2010) Short-term IL-1beta blockade reduces monocyte CD11b integrin expression in an IL-8 dependent fashion in patients with type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 136(2):170–173PubMedCrossRef Sanda S, Bollyky J, Standifer N, Nepom G, Hamerman JA, Greenbaum C (2010) Short-term IL-1beta blockade reduces monocyte CD11b integrin expression in an IL-8 dependent fashion in patients with type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 136(2):170–173PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sumpter KM, Adhikari S, Grishman EK, White PC (2011) Preliminary studies related to anti-interleukin-1β therapy in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 12(7):656–667PubMedCrossRef Sumpter KM, Adhikari S, Grishman EK, White PC (2011) Preliminary studies related to anti-interleukin-1β therapy in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 12(7):656–667PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkin TJ (2001) The Accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between Type I and Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 44(7):914–922PubMedCrossRef Wilkin TJ (2001) The Accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between Type I and Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 44(7):914–922PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Raha O, Chowdhury S, Dasgupta S, Raychaudhuri P, Sarkar BN, Raju PV, Rao VR (2009) Approaches in type 1 diabetes research: a status report. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 29(2):85–101PubMedCrossRef Raha O, Chowdhury S, Dasgupta S, Raychaudhuri P, Sarkar BN, Raju PV, Rao VR (2009) Approaches in type 1 diabetes research: a status report. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 29(2):85–101PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Blachier F, Boutry C, Bos C, Tomé D (2009) Metabolism and functions of L-glutamate in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestines. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3):814S–821SPubMedCrossRef Blachier F, Boutry C, Bos C, Tomé D (2009) Metabolism and functions of L-glutamate in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestines. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3):814S–821SPubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Matthews DE, Marano MA, Campbell RG (1993) Splanchnic bed utilization of glutamine and glutamic acid in humans. Am J Physiol 264(6):E848–E854PubMed Matthews DE, Marano MA, Campbell RG (1993) Splanchnic bed utilization of glutamine and glutamic acid in humans. Am J Physiol 264(6):E848–E854PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Solimena M, Folli F, Denis-Donini S, Comi GC, Pozza G, De Camilli P, Vicari AM (1998) Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 318(16):1012–1020CrossRef Solimena M, Folli F, Denis-Donini S, Comi GC, Pozza G, De Camilli P, Vicari AM (1998) Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 318(16):1012–1020CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, De Camilli P (1990) Identification of the 64 K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 347(6289):151–156PubMedCrossRef Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, De Camilli P (1990) Identification of the 64 K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 347(6289):151–156PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Reetz A, Solimena M, Matteoli M, Folli F, Takei K, De Camilli P (1991) GABA and pancreatic beta-cells: colocalization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA with synaptic-like microvesicles suggests their role in GABA storage and secretion. EMBO J 10(5):1275–1284PubMed Reetz A, Solimena M, Matteoli M, Folli F, Takei K, De Camilli P (1991) GABA and pancreatic beta-cells: colocalization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA with synaptic-like microvesicles suggests their role in GABA storage and secretion. EMBO J 10(5):1275–1284PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat MacMullen C, Fang J, Hsu BY, Kelly A, de Lonlay-Debeney P, Saudubray JM, Ganguly A, Smith TJ, Stanley CA (2001) Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia contributing Investigators Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome in children with regulatory mutations in the inhibitory guanosine triphosphate-binding domain of glutamate dehydrogenase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(4):1782–1787PubMedCrossRef MacMullen C, Fang J, Hsu BY, Kelly A, de Lonlay-Debeney P, Saudubray JM, Ganguly A, Smith TJ, Stanley CA (2001) Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia contributing Investigators Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome in children with regulatory mutations in the inhibitory guanosine triphosphate-binding domain of glutamate dehydrogenase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(4):1782–1787PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Maechler P, Wollheim CB (1999) Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis. Nature 402(6762):685–689PubMedCrossRef Maechler P, Wollheim CB (1999) Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis. Nature 402(6762):685–689PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau A, Tymianski M (2010) Glutamate receptors, neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Pflugers Arch 460(2):525–542PubMedCrossRef Lau A, Tymianski M (2010) Glutamate receptors, neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Pflugers Arch 460(2):525–542PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Julio-Pieper M, Flor PJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2011) Exciting times beyond the brain: metabotropic glutamate receptors in peripheral and non-neural tissues. Pharmacol Rev 63(1):35–58PubMedCrossRef Julio-Pieper M, Flor PJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2011) Exciting times beyond the brain: metabotropic glutamate receptors in peripheral and non-neural tissues. Pharmacol Rev 63(1):35–58PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Guemez-Gamboa A, Estrada-Sánchez AM, Montiel T, Páramo B, Massieu L, Morán J (2011) Activation of NOX2 by the stimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors contributes to glutamate neurotoxicity in vivo through the production of reactive oxygen species and calpain activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70(11):1020–1035PubMedCrossRef Guemez-Gamboa A, Estrada-Sánchez AM, Montiel T, Páramo B, Massieu L, Morán J (2011) Activation of NOX2 by the stimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors contributes to glutamate neurotoxicity in vivo through the production of reactive oxygen species and calpain activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70(11):1020–1035PubMedCrossRef
40.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertrand G, Gross R, Puech R, Loubatières-Mariani MM, Bockaert J (1992) Evidence for a glutamate receptor of the AMPA subtype which mediates insulin release from rat perfused pancreas. Br J Pharmacol 106(2):354–359 Bertrand G, Gross R, Puech R, Loubatières-Mariani MM, Bockaert J (1992) Evidence for a glutamate receptor of the AMPA subtype which mediates insulin release from rat perfused pancreas. Br J Pharmacol 106(2):354–359
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertrand G, Gross R, Puech R, Loubatières-Mariani MM, Bockaert J (1993) Glutamate stimulates glucagon secretion via an excitatory amino acid receptor of the AMPA subtype in rat pancreas. Eur J Pharmacol 237(1):45–50PubMedCrossRef Bertrand G, Gross R, Puech R, Loubatières-Mariani MM, Bockaert J (1993) Glutamate stimulates glucagon secretion via an excitatory amino acid receptor of the AMPA subtype in rat pancreas. Eur J Pharmacol 237(1):45–50PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonoi T, Mizuno N, Inagaki N, Kuromi H, Seino Y, Miyazaki J, Seino S (1994) Functional neuronal ionotropic glutamate receptors are expressed in the non-neuronal cell line MIN6. J Biol Chem 269(25):16989–16992PubMed Gonoi T, Mizuno N, Inagaki N, Kuromi H, Seino Y, Miyazaki J, Seino S (1994) Functional neuronal ionotropic glutamate receptors are expressed in the non-neuronal cell line MIN6. J Biol Chem 269(25):16989–16992PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Inagaki N, Kuromi H, Gonoi T, Okamoto Y, Ishida H, Seino Y, Kaneko T, Iwanaga T, Seino S (1995) Expression and role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in pancreatic islet cells. FASEB J 9(8):686–691PubMed Inagaki N, Kuromi H, Gonoi T, Okamoto Y, Ishida H, Seino Y, Kaneko T, Iwanaga T, Seino S (1995) Expression and role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in pancreatic islet cells. FASEB J 9(8):686–691PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver CD, Yao TL, Powers AC, Verdoorn TA (1996) Differential expression of glutamate receptor subtypes in rat pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 271(22):12977–12984PubMedCrossRef Weaver CD, Yao TL, Powers AC, Verdoorn TA (1996) Differential expression of glutamate receptor subtypes in rat pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 271(22):12977–12984PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver CD, Gundersen V, Verdoorn TA (1998) A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transport system in pancreatic islets of Langerhans modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 273(3):1647–1653PubMedCrossRef Weaver CD, Gundersen V, Verdoorn TA (1998) A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transport system in pancreatic islets of Langerhans modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 273(3):1647–1653PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Brice NL, Varadi A, Ashcroft SJ, Molnar E (2002) Metabotropic glutamate and GABA(B) receptors contribute to the modulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 45(2):242–252PubMedCrossRef Brice NL, Varadi A, Ashcroft SJ, Molnar E (2002) Metabotropic glutamate and GABA(B) receptors contribute to the modulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 45(2):242–252PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Tong Q, Ouedraogo R, Kirchgessner AL (2002) Localization and function of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat pancreatic islets. Metab 282(6):E1324–E1333 Tong Q, Ouedraogo R, Kirchgessner AL (2002) Localization and function of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat pancreatic islets. Metab 282(6):E1324–E1333
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Lerner J (1987) Acidic amino acid transport in animal cells and tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B 87(3):443–457PubMedCrossRef Lerner J (1987) Acidic amino acid transport in animal cells and tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B 87(3):443–457PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Moe AJ (1995) Placental amino acid transport. Am J Physiol 268(6):C1321–C1331PubMed Moe AJ (1995) Placental amino acid transport. Am J Physiol 268(6):C1321–C1331PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider H, Möhlen KH, Dancis J (1979) Transfer of amino acids across the in vitro perfused human placenta. Pediatr Res 13(4):236–240PubMedCrossRef Schneider H, Möhlen KH, Dancis J (1979) Transfer of amino acids across the in vitro perfused human placenta. Pediatr Res 13(4):236–240PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Johanson CE (1980) Permeability and vascularity of the developing brain: cerebellum vs cerebral cortex. Brain Res 190(1):3–16PubMedCrossRef Johanson CE (1980) Permeability and vascularity of the developing brain: cerebellum vs cerebral cortex. Brain Res 190(1):3–16PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000) Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Neurobiol 20(1):57–76PubMedCrossRef Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000) Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Neurobiol 20(1):57–76PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hermanussen M, Tresguerres JA (2003) Does the thrifty phenotype result from chronic glutamate intoxication? A hypothesis. J Perinat Med 31(6):489–495PubMedCrossRef Hermanussen M, Tresguerres JA (2003) Does the thrifty phenotype result from chronic glutamate intoxication? A hypothesis. J Perinat Med 31(6):489–495PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Faus O, López Morales J, Faus MJ, Periago JL, Bueno Sánchez A, Gil A, Martínez Valverde A (1984) Free amino acid content of human milk in Spain. An Esp Pediatr 21(6):557–563PubMed Faus O, López Morales J, Faus MJ, Periago JL, Bueno Sánchez A, Gil A, Martínez Valverde A (1984) Free amino acid content of human milk in Spain. An Esp Pediatr 21(6):557–563PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Agostoni C, Carratù B, Boniglia C, Lammardo AM, Riva E, Sanzini E (2000) Free glutamine and glutamic acid increase in human milk through a three-month lactation period. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 31(5):508–512PubMedCrossRef Agostoni C, Carratù B, Boniglia C, Lammardo AM, Riva E, Sanzini E (2000) Free glutamine and glutamic acid increase in human milk through a three-month lactation period. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 31(5):508–512PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Agostoni C, Carratù B, Boniglia C, Riva E, Sanzini E (2000) Free amino acid content in standard infant formulas: comparison with human milk. J Am Coll Nutr 19(4):434–438PubMed Agostoni C, Carratù B, Boniglia C, Riva E, Sanzini E (2000) Free amino acid content in standard infant formulas: comparison with human milk. J Am Coll Nutr 19(4):434–438PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat DeSantiago S, Ramírez I, Tovar AR, Alonso L, Ortíz-Olaya N, Torres N (1998) Free amino acids in plasma and milk of mexican rural lactating women. Rev Invest Clin 50(5):405–412PubMed DeSantiago S, Ramírez I, Tovar AR, Alonso L, Ortíz-Olaya N, Torres N (1998) Free amino acids in plasma and milk of mexican rural lactating women. Rev Invest Clin 50(5):405–412PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Villalpando S, Butte NF, Flores-Huerta S, Thotathuchery M (1998) Qualitative analysis of human milk produced by women consuming a maize-predominant diet typical of rural Mexico. Ann Nutr Metab 42(1):23–32PubMedCrossRef Villalpando S, Butte NF, Flores-Huerta S, Thotathuchery M (1998) Qualitative analysis of human milk produced by women consuming a maize-predominant diet typical of rural Mexico. Ann Nutr Metab 42(1):23–32PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Otabe S, Nakayama H, Fukutani T, Yuan X, Wada N, Hashinaga T, Mitsui A, Kato T, Inada C, Tajiri Y, Yamada K (2010) Excessive maternal transmission of diabetes in Japanese families with young-onset type 2 diabetes and insulin secretion defect according to clinical features. Acta Diabetol 47(suppl 1):133–138PubMedCrossRef Otabe S, Nakayama H, Fukutani T, Yuan X, Wada N, Hashinaga T, Mitsui A, Kato T, Inada C, Tajiri Y, Yamada K (2010) Excessive maternal transmission of diabetes in Japanese families with young-onset type 2 diabetes and insulin secretion defect according to clinical features. Acta Diabetol 47(suppl 1):133–138PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi DW, Maulucci-Gedde M, Kriegstein AR (1987) Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J Neurosci 7(2):357–368PubMed Choi DW, Maulucci-Gedde M, Kriegstein AR (1987) Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J Neurosci 7(2):357–368PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothstein JD, Dykes-Hoberg M, Pardo CA, Bristol LA, Jin L, Kuncl RW, Kanai Y, Hediger MA, Wang Y, Schielke JP, Welty DF (1996) Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 16(3):675–686PubMedCrossRef Rothstein JD, Dykes-Hoberg M, Pardo CA, Bristol LA, Jin L, Kuncl RW, Kanai Y, Hediger MA, Wang Y, Schielke JP, Welty DF (1996) Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 16(3):675–686PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka K, Watase K, Manabe T, Yamada K, Watanabe M, Takahashi K, Iwama H, Nishikawa T, Ichihara N, Kikuchi T, Okuyama S, Kawashima N, Hori S, Takimoto M, Wada K (1997) Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Science 276(5319):1699–1702PubMedCrossRef Tanaka K, Watase K, Manabe T, Yamada K, Watanabe M, Takahashi K, Iwama H, Nishikawa T, Ichihara N, Kikuchi T, Okuyama S, Kawashima N, Hori S, Takimoto M, Wada K (1997) Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Science 276(5319):1699–1702PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Pizzi WJ, Barnhart JE (1976) Effects of monosodium glutamate on somatic development, obesity and activity in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 5(5):551–557PubMedCrossRef Pizzi WJ, Barnhart JE (1976) Effects of monosodium glutamate on somatic development, obesity and activity in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 5(5):551–557PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwase M, Yamamoto M, Iino K, Ichikawa K, Shinohara N, Yoshinari M, Fujishima M (1998) Obesity induced by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: an animal model of multiple risk factors. Hypertens Res 21(1):1–6PubMedCrossRef Iwase M, Yamamoto M, Iino K, Ichikawa K, Shinohara N, Yoshinari M, Fujishima M (1998) Obesity induced by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: an animal model of multiple risk factors. Hypertens Res 21(1):1–6PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Roman-Ramos R, Almanza-Perez JC, Garcia-Macedo R, Blancas-Flores G, Fortis-Barrera A, Jasso EI, Garcia-Lorenzana M, Campos-Sepulveda AE, Cruz M, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ (2011) Monosodium glutamate neonatal intoxication associated with obesity in adult stage is characterized by chronic inflammation and increased mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 108(6):406–413PubMedCrossRef Roman-Ramos R, Almanza-Perez JC, Garcia-Macedo R, Blancas-Flores G, Fortis-Barrera A, Jasso EI, Garcia-Lorenzana M, Campos-Sepulveda AE, Cruz M, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ (2011) Monosodium glutamate neonatal intoxication associated with obesity in adult stage is characterized by chronic inflammation and increased mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 108(6):406–413PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki Y, Suzuki W, Shimada T, Iizuka S, Nakamura S, Nagata M, Fujimoto M, Tsuneyama K, Hokao R, Miyamoto K, Aburada M (2009) Dose dependent development of diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice. Life Sci 85(13–14):490–498PubMedCrossRef Sasaki Y, Suzuki W, Shimada T, Iizuka S, Nakamura S, Nagata M, Fujimoto M, Tsuneyama K, Hokao R, Miyamoto K, Aburada M (2009) Dose dependent development of diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice. Life Sci 85(13–14):490–498PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Islam MS, Loots du T (2009) Experimental rodent models of type 2 diabetes: a review. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 31(4):249–261PubMed Islam MS, Loots du T (2009) Experimental rodent models of type 2 diabetes: a review. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 31(4):249–261PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagata M, Suzuki W, Iizuka S, Tabuchi M, Maruyama H, Takeda S, Aburada M, Miyamoto K (2006) Type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese mouse model induced by monosodium glutamate. K Exp Anim 55(2):109–115CrossRef Nagata M, Suzuki W, Iizuka S, Tabuchi M, Maruyama H, Takeda S, Aburada M, Miyamoto K (2006) Type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese mouse model induced by monosodium glutamate. K Exp Anim 55(2):109–115CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Anantharaman K (1972) In utero and dietary administration of monosodium l-glutamate to mice: reproductive performance and development in a multigeneration study. In: Filer LJ Jr, Garattini S, Kare MR, Reynolds WA, Wurtman RJ (eds) Glutamic acid: advances in biochemistry and physiology. New York, Raven Press Anantharaman K (1972) In utero and dietary administration of monosodium l-glutamate to mice: reproductive performance and development in a multigeneration study. In: Filer LJ Jr, Garattini S, Kare MR, Reynolds WA, Wurtman RJ (eds) Glutamic acid: advances in biochemistry and physiology. New York, Raven Press
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Heywood R, Worden AN (1972) Glutamate toxicity in laboratory animals. In: Filer LJ Jr, Garattini S, Kare MR, Reynolds WA, Wurtman RJ (eds) Glutamic acid: advances in biochemistry and physiology. New York, Raven Press Heywood R, Worden AN (1972) Glutamate toxicity in laboratory animals. In: Filer LJ Jr, Garattini S, Kare MR, Reynolds WA, Wurtman RJ (eds) Glutamic acid: advances in biochemistry and physiology. New York, Raven Press
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Hermanussen M, García AP, Sunder M, Voigt M, Salazar V, Tresguerres JA (2006) Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. Eur J Clin Nutr 60(1):25–31PubMedCrossRef Hermanussen M, García AP, Sunder M, Voigt M, Salazar V, Tresguerres JA (2006) Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. Eur J Clin Nutr 60(1):25–31PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Monno A, Vezzani A, Bastone A, Salmona M, Garattini S (1995) Extracellular glutamate levels in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats after acute or chronic oral intake of monosodium glutamate. Neurosci Lett 193(1):45–48PubMedCrossRef Monno A, Vezzani A, Bastone A, Salmona M, Garattini S (1995) Extracellular glutamate levels in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats after acute or chronic oral intake of monosodium glutamate. Neurosci Lett 193(1):45–48PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheunsuang O, Stewart AL, Morris R (2006) Differential uptake of molecules from the circulation and CSF reveals regional and cellular specialisation in CNS detection of homeostatic signals. Cell Tissue Res 325(2):397–402PubMedCrossRef Cheunsuang O, Stewart AL, Morris R (2006) Differential uptake of molecules from the circulation and CSF reveals regional and cellular specialisation in CNS detection of homeostatic signals. Cell Tissue Res 325(2):397–402PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieth E, Barber AJ, Xu B, Dice C, Ratz MJ, Tanase D, Strother JM (1998) Glial reactivity and impaired glutamate metabolism in short-term experimental diabetic retinopathy. Penn State retina research group. Diabetes 47(5):815–820 Lieth E, Barber AJ, Xu B, Dice C, Ratz MJ, Tanase D, Strother JM (1998) Glial reactivity and impaired glutamate metabolism in short-term experimental diabetic retinopathy. Penn State retina research group. Diabetes 47(5):815–820
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Case GL, Kern TS (2001) Retinal glutamate in diabetes and effect of antioxidants. Neurochem Int 38(5):385–390PubMedCrossRef Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Case GL, Kern TS (2001) Retinal glutamate in diabetes and effect of antioxidants. Neurochem Int 38(5):385–390PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu X, Xu Z, Mi M, Xu H, Zhu J, Wei N, Chen K, Zhang Q, Zeng K, Wang J, Chen F, Tang Y (2008) Dietary taurine supplementation ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via anti-excitotoxicity of glutamate in streptozotocin-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurochem Res 33(3):500–507PubMedCrossRef Yu X, Xu Z, Mi M, Xu H, Zhu J, Wei N, Chen K, Zhang Q, Zeng K, Wang J, Chen F, Tang Y (2008) Dietary taurine supplementation ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via anti-excitotoxicity of glutamate in streptozotocin-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurochem Res 33(3):500–507PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng K, Xu H, Chen K, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Mantian M (2010) Effects of taurine on glutamate uptake and degradation in Müller cells under diabetic conditions via antioxidant mechanism. Mol Cell Neurosci 45(2):192–199PubMedCrossRef Zeng K, Xu H, Chen K, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Mantian M (2010) Effects of taurine on glutamate uptake and degradation in Müller cells under diabetic conditions via antioxidant mechanism. Mol Cell Neurosci 45(2):192–199PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu MT, Rothstein JD, Gershon MD, Kirchgessner AL (1997) Glutamatergic enteric neurons. J Neurosci 17(12):4764–4784PubMed Liu MT, Rothstein JD, Gershon MD, Kirchgessner AL (1997) Glutamatergic enteric neurons. J Neurosci 17(12):4764–4784PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirchgessner AL, Liu MT, Alcantara F (1997) Excitotoxicity in the enteric nervous system. J Neurosci 17(22):8804–8816PubMed Kirchgessner AL, Liu MT, Alcantara F (1997) Excitotoxicity in the enteric nervous system. J Neurosci 17(22):8804–8816PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat von Boyen GB, Steinkamp M, Adler G, Kirsch J (2006) Glutamate receptor subunit expression in primary enteric glia cultures. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 26(4):329–336CrossRef von Boyen GB, Steinkamp M, Adler G, Kirsch J (2006) Glutamate receptor subunit expression in primary enteric glia cultures. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 26(4):329–336CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Nasser Y, Keenan CM, Ma AC, McCafferty DM, Sharkey KA (2007) Expression of a functional metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 on enteric glia is altered in states of inflammation. Glia 55(8):859–872PubMedCrossRef Nasser Y, Keenan CM, Ma AC, McCafferty DM, Sharkey KA (2007) Expression of a functional metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 on enteric glia is altered in states of inflammation. Glia 55(8):859–872PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Irving EA, Bamford M (2002) Role of mitogen- and stress-activated kinases in ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(6):631–647PubMedCrossRef Irving EA, Bamford M (2002) Role of mitogen- and stress-activated kinases in ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(6):631–647PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Bush TG, Savidge TC, Freeman TC, Cox HJ, Campbell EA, Mucke L, Johnson MH, Sofroniew MV (1998) Fulminant Jejuno-Ileitis following ablation of enteric glia in adult transgenic mice. Cell 93(2):189–201PubMedCrossRef Bush TG, Savidge TC, Freeman TC, Cox HJ, Campbell EA, Mucke L, Johnson MH, Sofroniew MV (1998) Fulminant Jejuno-Ileitis following ablation of enteric glia in adult transgenic mice. Cell 93(2):189–201PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Savidge TC, Newman P, Pothoulakis C, Ruhl A, Neunlist M, Bourreille A, Hurst R, Sofroniew MV (2007) Enteric glia regulate intestinal barrier function and inflammation via release of S-nitrosoglutathione. Gastroenterology 132(4):1344–1358PubMedCrossRef Savidge TC, Newman P, Pothoulakis C, Ruhl A, Neunlist M, Bourreille A, Hurst R, Sofroniew MV (2007) Enteric glia regulate intestinal barrier function and inflammation via release of S-nitrosoglutathione. Gastroenterology 132(4):1344–1358PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Secondulfo M, Iafusco D, Carratù R, deMagistris L, Sapone A, Generoso M, Mezzogiomo A, Sasso FC, Cartenì M, De Rosa R, Prisco F, Esposito V (2004) Ultrastructural mucosal alterations and increased intestinal permeability in non-celiac, type 1 diabetic patients. Dig Liver Dis 36(1):35–45 Secondulfo M, Iafusco D, Carratù R, deMagistris L, Sapone A, Generoso M, Mezzogiomo A, Sasso FC, Cartenì M, De Rosa R, Prisco F, Esposito V (2004) Ultrastructural mucosal alterations and increased intestinal permeability in non-celiac, type 1 diabetic patients. Dig Liver Dis 36(1):35–45
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Westerholm-Ormio M, Vaarala O, Pihkala P, Ilonen J, Savilahti E (2003) Immunologic activity in the small intestinal mucosa of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 52(9):2287–2295PubMedCrossRef Westerholm-Ormio M, Vaarala O, Pihkala P, Ilonen J, Savilahti E (2003) Immunologic activity in the small intestinal mucosa of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 52(9):2287–2295PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Savilahti E, Ormälä T, Saukkonen T, Sandini-Pohjavuori U, Kantele JM, Arato A, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK (1999) Jejuna of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) show signs of immune activation. Clin Exp Immunol 116(1):70–77PubMedCrossRef Savilahti E, Ormälä T, Saukkonen T, Sandini-Pohjavuori U, Kantele JM, Arato A, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK (1999) Jejuna of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) show signs of immune activation. Clin Exp Immunol 116(1):70–77PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuitunen M, Saukkonen T, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, Savilahti E (2002) Intestinal permeability to mannitol and lactulose in children with type 1 diabetes with the HLA-DQB1*02 allele. Autoimmunity 35(5):365–368PubMedCrossRef Kuitunen M, Saukkonen T, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, Savilahti E (2002) Intestinal permeability to mannitol and lactulose in children with type 1 diabetes with the HLA-DQB1*02 allele. Autoimmunity 35(5):365–368PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosi E, Molteni L, Radaelli MG, Folini L, Fermo I, Bazzigaluppi E, Piemonti L, Pastore MR, Paroni R (2006) Increased intestinal permeability precedes clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 49(12):2824–2827PubMedCrossRef Bosi E, Molteni L, Radaelli MG, Folini L, Fermo I, Bazzigaluppi E, Piemonti L, Pastore MR, Paroni R (2006) Increased intestinal permeability precedes clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 49(12):2824–2827PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Sapone A, de Magistris L, Pietzak M, Clemente MG, Tripathi A, Cucca F, Lampis R, Kryszak D, Cartenì M, Generoso M, Iafusco D, Prisco F, Laghi F, Riegler G, Carratu R, Counts D, Fasano A (2006) Zonulin upregulation is associated with increased gut permeability in subjects with type 1 diabetes and their relatives. Diabetes 55(5):1443–1449PubMedCrossRef Sapone A, de Magistris L, Pietzak M, Clemente MG, Tripathi A, Cucca F, Lampis R, Kryszak D, Cartenì M, Generoso M, Iafusco D, Prisco F, Laghi F, Riegler G, Carratu R, Counts D, Fasano A (2006) Zonulin upregulation is associated with increased gut permeability in subjects with type 1 diabetes and their relatives. Diabetes 55(5):1443–1449PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham S, Courtois P, Malaisse WJ, Rozing J, Scott FW, Mowat AM (2004) Enteropathy precedes type 1 diabetes in the BB rat. Gut 53(10):1437–1444PubMedCrossRef Graham S, Courtois P, Malaisse WJ, Rozing J, Scott FW, Mowat AM (2004) Enteropathy precedes type 1 diabetes in the BB rat. Gut 53(10):1437–1444PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Baylis LL, Rolls ET (1991) Responses of neurons in the primate taste cortex to glutamate. Physiol Behav 49(5):973–979PubMedCrossRef Baylis LL, Rolls ET (1991) Responses of neurons in the primate taste cortex to glutamate. Physiol Behav 49(5):973–979PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Rolls ET, Baylis LL (1994) Gustatory, olfactory, and visual convergence within the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J Neurosci 14(9):5437–5452PubMed Rolls ET, Baylis LL (1994) Gustatory, olfactory, and visual convergence within the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J Neurosci 14(9):5437–5452PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamaguchi S, Ninomiya K (2000) Umami and food palatability. J Nutr 130(4S suppl):921S–926S Yamaguchi S, Ninomiya K (2000) Umami and food palatability. J Nutr 130(4S suppl):921S–926S
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaudhari N, Landin AM, Roper SD (2000) A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor. Nat Neurosci 3(2):113–119PubMedCrossRef Chaudhari N, Landin AM, Roper SD (2000) A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor. Nat Neurosci 3(2):113–119PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2002) An amino-acid taste receptor. Nature 416(6877):199–202PubMedCrossRef Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2002) An amino-acid taste receptor. Nature 416(6877):199–202PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, Durick K, Zoller M, Adler E (2002) Human receptors for sweet and umami taste. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(7):4692–4696PubMedCrossRef Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, Durick K, Zoller M, Adler E (2002) Human receptors for sweet and umami taste. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(7):4692–4696PubMedCrossRef
100.
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Oya M, Suzuki H, Watanabe Y, Sato M, Tsuboi T (2011) Amino acid taste receptor regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 cells. Genes Cells 16(5):608–616PubMedCrossRef Oya M, Suzuki H, Watanabe Y, Sato M, Tsuboi T (2011) Amino acid taste receptor regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 cells. Genes Cells 16(5):608–616PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner JE, Glaser D, Hawilo ME, Berridge KC (2001) Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25(1):53–74PubMedCrossRef Steiner JE, Glaser D, Hawilo ME, Berridge KC (2001) Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25(1):53–74PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamaguchi S (1991) Basic properties of umami and effects on humans. Physiol Behav 49(5):833–841PubMedCrossRef Yamaguchi S (1991) Basic properties of umami and effects on humans. Physiol Behav 49(5):833–841PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellisle F, Monneuse MO, Chabert M, Larue-Achagiotis C, Lanteaume MT, Louis-Sylvestre J (1991) Monosodium glutamate as a palatability enhancer in the European diet. Physiol Behav 49(5):869–873PubMedCrossRef Bellisle F, Monneuse MO, Chabert M, Larue-Achagiotis C, Lanteaume MT, Louis-Sylvestre J (1991) Monosodium glutamate as a palatability enhancer in the European diet. Physiol Behav 49(5):869–873PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamaguchi S, Takahashi C (1984) Interactions of monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride on saltiness and palatability. J Food Sci 49:82–85CrossRef Yamaguchi S, Takahashi C (1984) Interactions of monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride on saltiness and palatability. J Food Sci 49:82–85CrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamaguchi S, Takihashi C (1984) Hedonic functions of monosodium glutamate and four basic taste substances used at various concentration levels in single and complex systems. Agric Biol Chem 48:1077–1081CrossRef Yamaguchi S, Takihashi C (1984) Hedonic functions of monosodium glutamate and four basic taste substances used at various concentration levels in single and complex systems. Agric Biol Chem 48:1077–1081CrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellisle F (1998) Effects of monosodium glutamate on human food palatability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 855:438–441PubMedCrossRef Bellisle F (1998) Effects of monosodium glutamate on human food palatability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 855:438–441PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers PJ, Blundell J (1990) Umami and appetite: effects of monosodium glutamate on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiol Behav 48:801–804PubMedCrossRef Rogers PJ, Blundell J (1990) Umami and appetite: effects of monosodium glutamate on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiol Behav 48:801–804PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Schiffman SS (2000) Intensification of sensory properties of foods for the elderly. J Nutr 130(4S suppl):927S–930S Schiffman SS (2000) Intensification of sensory properties of foods for the elderly. J Nutr 130(4S suppl):927S–930S
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Okiyama A, Beauchamp GK (1998) Taste dimensions of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in a food system: role of glutamate in young American subjects. Physiol Behav 65(1):177–181PubMedCrossRef Okiyama A, Beauchamp GK (1998) Taste dimensions of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in a food system: role of glutamate in young American subjects. Physiol Behav 65(1):177–181PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes J, Titherley AC, Norman JA, Wood R, Lord DW (1991) A survey of the monosodium glutamate content of foods and an estimation of the dietary intake of monosodium glutamate. Food Addit Contam 8(5):663–672PubMedCrossRef Rhodes J, Titherley AC, Norman JA, Wood R, Lord DW (1991) A survey of the monosodium glutamate content of foods and an estimation of the dietary intake of monosodium glutamate. Food Addit Contam 8(5):663–672PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Beyreuther K, Biesalski HK, Fernstrom JD, Grimm P, Hammes WP, Heinemann U, Kempski O, Stehle P, Steinhart H, Walker R (2007) Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate—an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(3):304–313PubMedCrossRef Beyreuther K, Biesalski HK, Fernstrom JD, Grimm P, Hammes WP, Heinemann U, Kempski O, Stehle P, Steinhart H, Walker R (2007) Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate—an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(3):304–313PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Walker R, Lupien JR (2000) The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate. J Nutr 130(4S suppl):1049S–1052S Walker R, Lupien JR (2000) The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate. J Nutr 130(4S suppl):1049S–1052S
114.
