Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2/2013

01.06.2013

The use of mass spectrometry to improve the diagnosis and the management of the HPA axis

verfasst von: Phillip J. Monaghan, Brian G. Keevil, Peter J. Trainer

Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is becoming a standard analytical tool in the clinical laboratory for the measurement of small molecules, including steroid hormones. Endocrinologists are coming to acknowledge the superior quality of measurement that is achievable by LC-MS/MS through the enhanced analytical specificity and high sensitivity that this technique offers over conventional immunoassay (IA) methodologies. Additionally, LC-MS/MS overcomes many of the problems encountered in immunoassays, such as anti-reagent antibody interferences and cross-reactivity with structurally related compounds. The potential benefits of applying LC-MS/MS for the assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are beginning to be realised. This review critically evaluates recent developments in the application of LC-MS/MS for measurement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids towards the diagnosis and management of HPA axis disorders and aims to address the current unmet need in this expanding field of endocrinology for which future studies into the potential applications of LC-MS/MS should be directed.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoofnagle AN, Wener MH. The fundamental flaws of immunoassays and potential solutions using tandem mass spectrometry. J Immunol Methods. 2009;347(1–2):3–11.PubMedCrossRef Hoofnagle AN, Wener MH. The fundamental flaws of immunoassays and potential solutions using tandem mass spectrometry. J Immunol Methods. 2009;347(1–2):3–11.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Sturgeon CM, Viljoen A. Analytical error and interference in immunoassay: Minimizing risk. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:418–32.PubMedCrossRef Sturgeon CM, Viljoen A. Analytical error and interference in immunoassay: Minimizing risk. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:418–32.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell DA, Florkowski CM, Lewis JG, Crooke MJ. Plasma poltergeists: a negative cortisol interference leading to a false diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(15–16):1298–300.PubMedCrossRef Bell DA, Florkowski CM, Lewis JG, Crooke MJ. Plasma poltergeists: a negative cortisol interference leading to a false diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(15–16):1298–300.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Tate J, Ward G. Interferences in immunoassay. Clin Biochem Rev. 2004;25(2):105–20.PubMed Tate J, Ward G. Interferences in immunoassay. Clin Biochem Rev. 2004;25(2):105–20.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. ADVIA Centaur XP Immunoassay Systems. (2011). Instructions for use, Rev H. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. ADVIA Centaur XP Immunoassay Systems. (2011). Instructions for use, Rev H.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Farhan N, Pickett A, Ducroq D, Parham K, Bailey C, Armston A, et al. Method-specific normal cortisol response to the short synacthen test. Presented at The Association for Clinical Biochemistry FOCUS 2011, Harrogate, UK. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48(supplement 1):73 (W40). El-Farhan N, Pickett A, Ducroq D, Parham K, Bailey C, Armston A, et al. Method-specific normal cortisol response to the short synacthen test. Presented at The Association for Clinical Biochemistry FOCUS 2011, Harrogate, UK. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48(supplement 1):73 (W40).