Zurück zum Zitat He K, Du S, Xun P, Sharma S, Wang H, Zhai F, Popkin B (2011) Consumption of monosodium glutamate in relation to incidence of overweight in Chinese adults: China health and nutrition survey (CHNS). Am J Clin Nutr 93(6):1328–1336PubMedCrossRef He K, Du S, Xun P, Sharma S, Wang H, Zhai F, Popkin B (2011) Consumption of monosodium glutamate in relation to incidence of overweight in Chinese adults: China health and nutrition survey (CHNS). Am J Clin Nutr 93(6):1328–1336PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi Z, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Wittert GA, Yuan B, Dai Y, Pan X, Taylor AW (2010) Monosodium glutamate is not associated with obesity or a greater prevalence of weight gain over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adults. Br J Nutr 104(3):457–463PubMedCrossRef Shi Z, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Wittert GA, Yuan B, Dai Y, Pan X, Taylor AW (2010) Monosodium glutamate is not associated with obesity or a greater prevalence of weight gain over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adults. Br J Nutr 104(3):457–463PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat He K, Zhao L, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Van Horn L, Garside D, Zhu L, Guo D, Wu Y, Zhou B, Stamler J, INTERMAP Cooperative Research Group (2008) Association of monosodium glutamate intake with overweight in Chinese adults: the INTERMAP Study. Obesity 16(8):1875–1880PubMedCrossRef He K, Zhao L, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Van Horn L, Garside D, Zhu L, Guo D, Wu Y, Zhou B, Stamler J, INTERMAP Cooperative Research Group (2008) Association of monosodium glutamate intake with overweight in Chinese adults: the INTERMAP Study. Obesity 16(8):1875–1880PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Hermanussen M, Tresguerres JA (2003) Does high glutamate intake cause obesity? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16(7):965–968PubMedCrossRef Hermanussen M, Tresguerres JA (2003) Does high glutamate intake cause obesity? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16(7):965–968PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Samuels A (2010) Monosodium glutamate is not associated with obesity or a greater prevalence of weight gain over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu nutrition study of Chinese adults–comments by Samuels. Br J Nutr 104(11):1729PubMedCrossRef Samuels A (2010) Monosodium glutamate is not associated with obesity or a greater prevalence of weight gain over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu nutrition study of Chinese adults–comments by Samuels. Br J Nutr 104(11):1729PubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Janeczko MJ, Stoll B, Chang X, Guan X, Burrin DG (2007) Extensive gut metabolism limits the intestinal absorption of excessive supplemental dietary glutamate loads in infant pigs. J Nutr 137(11):2384–2390PubMed Janeczko MJ, Stoll B, Chang X, Guan X, Burrin DG (2007) Extensive gut metabolism limits the intestinal absorption of excessive supplemental dietary glutamate loads in infant pigs. J Nutr 137(11):2384–2390PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Blachier F, Guihot-Joubrel G, Vaugelade P, Le Boucher J, Bernard F, Duée P, Cynober L (1999) Portal hyperglutamatemia after dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate in pigs. Digestion 60(4):349–357PubMedCrossRef Blachier F, Guihot-Joubrel G, Vaugelade P, Le Boucher J, Bernard F, Duée P, Cynober L (1999) Portal hyperglutamatemia after dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate in pigs. Digestion 60(4):349–357PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham TE, Sgro V, Friars D, Gibala MJ (2000) Glutamate ingestion: the plasma and muscle free amino acid pools of resting humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278(1):E83–E89PubMed Graham TE, Sgro V, Friars D, Gibala MJ (2000) Glutamate ingestion: the plasma and muscle free amino acid pools of resting humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278(1):E83–E89PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Stegink LD, Filer LJ Jr, Baker GL (1985) Plasma glutamate concentrations in adult subjects ingesting monosodium L-glutamate in consomme. Am J Clin Nutr 42(2):220–225PubMed Stegink LD, Filer LJ Jr, Baker GL (1985) Plasma glutamate concentrations in adult subjects ingesting monosodium L-glutamate in consomme. Am J Clin Nutr 42(2):220–225PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Chevassus H, Renard E, Bertrand G, Mourand I, Puech R, Molinier N, Bockaert J, Petit P, Bringer J (2002) Effects of oral monosodium (L)-glutamate on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53(6):641–643PubMedCrossRef Chevassus H, Renard E, Bertrand G, Mourand I, Puech R, Molinier N, Bockaert J, Petit P, Bringer J (2002) Effects of oral monosodium (L)-glutamate on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53(6):641–643PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Mourtzakis M, Graham TE (2002) Glutamate ingestion and its effects at rest and during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 93(4):1251–1259PubMed Mourtzakis M, Graham TE (2002) Glutamate ingestion and its effects at rest and during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 93(4):1251–1259PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamb MM, Myers MA, Barriga K, Zimmet PZ, Rewers M, Norris JM (2008) Maternal diet during pregnancy and islet autoimmunity in offspring. Pediatr Diabetes 9:135–141PubMedCrossRef Lamb MM, Myers MA, Barriga K, Zimmet PZ, Rewers M, Norris JM (2008) Maternal diet during pregnancy and islet autoimmunity in offspring. Pediatr Diabetes 9:135–141PubMedCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Virtanen SM, Kenward MG, Erkkola M, Kautiainen S, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Hakulinen T, Ahonen S, Uusitalo L, Niinistö S, Veijola R, Simell O, Ilonen J, Knip M (2006) Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 49(7):1512–1521PubMedCrossRef Virtanen SM, Kenward MG, Erkkola M, Kautiainen S, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Hakulinen T, Ahonen S, Uusitalo L, Niinistö S, Veijola R, Simell O, Ilonen J, Knip M (2006) Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 49(7):1512–1521PubMedCrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Virtanen SM, Takkinen HM, Nevalainen J, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Salmenhaara M, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG, Erkkola M, Veijola R, Simell O, Ilonen J, Knip M (2011) Early introduction of root vegetables in infancy associated with advanced ß-cell autoimmunity in young children with human leukocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 28(8):965–971PubMedCrossRef Virtanen SM, Takkinen HM, Nevalainen J, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Salmenhaara M, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG, Erkkola M, Veijola R, Simell O, Ilonen J, Knip M (2011) Early introduction of root vegetables in infancy associated with advanced ß-cell autoimmunity in young children with human leukocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 28(8):965–971PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Myers M, Zimmet P (2008) Halting the accelerating epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 371(9626):1730–1731PubMedCrossRef Myers M, Zimmet P (2008) Halting the accelerating epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 371(9626):1730–1731PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin FL, Ames JM (2001) Formation of Strecker aldehydes and pyrazines in a fried potato model system. J Agric Food Chem 49(8):3885–3892PubMedCrossRef Martin FL, Ames JM (2001) Formation of Strecker aldehydes and pyrazines in a fried potato model system. J Agric Food Chem 49(8):3885–3892PubMedCrossRef
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohara-Takada A, Matsuura-Endo C, Chuda Y, Ono H, Yada H, Yoshida M, Kobayashi A, Tsuda S, Takigawa S, Noda T, Yamauchi H, Mori M (2005) Change in content of sugars and free amino acids in potato tubers under short-term storage at low temperature and the effect on acrylamide level after frying. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(7):1232–1238PubMedCrossRef Ohara-Takada A, Matsuura-Endo C, Chuda Y, Ono H, Yada H, Yoshida M, Kobayashi A, Tsuda S, Takigawa S, Noda T, Yamauchi H, Mori M (2005) Change in content of sugars and free amino acids in potato tubers under short-term storage at low temperature and the effect on acrylamide level after frying. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(7):1232–1238PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeevanandam M, Ramias L, Schiller WR (1991) Altered plasma free amino acid levels in obese traumatized man. Metabolism 40(4):385–390PubMedCrossRef Jeevanandam M, Ramias L, Schiller WR (1991) Altered plasma free amino acid levels in obese traumatized man. Metabolism 40(4):385–390PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujinami S, Hijikata Y, Shiozaki Y, Sameshima Y (1990) Profiles of plasma amino acids in fasted patients with various liver diseases. Hepatogastroenterology 37(suppl 2):81–84PubMed Fujinami S, Hijikata Y, Shiozaki Y, Sameshima Y (1990) Profiles of plasma amino acids in fasted patients with various liver diseases. Hepatogastroenterology 37(suppl 2):81–84PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Vannucchi H, Marchini JS, Padovan GJ, dos-Santos JE, Dutra-de-Oliveira JE (1985) Amino acid patterns in the plasma and ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 18(4):465–470PubMed Vannucchi H, Marchini JS, Padovan GJ, dos-Santos JE, Dutra-de-Oliveira JE (1985) Amino acid patterns in the plasma and ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 18(4):465–470PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Holm E, Hack V, Tokus M, Breitkreutz R, Babylon A, Dröge W (1997) Linkage between postabsorptive amino acid release and glutamate uptake in skeletal muscle tissue of healthy young subjects, cancer patients, and the elderly. J Mol Med 75(6):454–461PubMedCrossRef Holm E, Hack V, Tokus M, Breitkreutz R, Babylon A, Dröge W (1997) Linkage between postabsorptive amino acid release and glutamate uptake in skeletal muscle tissue of healthy young subjects, cancer patients, and the elderly. J Mol Med 75(6):454–461PubMedCrossRef
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Eck HP, Drings P, Dröge W (1989) Plasma glutamate levels, lymphocyte reactivity and death rate in patients with bronchial carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 115(6):571–574PubMedCrossRef Eck HP, Drings P, Dröge W (1989) Plasma glutamate levels, lymphocyte reactivity and death rate in patients with bronchial carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 115(6):571–574PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Dröge W, Eck HP, Betzler M, Näher H (1987) Elevated plasma glutamate levels in colorectal carcinoma patients and in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Immunobiology 174(4–5):473–479PubMedCrossRef Dröge W, Eck HP, Betzler M, Näher H (1987) Elevated plasma glutamate levels in colorectal carcinoma patients and in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Immunobiology 174(4–5):473–479PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Eck HP, Frey H, Dröge W (1989) Elevated plasma glutamate concentrations in HIV-1-infected patients may contribute to loss of macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Int Immunol 1(4):367–372PubMedCrossRef Eck HP, Frey H, Dröge W (1989) Elevated plasma glutamate concentrations in HIV-1-infected patients may contribute to loss of macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Int Immunol 1(4):367–372PubMedCrossRef
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Dröge W, Eck HP, Betzler M, Schlag P, Drings P, Ebert W (1988) Plasma glutamate concentration and lymphocyte activity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 114(2):124–128PubMedCrossRef Dröge W, Eck HP, Betzler M, Schlag P, Drings P, Ebert W (1988) Plasma glutamate concentration and lymphocyte activity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 114(2):124–128PubMedCrossRef
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Aliprandi A, Longoni M, Stanzani L, Tremolizzo L, Vaccaro M, Begni B, Galimberti G, Garofolo R, Ferrarese C (2005) Increased plasma glutamate in stroke patients might be linked to altered platelet release and uptake. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(4):513–519PubMedCrossRef Aliprandi A, Longoni M, Stanzani L, Tremolizzo L, Vaccaro M, Begni B, Galimberti G, Garofolo R, Ferrarese C (2005) Increased plasma glutamate in stroke patients might be linked to altered platelet release and uptake. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(4):513–519PubMedCrossRef
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Tremolizzo L, DiFrancesco JC, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Sirtori E, Longoni M, Cassetti A, Bossi M, El Mestikawy S, Cavaletti G, Ferrarese C (2006) Human platelets express the synaptic markers VGLUT1 and 2 and release glutamate following aggregation. Neurosci Lett 404(3):262–265PubMedCrossRef Tremolizzo L, DiFrancesco JC, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Sirtori E, Longoni M, Cassetti A, Bossi M, El Mestikawy S, Cavaletti G, Ferrarese C (2006) Human platelets express the synaptic markers VGLUT1 and 2 and release glutamate following aggregation. Neurosci Lett 404(3):262–265PubMedCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Castellanos M, Sobrino T, Pedraza S, Moldes O, Pumar JM, Silva Y, Serena J, García-Gil M, Castillo J, Dávalos A (2008) High plasma glutamate concentrations are associated with infarct growth in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 71(23):1862–1868PubMedCrossRef Castellanos M, Sobrino T, Pedraza S, Moldes O, Pumar JM, Silva Y, Serena J, García-Gil M, Castillo J, Dávalos A (2008) High plasma glutamate concentrations are associated with infarct growth in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 71(23):1862–1868PubMedCrossRef
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Pampliega O, Domercq M, Villoslada P, Sepulcre J, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Matute C (2008) Association of an EAAT2 polymorphism with higher glutamate concentration in relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 195(1–2):194–198PubMedCrossRef Pampliega O, Domercq M, Villoslada P, Sepulcre J, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Matute C (2008) Association of an EAAT2 polymorphism with higher glutamate concentration in relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 195(1–2):194–198PubMedCrossRef
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreadou E, Kapaki E, Kokotis P, Paraskevas GP, Katsaros N, Libitaki G, Zis V, Sfagos C, Vassilopoulos D (2008) Plasma glutamate and glycine levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the effect of riluzole treatment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110(3):222–226PubMedCrossRef Andreadou E, Kapaki E, Kokotis P, Paraskevas GP, Katsaros N, Libitaki G, Zis V, Sfagos C, Vassilopoulos D (2008) Plasma glutamate and glycine levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the effect of riluzole treatment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110(3):222–226PubMedCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreadou E, Kapaki E, Kokotis P, Paraskevas GP, Katsaros N, Libitaki G, Petropoulou O, Zis V, Sfagos C, Vassilopoulos D (2008) Plasma glutamate and glycine levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In Vivo 22(1):137–141PubMed Andreadou E, Kapaki E, Kokotis P, Paraskevas GP, Katsaros N, Libitaki G, Petropoulou O, Zis V, Sfagos C, Vassilopoulos D (2008) Plasma glutamate and glycine levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In Vivo 22(1):137–141PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Shiojima T, Kobayashi T, Kinoshita M (1994) Different plasma glutamate levels in subtype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 89(5):404–405PubMedCrossRef Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Shiojima T, Kobayashi T, Kinoshita M (1994) Different plasma glutamate levels in subtype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 89(5):404–405PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Shiojima T, Kinoshita M (1992) Increased plasma concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and glycine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 145(2):175–177PubMedCrossRef Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Shiojima T, Kinoshita M (1992) Increased plasma concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and glycine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 145(2):175–177PubMedCrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Paraskevas GP, Triantafyllou NI, Kapaki E, Limpitaki G, Petropoulou O, Vassilopoulos D (2006) Add-on lamotrigine treatment and plasma glutamate levels in epilepsy: relation to treatment response. Epilepsy Res 70(2–3):184–189PubMedCrossRef Paraskevas GP, Triantafyllou NI, Kapaki E, Limpitaki G, Petropoulou O, Vassilopoulos D (2006) Add-on lamotrigine treatment and plasma glutamate levels in epilepsy: relation to treatment response. Epilepsy Res 70(2–3):184–189PubMedCrossRef
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH (2003) Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord 33(1):93–97PubMedCrossRef Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH (2003) Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord 33(1):93–97PubMedCrossRef
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Alam Z, Coombes N, Waring RH, Williams AC, Steventon GB (1998) Plasma levels of neuroexcitatory amino acids in patients with migraine or tension headache. J Neurol Sci 156(1):102–106PubMedCrossRef Alam Z, Coombes N, Waring RH, Williams AC, Steventon GB (1998) Plasma levels of neuroexcitatory amino acids in patients with migraine or tension headache. J Neurol Sci 156(1):102–106PubMedCrossRef
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitani H, Shirayama Y, Yamada T, Maeda K, Ashby CR Jr, Kawahara R (2006) Correlation between plasma levels of glutamate, alanine and serine with severity of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30(6):1155–1158PubMedCrossRef Mitani H, Shirayama Y, Yamada T, Maeda K, Ashby CR Jr, Kawahara R (2006) Correlation between plasma levels of glutamate, alanine and serine with severity of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30(6):1155–1158PubMedCrossRef
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Trang LE, Fürst P, Odebäck AC, Lövgren O (1985) Plasma amino acids in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 14(4):393–402PubMedCrossRef Trang LE, Fürst P, Odebäck AC, Lövgren O (1985) Plasma amino acids in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 14(4):393–402PubMedCrossRef
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Anfossi G, Russo I, Trovati M (2009) Platelet dysfunction in central obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(6):440–449PubMedCrossRef Anfossi G, Russo I, Trovati M (2009) Platelet dysfunction in central obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(6):440–449PubMedCrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieuwdorp M, Stroes ES, Meijers JC, Büller H (2005) Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5(2):155–159PubMedCrossRef Nieuwdorp M, Stroes ES, Meijers JC, Büller H (2005) Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5(2):155–159PubMedCrossRef
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Davì G, Chiarelli F, Santilli F, Pomilio M, Vigneri S, Falco A, Basili S, Ciabattoni G, Patrono C (2003) Enhanced lipid peroxidation and platelet activation in the early phase of type 1 diabetes mellitus: role of interleukin-6 and disease duration. Circulation 107(25):3199–3203PubMedCrossRef Davì G, Chiarelli F, Santilli F, Pomilio M, Vigneri S, Falco A, Basili S, Ciabattoni G, Patrono C (2003) Enhanced lipid peroxidation and platelet activation in the early phase of type 1 diabetes mellitus: role of interleukin-6 and disease duration. Circulation 107(25):3199–3203PubMedCrossRef
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu H, Johansson BL, Hjemdahl P, Li N (2004) Exercise-induced platelet and leucocyte activation is not enhanced in well-controlled Type 1 diabetes, despite increased activity at rest. Diabetologia 47(5):853–859PubMedCrossRef Hu H, Johansson BL, Hjemdahl P, Li N (2004) Exercise-induced platelet and leucocyte activation is not enhanced in well-controlled Type 1 diabetes, despite increased activity at rest. Diabetologia 47(5):853–859PubMedCrossRef
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Swaim AF, Field DJ, Fox-Talbot K, Baldwin WM 3rd, Morrell CN (2010) Platelets contribute to allograft rejection through glutamate receptor signaling. J Immunol 185(11):6999–7006PubMedCrossRef Swaim AF, Field DJ, Fox-Talbot K, Baldwin WM 3rd, Morrell CN (2010) Platelets contribute to allograft rejection through glutamate receptor signaling. J Immunol 185(11):6999–7006PubMedCrossRef
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Tolosa L, Caraballo-Miralles V, Olmos G, Lladó J (2011) TNF-α potentiates glutamate-induced spinal cord motoneuron death via NF-κB. Mol Cell Neurosci 46(1):176–186PubMedCrossRef Tolosa L, Caraballo-Miralles V, Olmos G, Lladó J (2011) TNF-α potentiates glutamate-induced spinal cord motoneuron death via NF-κB. Mol Cell Neurosci 46(1):176–186PubMedCrossRef
158.
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen MD, Haymond MW (1991) Protein metabolism in obesity: effects of body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia on leucine turnover. Am J Clin Nutr 53(1):172–176PubMed Jensen MD, Haymond MW (1991) Protein metabolism in obesity: effects of body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia on leucine turnover. Am J Clin Nutr 53(1):172–176PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Welle S, Barnard RR, Statt M, Amatruda JM (1992) Increased protein turnover in obese women. Metabolism 41(9):1028–1034PubMedCrossRef Welle S, Barnard RR, Statt M, Amatruda JM (1992) Increased protein turnover in obese women. Metabolism 41(9):1028–1034PubMedCrossRef
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Welle S, Statt M, Barnard R, Amatruda J (1994) Differential effect of insulin on whole-body proteolysis and glucose metabolism in normal-weight, obese, and reduced-obese women. Metabolism 43(4):441–445PubMedCrossRef Welle S, Statt M, Barnard R, Amatruda J (1994) Differential effect of insulin on whole-body proteolysis and glucose metabolism in normal-weight, obese, and reduced-obese women. Metabolism 43(4):441–445PubMedCrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Chevalier S, Marliss EB, Morais JA, Lamarche M, Gougeon R (2005) Whole-body protein anabolic response is resistant to the action of insulin in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 82(2):355–365PubMed Chevalier S, Marliss EB, Morais JA, Lamarche M, Gougeon R (2005) Whole-body protein anabolic response is resistant to the action of insulin in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 82(2):355–365PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Felig P, Marliss E, Cahill GF Jr (1969) Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity. N Engl J Med 281(15):811–816PubMedCrossRef Felig P, Marliss E, Cahill GF Jr (1969) Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity. N Engl J Med 281(15):811–816PubMedCrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Gougeon R, Morais JA, Chevalier S, Pereira S, Lamarche M, Marliss EB (2008) Determinants of whole-body protein metabolism in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 31(1):128–133PubMedCrossRef Gougeon R, Morais JA, Chevalier S, Pereira S, Lamarche M, Marliss EB (2008) Determinants of whole-body protein metabolism in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 31(1):128–133PubMedCrossRef
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Marliss EB, Gougeon R (2002) Diabetes mellitus, lipidus et proteinus! Diabetes Care 25(8):1474–1476 Marliss EB, Gougeon R (2002) Diabetes mellitus, lipidus et proteinus! Diabetes Care 25(8):1474–1476
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira S, Marliss EB, Morais JA, Chevalier S, Gougeon R (2008) Insulin resistance of protein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 57(1):56–63PubMedCrossRef Pereira S, Marliss EB, Morais JA, Chevalier S, Gougeon R (2008) Insulin resistance of protein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 57(1):56–63PubMedCrossRef
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Hack V, Stütz O, Kinscherf R, Schykowski M, Kellerer M, Holm E, Dröge W (1996) Elevated venous glutamate levels in (pre)catabolic conditions result at least partly from a decreased glutamate transport activity. J Mol Med 74(6):337–343PubMedCrossRef Hack V, Stütz O, Kinscherf R, Schykowski M, Kellerer M, Holm E, Dröge W (1996) Elevated venous glutamate levels in (pre)catabolic conditions result at least partly from a decreased glutamate transport activity. J Mol Med 74(6):337–343PubMedCrossRef
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Bao Y, Zhao T, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Jia W, Jia W (2009) Metabonomic variations in the drug-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy volunteers. J Proteome Res 8(4):1623–1630PubMedCrossRef Bao Y, Zhao T, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Jia W, Jia W (2009) Metabonomic variations in the drug-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy volunteers. J Proteome Res 8(4):1623–1630PubMedCrossRef
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman JM, Halaas JL (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395(6704):763–770PubMedCrossRef Friedman JM, Halaas JL (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395(6704):763–770PubMedCrossRef
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstantinides S, Schäfer K, Koschnick S, Loskutoff DJ (2001) Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 108(10):1533–1540PubMed Konstantinides S, Schäfer K, Koschnick S, Loskutoff DJ (2001) Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 108(10):1533–1540PubMed
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahrén B, Baldwin RM, Havel PJ (2000) Pharmacokinetics of human leptin in mice and rhesus monkeys. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(12):1579–1585PubMedCrossRef Ahrén B, Baldwin RM, Havel PJ (2000) Pharmacokinetics of human leptin in mice and rhesus monkeys. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(12):1579–1585PubMedCrossRef