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, et al. The diagnosiss of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1526–40.PubMedCrossRef Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, et al. The diagnosiss of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1526–40.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Roberts WL, Yue B, Bergquist J, Meikle AW. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of steroids in clinical laboratories. Clin Biochem. 2011;44:77–88.PubMedCrossRef Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Roberts WL, Yue B, Bergquist J, Meikle AW. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of steroids in clinical laboratories. Clin Biochem. 2011;44:77–88.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor PJ. Matrix effects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem. 2005;38(4):328–34.PubMedCrossRef Taylor PJ. Matrix effects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem. 2005;38(4):328–34.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Vogeser M, Seger C. Pitfalls associated with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem. 2010;56(8):1234–44.PubMedCrossRef Vogeser M, Seger C. Pitfalls associated with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem. 2010;56(8):1234–44.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Annesley TM. Methanol-associated matrix effects in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2007;53(10):1827–34.PubMedCrossRef Annesley TM. Methanol-associated matrix effects in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2007;53(10):1827–34.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Eeckhaut A, Lanckmans K, Sarre S, Smolders I, Michotte Y. Validation of bioanalytical LC-MS/MS assays: evaluation of matrix effects. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877:2198–207.CrossRef Van Eeckhaut A, Lanckmans K, Sarre S, Smolders I, Michotte Y. Validation of bioanalytical LC-MS/MS assays: evaluation of matrix effects. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877:2198–207.CrossRef
13.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ionita IA, Fast DM, Akhlaghi F. Development of a sensitive and selective method for the quantitative analysis of cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone and prednisone in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877(8–9):765–72.CrossRef Ionita IA, Fast DM, Akhlaghi F. Development of a sensitive and selective method for the quantitative analysis of cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone and prednisone in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877(8–9):765–72.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Duxbury K, Owen LJ, Gillingwater S, Keevil BG. Naturally occurring isotopes of an analyte can interfere with doubly deuterated internal standard measurement. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008;45:210–2.PubMedCrossRef Duxbury K, Owen LJ, Gillingwater S, Keevil BG. Naturally occurring isotopes of an analyte can interfere with doubly deuterated internal standard measurement. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008;45:210–2.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Honour JW. Development and validation of a quantitative assay based on tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:97–111.PubMedCrossRef Honour JW. Development and validation of a quantitative assay based on tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:97–111.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Legro RS, Schlaff WD, Diamond MP, Coutifaris C, Casson PR, Brzyski RG, et al. Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: precision and correlation with hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):5305–13.PubMedCrossRef Legro RS, Schlaff WD, Diamond MP, Coutifaris C, Casson PR, Brzyski RG, et al. Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: precision and correlation with hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):5305–13.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Owen LJ, Keevil BG Testosterone measurement by mass spectrometry – a tale of three internal standards. Presented at Society for Endocrinology BES 2012, Harrogate, UK. Endocrine Abstracts, 2012;28:P30. Owen LJ, Keevil BG Testosterone measurement by mass spectrometry – a tale of three internal standards. Presented at Society for Endocrinology BES 2012, Harrogate, UK. Endocrine Abstracts, 2012;28:P30.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendel CM. The free hormone hypothesis. Distinction from the free hormone transport hypothesis. J Androl. 1992;13(2):107–16.PubMed Mendel CM. The free hormone hypothesis. Distinction from the free hormone transport hypothesis. J Androl. 1992;13(2):107–16.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat van Seters AP, Moolenaar AJ. Mitotane increases the blood levels of hormone-binding proteins. Acta Endocrinol. 1991;124(5):526–33.PubMed van Seters AP, Moolenaar AJ. Mitotane increases the blood levels of hormone-binding proteins. Acta Endocrinol. 1991;124(5):526–33.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, le Roux CW, Fassnacht M, Ajodha S, Christ-Crain M, et al. Assessment of serum-free cortisol levels in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma treated with mitotane: a pilot study. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:305–11.CrossRef Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, le Roux CW, Fassnacht M, Ajodha S, Christ-Crain M, et al. Assessment of serum-free cortisol levels in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma treated with mitotane: a pilot study. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:305–11.