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Shanley LJ, Irving AJ, Harvey J (2001) Leptin enhances NMDA receptor function and modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 21(24):RC186 Shanley LJ, Irving AJ, Harvey J (2001) Leptin enhances NMDA receptor function and modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 21(24):RC186
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Moult PR, Harvey J (2009) Regulation of glutamate receptor trafficking by leptin. Biochem Soc Trans 37(6):1364–1368PubMedCrossRef Moult PR, Harvey J (2009) Regulation of glutamate receptor trafficking by leptin. Biochem Soc Trans 37(6):1364–1368PubMedCrossRef
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Tai ES, Tan ML, Stevens RD, Low YL, Muehlbauer MJ, Goh DL, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Lee JJ, Lim SC, Khoo CM, Shah SH, Newgard CB (2010) Insulin resistance is associated with a metabolic profile of altered protein metabolism in Chinese and Asian-Indian men. Diabetologia 53(4):757–767PubMedCrossRef Tai ES, Tan ML, Stevens RD, Low YL, Muehlbauer MJ, Goh DL, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Lee JJ, Lim SC, Khoo CM, Shah SH, Newgard CB (2010) Insulin resistance is associated with a metabolic profile of altered protein metabolism in Chinese and Asian-Indian men. Diabetologia 53(4):757–767PubMedCrossRef
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Butte NF, Hsu HW, Thotathuchery M, Wong WW, Khoury J, Reeds P (1999) Protein metabolism in insulin-treated gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 22(5):806–811PubMedCrossRef Butte NF, Hsu HW, Thotathuchery M, Wong WW, Khoury J, Reeds P (1999) Protein metabolism in insulin-treated gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 22(5):806–811PubMedCrossRef
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennet WM, Connacher AA, Jung RT, Stehle P, Rennie MJ (1991) Effects of insulin and amino acids on leg protein turnover in IDDM patients. Diabetes 40(4):499–508PubMedCrossRef Bennet WM, Connacher AA, Jung RT, Stehle P, Rennie MJ (1991) Effects of insulin and amino acids on leg protein turnover in IDDM patients. Diabetes 40(4):499–508PubMedCrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Tessari P, Nosadini R, Trevisan R, De Kreutzenberg SV, Inchiostro S, Duner E, Biolo G, Marescotti MC, Tiengo A, Crepaldi G (1986) Defective suppression by insulin of leucine-carbon appearance and oxidation in type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Evidence for insulin resistance involving glucose and amino acid metabolism. J Clin Invest 77(6):1797–1804 Tessari P, Nosadini R, Trevisan R, De Kreutzenberg SV, Inchiostro S, Duner E, Biolo G, Marescotti MC, Tiengo A, Crepaldi G (1986) Defective suppression by insulin of leucine-carbon appearance and oxidation in type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Evidence for insulin resistance involving glucose and amino acid metabolism. J Clin Invest 77(6):1797–1804
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Nair KS, Ford GC, Halliday D (1987) Effect of intravenous insulin treatment on in vivo whole body leucine kinetics and oxygen consumption in insulin-deprived type I diabetic patients. Metabolism 36(5):491–495PubMedCrossRef Nair KS, Ford GC, Halliday D (1987) Effect of intravenous insulin treatment on in vivo whole body leucine kinetics and oxygen consumption in insulin-deprived type I diabetic patients. Metabolism 36(5):491–495PubMedCrossRef
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Luzi L, Castellino P, Simonson DC, Petrides AS, DeFronzo RA (1990) Leucine metabolism in IDDM. Role of insulin and substrate availability. Diabetes 39(1):38–48 Luzi L, Castellino P, Simonson DC, Petrides AS, DeFronzo RA (1990) Leucine metabolism in IDDM. Role of insulin and substrate availability. Diabetes 39(1):38–48
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Umpleby AM, Boroujerdi MA, Brown PM, Carson ER, Sönksen PH (1986) The effect of metabolic control on leucine metabolism in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 29(3):131–141PubMedCrossRef Umpleby AM, Boroujerdi MA, Brown PM, Carson ER, Sönksen PH (1986) The effect of metabolic control on leucine metabolism in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 29(3):131–141PubMedCrossRef
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Nair KS, Halliday D, Matthews DE, Welle SL (1987) Hyperglucagonemia during insulin deficiency accelerates protein catabolism. Am J Physiol 253(2):E208–E213PubMed Nair KS, Halliday D, Matthews DE, Welle SL (1987) Hyperglucagonemia during insulin deficiency accelerates protein catabolism. Am J Physiol 253(2):E208–E213PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Oresic M, Simell S, Sysi-Aho M, Näntö-Salonen K, Seppänen-Laakso T, Parikka V, Katajamaa M, Hekkala A, Mattila I, Keskinen P, Yetukuri L, Reinikainen A, Lähde J, Suortti T, Hakalax J, Simell T, Hyöty H, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Lahesmaa R, Knip M, Simell O (2008) Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity in children who later progress to type 1 diabetes. J Exp Med 205(13):2975–2984PubMedCrossRef Oresic M, Simell S, Sysi-Aho M, Näntö-Salonen K, Seppänen-Laakso T, Parikka V, Katajamaa M, Hekkala A, Mattila I, Keskinen P, Yetukuri L, Reinikainen A, Lähde J, Suortti T, Hakalax J, Simell T, Hyöty H, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Lahesmaa R, Knip M, Simell O (2008) Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity in children who later progress to type 1 diabetes. J Exp Med 205(13):2975–2984PubMedCrossRef
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Velloso LA, Kämpe O, Hallberg A, Christmanson L, Betsholtz C, Karlsson FA (1993) Demonstration of GAD-65 as the main immunogenic isoform of glutamate decarboxylase in type 1 diabetes and determination of autoantibodies using a radioligand produced by eukaryotic expression. J Clin Invest 91(5):2084–2090PubMedCrossRef Velloso LA, Kämpe O, Hallberg A, Christmanson L, Betsholtz C, Karlsson FA (1993) Demonstration of GAD-65 as the main immunogenic isoform of glutamate decarboxylase in type 1 diabetes and determination of autoantibodies using a radioligand produced by eukaryotic expression. J Clin Invest 91(5):2084–2090PubMedCrossRef
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Velloso LA, Björk E, Ballagi AE, Funa K, Andersson A, Kämpe O, Karlsson FA, Eizirik DL (1994) Regulation of GAD expression in islets of Langerhans occurs both at the mRNA and protein level. Mol Cell Endocrinol 102(1–2):31–37PubMedCrossRef Velloso LA, Björk E, Ballagi AE, Funa K, Andersson A, Kämpe O, Karlsson FA, Eizirik DL (1994) Regulation of GAD expression in islets of Langerhans occurs both at the mRNA and protein level. Mol Cell Endocrinol 102(1–2):31–37PubMedCrossRef
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Burton AR, Baquet Z, Eisenbarth GS, Tisch R, Smeyne R, Workman CJ, Vignali DA (2010) Central nervous system destruction mediated by glutamic acid decarboxylase-specific CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 184(9):4863–4870PubMedCrossRef Burton AR, Baquet Z, Eisenbarth GS, Tisch R, Smeyne R, Workman CJ, Vignali DA (2010) Central nervous system destruction mediated by glutamic acid decarboxylase-specific CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 184(9):4863–4870PubMedCrossRef
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Newsholme P (2001) Why is l-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? J Nutr 131(9 Suppl):2515S–2522SPubMed Newsholme P (2001) Why is l-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? J Nutr 131(9 Suppl):2515S–2522SPubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Kvaratskhelia E, Dabrundashvili N, Gagua M, Maisuradze E, Mikeladze D (2008) Glutamate decreases the secretion of IL-10 by peripheral blood lymphocytes in persons with autoimmune thyroiditis. Georgian Med News 164:73–76PubMed Kvaratskhelia E, Dabrundashvili N, Gagua M, Maisuradze E, Mikeladze D (2008) Glutamate decreases the secretion of IL-10 by peripheral blood lymphocytes in persons with autoimmune thyroiditis. Georgian Med News 164:73–76PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenzen S, Drinkgern J, Tiedge M (1996) Low antioxidant enzyme gene expression in pancreatic islets compared with various other mouse tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 20(3):463–466PubMedCrossRef Lenzen S, Drinkgern J, Tiedge M (1996) Low antioxidant enzyme gene expression in pancreatic islets compared with various other mouse tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 20(3):463–466PubMedCrossRef
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Albrecht P, Lewerenz J, Dittmer S, Noack R, Maher P, Methner A (2010) Mechanisms of oxidative glutamate toxicity: the glutamate/cystine antiporter system xc- as a neuroprotective drug target. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 9(3):373–382PubMed Albrecht P, Lewerenz J, Dittmer S, Noack R, Maher P, Methner A (2010) Mechanisms of oxidative glutamate toxicity: the glutamate/cystine antiporter system xc- as a neuroprotective drug target. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 9(3):373–382PubMed
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Nevo U, Golding I, Neumann AU, Schwartz M, Akselrod S (2004) Autoimmunity as an immune defense against degenerative processes: a primary mathematical model illustrating the bright side of autoimmunity. J Theor Biol 227(4):583–592PubMedCrossRef Nevo U, Golding I, Neumann AU, Schwartz M, Akselrod S (2004) Autoimmunity as an immune defense against degenerative processes: a primary mathematical model illustrating the bright side of autoimmunity. J Theor Biol 227(4):583–592PubMedCrossRef
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Hauben E, Roncarolo MG, Nevo U, Schwartz M (2005) Beneficial autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Trends Immunol 26(5):248–253PubMedCrossRef Hauben E, Roncarolo MG, Nevo U, Schwartz M (2005) Beneficial autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Trends Immunol 26(5):248–253PubMedCrossRef
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimpimäki T, Kulmala P, Savola K, Kupila A, Korhonen S, Simell T, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M (2002) Natural history of beta-cell autoimmunity in young children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes recruited from the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(10):4572–4579PubMedCrossRef Kimpimäki T, Kulmala P, Savola K, Kupila A, Korhonen S, Simell T, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M (2002) Natural history of beta-cell autoimmunity in young children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes recruited from the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(10):4572–4579PubMedCrossRef
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho JH, Chen L, Kim MH, Chow RH, Hille B, Koh DS (2010) Characteristics and functions of {alpha}-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors expressed in mouse pancreatic {alpha}-cells. Endocrinology 151(4):1541–1550PubMedCrossRef Cho JH, Chen L, Kim MH, Chow RH, Hille B, Koh DS (2010) Characteristics and functions of {alpha}-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors expressed in mouse pancreatic {alpha}-cells. Endocrinology 151(4):1541–1550PubMedCrossRef
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Cabrera O, Jacques-Silva MC, Speier S, Yang SN, Köhler M, Fachado A, Vieira E, Zierath JR, Kibbey R, Berman DM, Kenyon NS, Ricordi C, Caicedo A, Berggren PO (2008) Glutamate is a positive autocrine signal for glucagon release. Cell Metab 7(6):545–554PubMedCrossRef Cabrera O, Jacques-Silva MC, Speier S, Yang SN, Köhler M, Fachado A, Vieira E, Zierath JR, Kibbey R, Berman DM, Kenyon NS, Ricordi C, Caicedo A, Berggren PO (2008) Glutamate is a positive autocrine signal for glucagon release. Cell Metab 7(6):545–554PubMedCrossRef
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Uehara S, Muroyama A, Echigo N, Morimoto R, Otsuka M, Yatsushiro S, Moriyama Y (2004) Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 is involved in autoinhibitory cascade for glucagon secretion by alpha-cells of islet of Langerhans. Diabetes 53(4):998–1006PubMedCrossRef Uehara S, Muroyama A, Echigo N, Morimoto R, Otsuka M, Yatsushiro S, Moriyama Y (2004) Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 is involved in autoinhibitory cascade for glucagon secretion by alpha-cells of islet of Langerhans. Diabetes 53(4):998–1006PubMedCrossRef
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Müller WA, Faloona GR, Unger RH (1973) Hyperglucagonemia in diabetic ketoacidosis. Its prevalence and significance. Am J Med 54(1):52–57 Müller WA, Faloona GR, Unger RH (1973) Hyperglucagonemia in diabetic ketoacidosis. Its prevalence and significance. Am J Med 54(1):52–57
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron AD, Schaeffer L, Shragg P, Kolterman OG (1987) Role of hyperglucagonemia in maintenance of increased rates of hepatic glucose output in type II diabetics. Diabetes 36(3):274–283PubMedCrossRef Baron AD, Schaeffer L, Shragg P, Kolterman OG (1987) Role of hyperglucagonemia in maintenance of increased rates of hepatic glucose output in type II diabetics. Diabetes 36(3):274–283PubMedCrossRef
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Reaven GM, Chen YD, Golay A, Swislocki AL, Jaspan JB (1987) Documentation of hyperglucagonemia throughout the day in nonobese and obese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64(1):106–110PubMedCrossRef Reaven GM, Chen YD, Golay A, Swislocki AL, Jaspan JB (1987) Documentation of hyperglucagonemia throughout the day in nonobese and obese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64(1):106–110PubMedCrossRef