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Veytsman I, Nieman L, Fojo T. Management of endocrine manifestations and the use of mitotane as a chemotherapeutic agent for adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(27):4619–29.PubMedCrossRef Veytsman I, Nieman L, Fojo T. Management of endocrine manifestations and the use of mitotane as a chemotherapeutic agent for adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(27):4619–29.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Perogamvros I, Owen LJ, Keevil BG, Brabant G, Trainer PJ. Measurement of salivary cortisol with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients undergoing dynamic endocrine testing. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:17–21.CrossRef Perogamvros I, Owen LJ, Keevil BG, Brabant G, Trainer PJ. Measurement of salivary cortisol with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients undergoing dynamic endocrine testing. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:17–21.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Beishuizen A, Thijs LG, Vermes I. Patterns of corticosteroid-binding globulin and the free cortisol index during septic shock and multitrauma. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(10):1584–91.PubMedCrossRef Beishuizen A, Thijs LG, Vermes I. Patterns of corticosteroid-binding globulin and the free cortisol index during septic shock and multitrauma. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(10):1584–91.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cameron A, Henley D, Carrell R, Zhou A, Clarke A, Lightman S. Temperature-responsive release of cortisol from its binding globulin: a protein thermocouple. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(10):4689–95.PubMedCrossRef Cameron A, Henley D, Carrell R, Zhou A, Clarke A, Lightman S. Temperature-responsive release of cortisol from its binding globulin: a protein thermocouple. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(10):4689–95.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Vogeser M, Briegel J, Zachoval R. Dialyzable free cortisol after stimulation with synacthen. Clin Biochem. 2002;35(7):539–43.PubMedCrossRef Vogeser M, Briegel J, Zachoval R. Dialyzable free cortisol after stimulation with synacthen. Clin Biochem. 2002;35(7):539–43.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Pretorius CJ, Galligan JP, McWhinney BC, Briscoe SE, Ungerer JP. Free cortisol method comparison: ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis, tracer dilution, tandem mass spectrometry and calculated free cortisol. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(11–12):1043–7.PubMedCrossRef Pretorius CJ, Galligan JP, McWhinney BC, Briscoe SE, Ungerer JP. Free cortisol method comparison: ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis, tracer dilution, tandem mass spectrometry and calculated free cortisol. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(11–12):1043–7.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Perogamvros I, Kayahara M, Trainer PJ, Ray DW. Serum regulates cortisol bioactivity by corticosteroid-binding globulin dependent and independent mechanisms, as revealed by combined bioassay and physicochemical assay approaches. Clin Endocrinol. 2011;75(1):31–8.CrossRef Perogamvros I, Kayahara M, Trainer PJ, Ray DW. Serum regulates cortisol bioactivity by corticosteroid-binding globulin dependent and independent mechanisms, as revealed by combined bioassay and physicochemical assay approaches. Clin Endocrinol. 2011;75(1):31–8.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirchhoff F, Briegel J, Vogeser M. Quantification of free serum cortisol based on equilibrium dialysis and isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem. 2011;44(10–11):894–9.PubMedCrossRef Kirchhoff F, Briegel J, Vogeser M. Quantification of free serum cortisol based on equilibrium dialysis and isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem. 2011;44(10–11):894–9.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Perogamvros I, Owen LJ, Newell-Price J, Ray DW. Simultaneous measurement of cortisol and cortisone in human saliva using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application in basal and stimulated conditions. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877:3771–5.CrossRef Perogamvros I, Owen LJ, Newell-Price J, Ray DW. Simultaneous measurement of cortisol and cortisone in human saliva using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application in basal and stimulated conditions. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877:3771–5.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Perogamvros I, Keevil BG, Ray DW, Trainer PJ. Salivary cortisone is a potential biomarker for serum free cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(11):4951–8.PubMedCrossRef Perogamvros I, Keevil BG, Ray DW, Trainer PJ. Salivary cortisone is a potential biomarker for serum free cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(11):4951–8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee S, Kwon S, Shin HJ, Lim HS, Singh RJ, Lee K-R, et al. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of salivary cortisol and cortisone in Korean adults using LC-MS/MS. BMB Reps. 2010;43(7):506–11.CrossRef Lee S, Kwon S, Shin HJ, Lim HS, Singh RJ, Lee K-R, et al. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of salivary cortisol and cortisone in Korean adults using LC-MS/MS. BMB Reps. 2010;43(7):506–11.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Raff H, Findling JW. Biomarkers: salivary cortisol or cortisone? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(12):658–60.PubMedCrossRef Raff H, Findling JW. Biomarkers: salivary cortisol or cortisone? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(12):658–60.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones RL, Owen LJ, Adaway JE, Keevil BG. Simultaneous analysis of cortisol and cortisone in saliva using XLC-MS/MS for fully automated online solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2012;881–882, 42–48. Jones RL, Owen LJ, Adaway JE, Keevil BG. Simultaneous analysis of cortisol and cortisone in saliva using XLC-MS/MS for fully automated online solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2012;881–882, 42–48.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Restituto P, Galofré JC, Gil MJ, Mugueta C, Santos S, Monreal JI, et al. Advantage of salivary cortisol measurement ion the diagnosis of glucocorticoid related disorders. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:688–92.PubMedCrossRef Restituto P, Galofré JC, Gil MJ, Mugueta C, Santos S, Monreal JI, et al. Advantage of salivary cortisol measurement ion the diagnosis of glucocorticoid related disorders. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:688–92.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Deutschbein T, Unger N, Mann K, Petersenn S. Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency: unstimulated early morning cortisol saliva and serum in comparison with the insulin tolerance test. Horm Metab Res. 2009;41:834–9.PubMedCrossRef Deutschbein T, Unger N, Mann K, Petersenn S. Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency: unstimulated early morning cortisol saliva and serum in comparison with the insulin tolerance test. Horm Metab Res. 2009;41:834–9.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Marcus-Perlman Y, Tordjman K, Greenman Y, Limor R, Shenkerman G, Osher E, et al. Low-does ACTH (1 μg) salivary test: a potential alternative to the classical blood test. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;64:215–8.CrossRef Marcus-Perlman Y, Tordjman K, Greenman Y, Limor R, Shenkerman G, Osher E, et al. Low-does ACTH (1 μg) salivary test: a potential alternative to the classical blood test. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;64:215–8.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Deutschbein T, Broecker-Preuss M, Flitsch J, Jaeger A, Althoff R, Walz MK, et al. Salivary cortisol as a diagnostic tool for Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal insufficiency: improved screening by an automatic immunoassay. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:613–8.PubMedCrossRef Deutschbein T, Broecker-Preuss M, Flitsch J, Jaeger A, Althoff R, Walz MK, et al. Salivary cortisol as a diagnostic tool for Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal insufficiency: improved screening by an automatic immunoassay. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:613–8.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller R, Plessow F, Rauh M, Gröschl M, Kirschbaum C. Comparison of salivary cortisol as measured by different immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(1):50–7. Miller R, Plessow F, Rauh M, Gröschl M, Kirschbaum C. Comparison of salivary cortisol as measured by different immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(1):50–7.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiad TM, Kirby JM, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. The overnight single-dose metyrapone test is a simple and reliable index of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;40(5):603–9.CrossRef Fiad TM, Kirby JM, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. The overnight single-dose metyrapone test is a simple and reliable index of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;40(5):603–9.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibney J, Healy M-L, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. A simple and cost-effective approach to assessment of pituitary adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone reserve: combined use of the overnight metyrapone test and insulin-like growth factor-I standard deviation scores. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3763–8.PubMedCrossRef Gibney J, Healy M-L, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. A simple and cost-effective approach to assessment of pituitary adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone reserve: combined use of the overnight metyrapone test and insulin-like growth factor-I standard deviation scores. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3763–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Koal T, Schmiederer D, Pham-Tuan H, Röhring C, Rauh M. Standardized LC-MS/MS based steroid hormone profile-analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2012;129:129–38.PubMedCrossRef Koal T, Schmiederer D, Pham-Tuan H, Röhring C, Rauh M. Standardized LC-MS/MS based steroid hormone profile-analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2012;129:129–38.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Owen LJ, Halsall DJ, Keevil BG. Cortisol measurement in patients receiving metyrapone therapy. Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47:573–5.PubMedCrossRef Owen LJ, Halsall DJ, Keevil BG. Cortisol measurement in patients receiving metyrapone therapy. Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47:573–5.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Casale TB, Nelson HS, Stricker WE, Raff H, Newman KB. Suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity with inhaled flunisolide and fluticasone propionate in adult asthma patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(5):379–85.PubMedCrossRef Casale TB, Nelson HS, Stricker WE, Raff H, Newman KB. Suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity with inhaled flunisolide and fluticasone propionate in adult asthma patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(5):379–85.