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunning BE, Gerich JE (2007) The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 28(3):253–283PubMedCrossRef Dunning BE, Gerich JE (2007) The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 28(3):253–283PubMedCrossRef
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Starke AA, Erhardt G, Berger M, Zimmermann H (1984) Elevated pancreatic glucagon in obesity. Diabetes 33(3):277–280PubMedCrossRef Starke AA, Erhardt G, Berger M, Zimmermann H (1984) Elevated pancreatic glucagon in obesity. Diabetes 33(3):277–280PubMedCrossRef
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Solerte SB, Rondanelli M, Giacchero R, Stabile M, Lovati E, Cravello L, Pontiggia B, Vignati G, Ferrari E, Fioravanti M (1999) Serum glucagon concentration and hyperinsulinemia influence renal haemodynamics and urinary protein loss in normotensive patients with central obesity. In J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23(9):997–1003CrossRef Solerte SB, Rondanelli M, Giacchero R, Stabile M, Lovati E, Cravello L, Pontiggia B, Vignati G, Ferrari E, Fioravanti M (1999) Serum glucagon concentration and hyperinsulinemia influence renal haemodynamics and urinary protein loss in normotensive patients with central obesity. In J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23(9):997–1003CrossRef
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss R, D’Adamo E, Santoro N, Hershkop K, Caprio S (2011) Basal α-cell up-regulation in obese insulin-resistant adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(1):91–97PubMedCrossRef Weiss R, D’Adamo E, Santoro N, Hershkop K, Caprio S (2011) Basal α-cell up-regulation in obese insulin-resistant adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(1):91–97PubMedCrossRef
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Natali A, Gabriel R, Mitrakou A, Flyvbjerg A, Golay A, Hojlund K (2007) The relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk (RISC) project Investigators. Association of fasting glucagon and proinsulin concentrations with insulin resistance. Diabetologia 50(11):2342–2347 Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Natali A, Gabriel R, Mitrakou A, Flyvbjerg A, Golay A, Hojlund K (2007) The relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk (RISC) project Investigators. Association of fasting glucagon and proinsulin concentrations with insulin resistance. Diabetologia 50(11):2342–2347
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Asano T, Ninomiya H, Kan K, Yamamoto T, Okumura M (1989) Plasma glucagon response to intravenous alanine in obese and non-obese subjects. Endocrinol Jpn 36(5):767–773PubMedCrossRef Asano T, Ninomiya H, Kan K, Yamamoto T, Okumura M (1989) Plasma glucagon response to intravenous alanine in obese and non-obese subjects. Endocrinol Jpn 36(5):767–773PubMedCrossRef
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T (2003) IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 149:1–38PubMedCrossRef Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T (2003) IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 149:1–38PubMedCrossRef
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, Pfeiffer AF (2003) Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 52(3):812–817PubMedCrossRef Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, Pfeiffer AF (2003) Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 52(3):812–817PubMedCrossRef
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Herder C, Haastert B, Müller-Scholze S, Koenig W, Thorand B, Holle R, Wichmann HE, Scherbaum WA, Martin S, Kolb H (2005) Association of systemic chemokine concentrations with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes: results from the Cooperative health research in the region of Augsburg survey S4 (KORA S4). Diabetes 54(suppl 2):S11–S17PubMedCrossRef Herder C, Haastert B, Müller-Scholze S, Koenig W, Thorand B, Holle R, Wichmann HE, Scherbaum WA, Martin S, Kolb H (2005) Association of systemic chemokine concentrations with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes: results from the Cooperative health research in the region of Augsburg survey S4 (KORA S4). Diabetes 54(suppl 2):S11–S17PubMedCrossRef
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA, Hammar EB, Van Lommel L, Quintens R, Martens G, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Berney T, Pipeleers D, Halban PA, Schuit FC, Donath MY (2008) Interleukin-6 regulates pancreatic alpha-cell mass expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(35):13163–13168PubMedCrossRef Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA, Hammar EB, Van Lommel L, Quintens R, Martens G, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Berney T, Pipeleers D, Halban PA, Schuit FC, Donath MY (2008) Interleukin-6 regulates pancreatic alpha-cell mass expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(35):13163–13168PubMedCrossRef
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Furuta M, Yano H, Zhou A, Rouillé Y, Holst JJ, Carroll R, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Furuta H, Steiner DF (1997) Defective prohormone processing and altered pancreatic islet morphology in mice lacking active SPC2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 94(13):6646–6651CrossRef Furuta M, Yano H, Zhou A, Rouillé Y, Holst JJ, Carroll R, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Furuta H, Steiner DF (1997) Defective prohormone processing and altered pancreatic islet morphology in mice lacking active SPC2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 94(13):6646–6651CrossRef
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Furuta M, Zhou A, Webb G, Carroll R, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Steiner DF (2001) Severe defect in proglucagon processing in islet A-cells of prohormone convertase 2 null mice. J Biol Chem 276(29):27197–27202PubMedCrossRef Furuta M, Zhou A, Webb G, Carroll R, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Steiner DF (2001) Severe defect in proglucagon processing in islet A-cells of prohormone convertase 2 null mice. J Biol Chem 276(29):27197–27202PubMedCrossRef
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Orci L, Carroll R, Norrbom C, Ravazzola M, Steiner DF (2002) Severe block in processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of des-64, 65 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking prohormone convertase 1/3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(16):10299–10304PubMedCrossRef Zhu X, Orci L, Carroll R, Norrbom C, Ravazzola M, Steiner DF (2002) Severe block in processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of des-64, 65 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking prohormone convertase 1/3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(16):10299–10304PubMedCrossRef
212.
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Furuta M, Carroll R, Martin S, Swift HH, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Steiner DF (1998) Incomplete processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of Des-31, 32 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking active PC2. J Biol Chem 273(6):3431–3437PubMedCrossRef Furuta M, Carroll R, Martin S, Swift HH, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Steiner DF (1998) Incomplete processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of Des-31, 32 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking active PC2. J Biol Chem 273(6):3431–3437PubMedCrossRef
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Vincent M, Guz Y, Rozenberg M, Webb G, Furuta M, Steiner D, Teitelman G (2003) Abrogation of protein convertase 2 activity results in delayed islet cell differentiation and maturation, increased alpha-cell proliferation, and islet neogenesis. Endocrinology 144(9):4061–4069PubMedCrossRef Vincent M, Guz Y, Rozenberg M, Webb G, Furuta M, Steiner D, Teitelman G (2003) Abrogation of protein convertase 2 activity results in delayed islet cell differentiation and maturation, increased alpha-cell proliferation, and islet neogenesis. Endocrinology 144(9):4061–4069PubMedCrossRef
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Guardado-Mendoza R, Davalli AM, Chavez AO, Hubbard GB, Dick EJ, Majluf-Cruz A, Tene-Perez CE, Goldschmidt L, Hart J, Perego C, Comuzzie AG, Tejero ME, Finzi G, Placidi C, La Rosa S, Capella C, Halff G, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA, Folli F (2009) Pancreatic islet amyloidosis, beta-cell apoptosis, and alpha-cell proliferation are determinants of islet remodeling in type-2 diabetic baboons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(33):13992–13997PubMedCrossRef Guardado-Mendoza R, Davalli AM, Chavez AO, Hubbard GB, Dick EJ, Majluf-Cruz A, Tene-Perez CE, Goldschmidt L, Hart J, Perego C, Comuzzie AG, Tejero ME, Finzi G, Placidi C, La Rosa S, Capella C, Halff G, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA, Folli F (2009) Pancreatic islet amyloidosis, beta-cell apoptosis, and alpha-cell proliferation are determinants of islet remodeling in type-2 diabetic baboons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(33):13992–13997PubMedCrossRef
216.
Zurück zum Zitat Turque N, Plaza S, Radvanyi F, Carriere C, Saule S (1994) Pax-QNR/Pax-6, a paired box- and homeobox-containing gene expressed in neurons, is also expressed in pancreatic endocrine cells. Mol Endocrinol 8(7):929–938PubMedCrossRef Turque N, Plaza S, Radvanyi F, Carriere C, Saule S (1994) Pax-QNR/Pax-6, a paired box- and homeobox-containing gene expressed in neurons, is also expressed in pancreatic endocrine cells. Mol Endocrinol 8(7):929–938PubMedCrossRef
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayashi M, Yamada H, Uehara S, Morimoto R, Muroyama A, Yatsushiro S, Takeda J, Yamamoto A, Moriyama Y (2003) Secretory granule-mediated co-secretion of L-glutamate and glucagon triggers glutamatergic signal transmission in islets of Langerhans. J Biol Chem 278(3):1966–1974PubMedCrossRef Hayashi M, Yamada H, Uehara S, Morimoto R, Muroyama A, Yatsushiro S, Takeda J, Yamamoto A, Moriyama Y (2003) Secretory granule-mediated co-secretion of L-glutamate and glucagon triggers glutamatergic signal transmission in islets of Langerhans. J Biol Chem 278(3):1966–1974PubMedCrossRef
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Selway JL, Moore CE, Mistry R, John Challiss RA, Herbert TP (2011) Molecular mechanisms of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-stimulated increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration and ERK1/2 activation in the MIN6 pancreatic beta-cell line. Acta Diabetol Aug 11 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21833779 Selway JL, Moore CE, Mistry R, John Challiss RA, Herbert TP (2011) Molecular mechanisms of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-stimulated increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration and ERK1/2 activation in the MIN6 pancreatic beta-cell line. Acta Diabetol Aug 11 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21833779
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Molnár E, Váradi A, McIlhinney RA, Ashcroft SJ (1995) Identification of functional ionotropic glutamate receptor proteins in pancreatic beta-cells and in islets of Langerhans. FEBS Lett 371(3):253–257 Molnár E, Váradi A, McIlhinney RA, Ashcroft SJ (1995) Identification of functional ionotropic glutamate receptor proteins in pancreatic beta-cells and in islets of Langerhans. FEBS Lett 371(3):253–257
220.
Zurück zum Zitat Muroyama A, Uehara S, Yatsushiro S, Echigo N, Morimoto R, Morita M, Hayashi M, Yamamoto A, Koh DS, Moriyama Y (2004) A novel variant of ionotropic glutamate receptor regulates somatostatin secretion from delta-cells of islets of Langerhans. Diabetes 53(7):1743–1753PubMedCrossRef Muroyama A, Uehara S, Yatsushiro S, Echigo N, Morimoto R, Morita M, Hayashi M, Yamamoto A, Koh DS, Moriyama Y (2004) A novel variant of ionotropic glutamate receptor regulates somatostatin secretion from delta-cells of islets of Langerhans. Diabetes 53(7):1743–1753PubMedCrossRef
221.
Zurück zum Zitat Bai L, Zhang X, Ghishan FK (2003) Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic alpha—and beta -cells and its regulation by glucose. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284(5):G808–G814PubMed Bai L, Zhang X, Ghishan FK (2003) Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic alpha—and beta -cells and its regulation by glucose. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284(5):G808–G814PubMed
222.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Cairano ES, Davalli AM, Perego L, Sala S, Sacchi VF, La Rosa S, Finzi G, Placidi C, Capella C, Conti P, Centonze VE, Casiraghi F, Bertuzzi F, Folli F, Perego C (2011) The glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is expressed by pancreatic beta-cells and prevents glutamate-induced beta-cell death. J Biol Chem 286(16):14007–14018PubMedCrossRef Di Cairano ES, Davalli AM, Perego L, Sala S, Sacchi VF, La Rosa S, Finzi G, Placidi C, Capella C, Conti P, Centonze VE, Casiraghi F, Bertuzzi F, Folli F, Perego C (2011) The glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is expressed by pancreatic beta-cells and prevents glutamate-induced beta-cell death. J Biol Chem 286(16):14007–14018PubMedCrossRef
223.