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor RL, Grebe SK, Singh RJ. Quantitative, highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detection of synthetic corticosteroids. Clin Chem. 2004;50(12):2345–52.PubMedCrossRef Taylor RL, Grebe SK, Singh RJ. Quantitative, highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detection of synthetic corticosteroids. Clin Chem. 2004;50(12):2345–52.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor NF, Chan AOK. New strategies for detecting steroid metabolic disorders-panelling vs. profiling. Clin Chem. 2012;58(8):1262–3. Taylor NF, Chan AOK. New strategies for detecting steroid metabolic disorders-panelling vs. profiling. Clin Chem. 2012;58(8):1262–3.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Dhillon K, Ho T, Rich P, Xu D, Lorey F, She J, et al. An automated method on analysis of blood steroids using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: application to population screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in newborns. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:2076–84.PubMedCrossRef Dhillon K, Ho T, Rich P, Xu D, Lorey F, She J, et al. An automated method on analysis of blood steroids using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: application to population screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in newborns. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:2076–84.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Janzen N, Sander S, Terhardt M, Steuerwald U, Peter M, Das AM, et al. Rapid steroid hormone quantification for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in dried blood spots using UPLC liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids. 2011;76:1437–42.PubMedCrossRef Janzen N, Sander S, Terhardt M, Steuerwald U, Peter M, Das AM, et al. Rapid steroid hormone quantification for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in dried blood spots using UPLC liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids. 2011;76:1437–42.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(9):3266–81.PubMedCrossRef Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(9):3266–81.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell DJ, Nussberger J, Stowasser M, Jan Danser AH, Morganti A, Frandsen E, et al. Activity assays and immunoassays for plasma renin and prorenin: information provided and precautions necessary for accurate measurement. Clin Chem. 2009;55(5):867–77.PubMedCrossRef Campbell DJ, Nussberger J, Stowasser M, Jan Danser AH, Morganti A, Frandsen E, et al. Activity assays and immunoassays for plasma renin and prorenin: information provided and precautions necessary for accurate measurement. Clin Chem. 2009;55(5):867–77.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, Ward G, Pimenta E, Stowasser M. Are women at risk of false-positive primary aldosteronism screening and unnecessary suppression testing than men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(2):E340–6.PubMedCrossRef Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, Ward G, Pimenta E, Stowasser M. Are women at risk of false-positive primary aldosteronism screening and unnecessary suppression testing than men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(2):E340–6.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Pizzolo F, Raffaelli R, Memmo A, Chiecchi L, Pavan C, Guarini P, et al. Effects of female sex hormones and contraceptive pill on the diagnostic work-up for primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2010;28(1):135–42.PubMedCrossRef Pizzolo F, Raffaelli R, Memmo A, Chiecchi L, Pavan C, Guarini P, et al. Effects of female sex hormones and contraceptive pill on the diagnostic work-up for primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2010;28(1):135–42.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bystrom CE, Salameh W, Reitz R, Clarke NJ. Plasma renin activity by LC-MS/MS: development of a prototypical clinical assay reveals a subpopulation of human plasma samples with substantial peptidase activity. Clin Chem. 2010;56(10):1561–9.PubMedCrossRef Bystrom CE, Salameh W, Reitz R, Clarke NJ. Plasma renin activity by LC-MS/MS: development of a prototypical clinical assay reveals a subpopulation of human plasma samples with substantial peptidase activity. Clin Chem. 2010;56(10):1561–9.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Plasma renin activity enzyme-kinetic assay: protection of angiotensin I from bacterial degradation. Clin Chem. 2011;57(3):529–30.PubMedCrossRef Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Plasma renin activity enzyme-kinetic assay: protection of angiotensin I from bacterial degradation. Clin Chem. 2011;57(3):529–30.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Carter S, Owen LJ, Kerstens MN, Dullaart RPF, Keevil BG. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for plasma renin activity using online solid-phase extraction. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:570–9. Carter S, Owen LJ, Kerstens MN, Dullaart RPF, Keevil BG. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for plasma renin activity using online solid-phase extraction. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:570–9.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Schirpenbach C, Seiler L, Maser-Gluth C, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Bidlingmaier M. Automated chemiluminescence-immunoassay for aldosterone during dynamic testing: comparison to radioimmunoassays with and without extraction steps. Clin Chem. 2006;52(9):1749–55.PubMedCrossRef Schirpenbach C, Seiler L, Maser-Gluth C, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Bidlingmaier M. Automated chemiluminescence-immunoassay for aldosterone during dynamic testing: comparison to radioimmunoassays with and without extraction steps. Clin Chem. 2006;52(9):1749–55.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Turpeinen U, Hamalainen E, Stenman UH. Determination of aldosterone in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;862(1–2):113–8.CrossRef Turpeinen U, Hamalainen E, Stenman UH. Determination of aldosterone in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;862(1–2):113–8.CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor PJ, Cooper DP, Gordon RD, Stowasser M. Measurement of aldosterone in human plasma by semiautomated HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2009;55(6):1155–62.PubMedCrossRef Taylor PJ, Cooper DP, Gordon RD, Stowasser M. Measurement of aldosterone in human plasma by semiautomated HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2009;55(6):1155–62.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Der Gugten JC, Dubland J, Liu HF, Wang A, Joseph C, Holmes DT. Determination of serum aldosterone by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry: a liquid-liquid extraction method for the ABSCIEX API-5000 mass spectrometry system. J Clin Pathol. 2012;65(5):457–62.CrossRef Van Der Gugten JC, Dubland J, Liu HF, Wang A, Joseph C, Holmes DT. Determination of serum aldosterone by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry: a liquid-liquid extraction method for the ABSCIEX API-5000 mass spectrometry system. J Clin Pathol. 2012;65(5):457–62.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo T, Taylor RL, Singh RJ, Soldin SJ. Simultaneous determination of 12 steroids by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-photospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;372(1–2):76–82.PubMedCrossRef Guo T, Taylor RL, Singh RJ, Soldin SJ. Simultaneous determination of 12 steroids by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-photospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;372(1–2):76–82.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Djedovic NK, Rainbow SJ. Detection of synthetic glucocorticoids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients being investigated for Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:542–9.PubMedCrossRef Djedovic NK, Rainbow SJ. Detection of synthetic glucocorticoids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients being investigated for Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:542–9.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Remer T, Maser-Gluth C. Simultaneous measurement of urinary free cortisol and cortisone for the assessment of functional glucocorticoid activity. Clin Chem. 2007;53(10):1870–1.PubMedCrossRef Remer T, Maser-Gluth C. Simultaneous measurement of urinary free cortisol and cortisone for the assessment of functional glucocorticoid activity. Clin Chem. 2007;53(10):1870–1.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Arlt W, Biehl M, Taylor AE, Hahner S, Libe R, Hughes BA, et al. Urine steroid metabolomics as a biomarker tool for detecting malignancy in adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3775–84.PubMedCrossRef Arlt W, Biehl M, Taylor AE, Hahner S, Libe R, Hughes BA, et al. Urine steroid metabolomics as a biomarker tool for detecting malignancy in adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3775–84.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hempen C, Elfering S, Mulder AHL, van den Bergh FAJTM, Maatman RGHJ. Dexamethasone suppression test: development of a method for simultaneous determination of cortisol and dexamethasone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:170–6.PubMedCrossRef Hempen C, Elfering S, Mulder AHL, van den Bergh FAJTM, Maatman RGHJ. Dexamethasone suppression test: development of a method for simultaneous determination of cortisol and dexamethasone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:170–6.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Peng C-C, Templeton I, Thummel KE, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Evaluation of 6β-hydroxycortisol, 6β-hydroxycortisone, and a combination of the two as endogenous probes for inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(6):888–95.PubMedCrossRef Peng C-C, Templeton I, Thummel KE, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Evaluation of 6β-hydroxycortisol, 6β-hydroxycortisone, and a combination of the two as endogenous probes for inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(6):888–95.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurement in Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3647–55.PubMedCrossRef Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurement in Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3647–55.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Baid SK, Sinaii N, Wade M, Rubino D, Nieman LK. Radioimmunoassay and tandem mass spectrometry measurement of bedtime salivary cortisol levels: a comparison of assays to establish hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(8):3102–7.PubMedCrossRef Baid SK, Sinaii N, Wade M, Rubino D, Nieman LK. Radioimmunoassay and tandem mass spectrometry measurement of bedtime salivary cortisol levels: a comparison of assays to establish hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(8):3102–7.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Zerikly RK, Amiri L, Faiman C, Gupta M, Singh RJ, Nutter B, et al. Diagnostic characteristics of late-night salivary cortisol using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(10):4555–9.PubMedCrossRef Zerikly RK, Amiri L, Faiman C, Gupta M, Singh RJ, Nutter B, et al. Diagnostic characteristics of late-night salivary cortisol using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(10):4555–9.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Erickson D, Singh RJ, Sathananthan A, Vella A, Bryant SC. Late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Endocrinol. 2012;76:467–72.CrossRef Erickson D, Singh RJ, Sathananthan A, Vella A, Bryant SC. Late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Endocrinol. 2012;76:467–72.CrossRef