Zurück zum Zitat Federici M, Hribal M, Perego L, Ranalli M, Caradonna Z, Perego C, Usellini L, Nano R, Bonini P, Bertuzzi F, Marlier LN, Davalli AM, Carandente O, Pontiroli AE, Melino G, Marchetti P, Lauro R, Sesti G, Folli F (2001) High glucose causes apoptosis in cultured human pancreatic islets of Langerhans: a potential role for regulation of specific Bcl family genes toward an apoptotic cell death program. Diabetes 50(6):1290–1301PubMedCrossRef Federici M, Hribal M, Perego L, Ranalli M, Caradonna Z, Perego C, Usellini L, Nano R, Bonini P, Bertuzzi F, Marlier LN, Davalli AM, Carandente O, Pontiroli AE, Melino G, Marchetti P, Lauro R, Sesti G, Folli F (2001) High glucose causes apoptosis in cultured human pancreatic islets of Langerhans: a potential role for regulation of specific Bcl family genes toward an apoptotic cell death program. Diabetes 50(6):1290–1301PubMedCrossRef
224.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeffrey KD, Alejandro EU, Luciani DS, Kalynyak TB, Hu X, Li H, Lin Y, Townsend RR, Polonsky KS, Johnson JD (2008) Carboxypeptidase E mediates palmitate-induced beta-cell ER stress and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(24):8452–8457PubMedCrossRef Jeffrey KD, Alejandro EU, Luciani DS, Kalynyak TB, Hu X, Li H, Lin Y, Townsend RR, Polonsky KS, Johnson JD (2008) Carboxypeptidase E mediates palmitate-induced beta-cell ER stress and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(24):8452–8457PubMedCrossRef
225.
Zurück zum Zitat Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Buring JE, Liu S, Ridker PM (2003) Insulin, proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Med 114(6):438–444PubMedCrossRef Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Buring JE, Liu S, Ridker PM (2003) Insulin, proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Med 114(6):438–444PubMedCrossRef
226.
Zurück zum Zitat Uchida K (2003) 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: a product and mediator of oxidative stress. Prog Lipid Res 42(4):318–343PubMedCrossRef Uchida K (2003) 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: a product and mediator of oxidative stress. Prog Lipid Res 42(4):318–343PubMedCrossRef
227.
Zurück zum Zitat Cunha DA, Ladrière L, Ortis F, Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurzov EN, Lupi R, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M (2009) Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists protect pancreatic beta-cells from lipotoxic endoplasmic reticulum stress through upregulation of BiP and JunB. Diabetes 58(12):2851–2862PubMedCrossRef Cunha DA, Ladrière L, Ortis F, Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurzov EN, Lupi R, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M (2009) Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists protect pancreatic beta-cells from lipotoxic endoplasmic reticulum stress through upregulation of BiP and JunB. Diabetes 58(12):2851–2862PubMedCrossRef
228.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsunekawa S, Yamamoto N, Tsukamoto K, Itoh Y, Kaneko Y, Kimura T, Ariyoshi Y, Miura Y, Oiso Y, Niki I (2007) Protection of pancreatic beta-cells by exendin-4 may involve the reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress; in vivo and in vitro studies. J Endocrinol 193(1):65–74PubMedCrossRef Tsunekawa S, Yamamoto N, Tsukamoto K, Itoh Y, Kaneko Y, Kimura T, Ariyoshi Y, Miura Y, Oiso Y, Niki I (2007) Protection of pancreatic beta-cells by exendin-4 may involve the reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress; in vivo and in vitro studies. J Endocrinol 193(1):65–74PubMedCrossRef
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Walter H, Lübben G (2005) Potential role of oral thiazolidinedione therapy in preserving beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 65(1):1–13PubMedCrossRef Walter H, Lübben G (2005) Potential role of oral thiazolidinedione therapy in preserving beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 65(1):1–13PubMedCrossRef
230.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry T, Holloway HW, Weerasuriya A, Mouton PR, Duffy K, Mattison JA, Greig NH (2007) Evidence of GLP-1-mediated neuroprotection in an animal model of pyridoxine-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. Exp Neurol 203(2):293–301PubMedCrossRef Perry T, Holloway HW, Weerasuriya A, Mouton PR, Duffy K, Mattison JA, Greig NH (2007) Evidence of GLP-1-mediated neuroprotection in an animal model of pyridoxine-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. Exp Neurol 203(2):293–301PubMedCrossRef
231.
Zurück zum Zitat Harkavyi A, Whitton PS (2010) Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation as a means of neuroprotection.Br J Pharmacol 159(3):495–501 Harkavyi A, Whitton PS (2010) Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation as a means of neuroprotection.Br J Pharmacol 159(3):495–501
233.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry T, Haughey NJ, Mattson MP, Egan JM, Greig NH (2002) Protection and reversal of excitotoxic neuronal damage by glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302(3):881–888PubMedCrossRef Perry T, Haughey NJ, Mattson MP, Egan JM, Greig NH (2002) Protection and reversal of excitotoxic neuronal damage by glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302(3):881–888PubMedCrossRef
234.
Zurück zum Zitat Romera C, Hurtado O, Mallolas J, Pereira MP, Morales JR, Romera A, Serena J, Vivancos J, Nombela F, Lorenzo P, Lizasoain I, Moro MA (2007) Ischemic preconditioning reveals that GLT1/EAAT2 glutamate transporter is a novel PPARgamma target gene involved in neuroprotection. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(7):1327–1338PubMedCrossRef Romera C, Hurtado O, Mallolas J, Pereira MP, Morales JR, Romera A, Serena J, Vivancos J, Nombela F, Lorenzo P, Lizasoain I, Moro MA (2007) Ischemic preconditioning reveals that GLT1/EAAT2 glutamate transporter is a novel PPARgamma target gene involved in neuroprotection. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(7):1327–1338PubMedCrossRef
235.
Zurück zum Zitat Thal SC, Heinemann M, Luh C, Pieter D, Werner C, Engelhard K (2011) Pioglitazone reduces secondary brain damage after experimental brain trauma by PPAR-γ-independent mechanisms. J Neurotrauma 28(6):983–993PubMedCrossRef Thal SC, Heinemann M, Luh C, Pieter D, Werner C, Engelhard K (2011) Pioglitazone reduces secondary brain damage after experimental brain trauma by PPAR-γ-independent mechanisms. J Neurotrauma 28(6):983–993PubMedCrossRef
236.
Zurück zum Zitat Angehagen M, Ben-Menachem E, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E (2003) Topiramate protects against glutamate- and kainate-induced neurotoxicity in primary neuronal-astroglial cultures. Epilepsy Res 54(1):63–71PubMedCrossRef Angehagen M, Ben-Menachem E, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E (2003) Topiramate protects against glutamate- and kainate-induced neurotoxicity in primary neuronal-astroglial cultures. Epilepsy Res 54(1):63–71PubMedCrossRef
237.
Zurück zum Zitat Follett PL, Deng W, Dai W, Talos DM, Massillon LJ, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE (2004) Glutamate receptor-mediated oligodendrocyte toxicity in periventricular leukomalacia: a protective role for topiramate. J Neurosci 24(18):4412–4420PubMedCrossRef Follett PL, Deng W, Dai W, Talos DM, Massillon LJ, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE (2004) Glutamate receptor-mediated oligodendrocyte toxicity in periventricular leukomalacia: a protective role for topiramate. J Neurosci 24(18):4412–4420PubMedCrossRef
238.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilding J, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, Vercruysse F, Fitchet M (2004) A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects. Int J Obes 28(11):1399–1410CrossRef Wilding J, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, Vercruysse F, Fitchet M (2004) A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects. Int J Obes 28(11):1399–1410CrossRef
239.
Zurück zum Zitat Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, Masson E, Gorska M, Vercruysse F, Sun X, Fitchet M (2007) Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes 31(1):138–146CrossRef Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, Masson E, Gorska M, Vercruysse F, Sun X, Fitchet M (2007) Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes 31(1):138–146CrossRef
240.
Zurück zum Zitat Stenlo¨f K, Ro¨ssner S, Vercruysse F, Kumar A, Fitchet M, Sjostrom L (2007) Topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects with drug-naive type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 9(3):360–368 Stenlo¨f K, Ro¨ssner S, Vercruysse F, Kumar A, Fitchet M, Sjostrom L (2007) Topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects with drug-naive type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 9(3):360–368
241.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenstock J, Hollander P, Gadde KM, Sun X, Strauss R, Leung A (2007) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to assess the efficacy and safety of topiramate controlled release in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 30(6):1480–1486PubMedCrossRef Rosenstock J, Hollander P, Gadde KM, Sun X, Strauss R, Leung A (2007) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to assess the efficacy and safety of topiramate controlled release in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 30(6):1480–1486PubMedCrossRef
242.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang Y, Chen X, Osborne M, DeCarlo SO, Jetton TL, Demarest K (2005) Topiramate ameliorates hyperglycaemia and improves glucose-stimulated insulin release in ZDF rats and db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 7(4):360–369PubMedCrossRef Liang Y, Chen X, Osborne M, DeCarlo SO, Jetton TL, Demarest K (2005) Topiramate ameliorates hyperglycaemia and improves glucose-stimulated insulin release in ZDF rats and db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 7(4):360–369PubMedCrossRef
243.
Zurück zum Zitat Frigerio F, Chaffard G, Berwaer M, Maechler P (2006) The antiepileptic drug topiramate preserves metabolism-secretion coupling in insulin secreting cells chronically exposed to the fatty acid oleate. Biochem Pharmacol 72(8):965–973PubMedCrossRef Frigerio F, Chaffard G, Berwaer M, Maechler P (2006) The antiepileptic drug topiramate preserves metabolism-secretion coupling in insulin secreting cells chronically exposed to the fatty acid oleate. Biochem Pharmacol 72(8):965–973PubMedCrossRef
244.
Zurück zum Zitat Davalli AM, Perego C, Folli FB, Bosi E (2011) Long-lasting remission of type 1 diabetes following treatment with topiramate for generalized seizures. Acta Diabetol. doi:10.1007/s00592-011-0268-y Davalli AM, Perego C, Folli FB, Bosi E (2011) Long-lasting remission of type 1 diabetes following treatment with topiramate for generalized seizures. Acta Diabetol. doi:10.​1007/​s00592-011-0268-y
245.
Zurück zum Zitat Evertsen J, Alemzadeh R, Wang X (2009) Increasing incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus in Southeastern Wisconsin: relationship with body weight at diagnosis. PLoS One 4(9):e6873PubMedCrossRef Evertsen J, Alemzadeh R, Wang X (2009) Increasing incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus in Southeastern Wisconsin: relationship with body weight at diagnosis. PLoS One 4(9):e6873PubMedCrossRef
246.
Zurück zum Zitat Ljungkrantz M, Ludvigsson J, Samuelsson U (2008) Type 1 diabetes: increased height and weight gains in early childhood. Pediatr Diabetes 9(3):50–56PubMedCrossRef Ljungkrantz M, Ludvigsson J, Samuelsson U (2008) Type 1 diabetes: increased height and weight gains in early childhood. Pediatr Diabetes 9(3):50–56PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The potential role of glutamate in the current diabetes epidemic
verfasst von
Alberto M. Davalli
Carla Perego
Franco B. Folli
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2012
Verlag
Springer Milan
Erschienen in
Acta Diabetologica / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0940-5429
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-5233
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-011-0364-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

Acta Diabetologica 3/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Reizdarmsyndrom: Diäten wirksamer als Medikamente

29.04.2024 Reizdarmsyndrom Nachrichten

Bei Reizdarmsyndrom scheinen Diäten, wie etwa die FODMAP-arme oder die kohlenhydratreduzierte Ernährung, effektiver als eine medikamentöse Therapie zu sein. Das hat eine Studie aus Schweden ergeben, die die drei Therapieoptionen im direkten Vergleich analysierte.

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.