71.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Raff H. Salivary cortisol and the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: a coming of age. Endocrine. 2012;41(3):353–4.PubMedCrossRef Raff H. Salivary cortisol and the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: a coming of age. Endocrine. 2012;41(3):353–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(8):2681–6.PubMedCrossRef Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(8):2681–6.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Raff H, Singh RJ. Measurement of late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone by LC-MS/MS to assess preanalytical sample contamination with topical hydrocortisone. Clin Chem. 2012;58(5):947–8.PubMedCrossRef Raff H, Singh RJ. Measurement of late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone by LC-MS/MS to assess preanalytical sample contamination with topical hydrocortisone. Clin Chem. 2012;58(5):947–8.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Ceglarek U, Werner M, Kortz L, Körner A, Kiess W, Thiery J, et al. Preclinical challenges in steroid analysis of human samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:505–12.PubMedCrossRef Ceglarek U, Werner M, Kortz L, Körner A, Kiess W, Thiery J, et al. Preclinical challenges in steroid analysis of human samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:505–12.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Tritos NA, Biller BMK. Advances in medical therapies for Cushing’s syndrome. Discov Med. 2012;13(69):171–9.PubMed Tritos NA, Biller BMK. Advances in medical therapies for Cushing’s syndrome. Discov Med. 2012;13(69):171–9.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner HE, Wass JAH. Oxford handbook of endocrinology and diabetes; a comprehensive guide to clinical management. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009. p. 148.CrossRef Turner HE, Wass JAH. Oxford handbook of endocrinology and diabetes; a comprehensive guide to clinical management. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009. p. 148.CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Biller BMK, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2454–62.PubMedCrossRef Biller BMK, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2454–62.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Trainer PJ, Eastment C, Grossman AB, Wheeler MJ, Perry L, Besser GM. The relationship between cortisol production rate and serial serum cortisol estimation in patients on medical therapy for Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 1993;39:441–3.CrossRef Trainer PJ, Eastment C, Grossman AB, Wheeler MJ, Perry L, Besser GM. The relationship between cortisol production rate and serial serum cortisol estimation in patients on medical therapy for Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 1993;39:441–3.CrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat McWhinney BC, Ward G, Pickman PE. Improved HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1996;42:979–81.PubMed McWhinney BC, Ward G, Pickman PE. Improved HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1996;42:979–81.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Monaghan PJ, Owen LJ, Trainer PJ, Brabant G, Keevil BG, Darby D. Comparison of serum cortisol measurement by immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients receiving the 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:441–6.PubMedCrossRef Monaghan PJ, Owen LJ, Trainer PJ, Brabant G, Keevil BG, Darby D. Comparison of serum cortisol measurement by immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients receiving the 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011;48:441–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Monaghan PJ, Owen LJ, Trainer PJ, Brabant G, Keevil BG, Darby D. Response to ‘Comparison of serum cortisol measurement by immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients receiving the 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone’ by Halsall, et al. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49(2):204–5.CrossRef Monaghan PJ, Owen LJ, Trainer PJ, Brabant G, Keevil BG, Darby D. Response to ‘Comparison of serum cortisol measurement by immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients receiving the 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone’ by Halsall, et al. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49(2):204–5.CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Briegel J, Sprung CL, Annane D, Singer M, Keh D, Moreno R, et al. Multicentre comparison of cortisol as measured by different methods in samples of patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:2151–6.PubMedCrossRef Briegel J, Sprung CL, Annane D, Singer M, Keh D, Moreno R, et al. Multicentre comparison of cortisol as measured by different methods in samples of patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:2151–6.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Schteingart DE, Doherty GM, Gauger PG, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD, Korobkin M, et al. Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2005;12(3):667–80 Schteingart DE, Doherty GM, Gauger PG, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD, Korobkin M, et al. Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2005;12(3):667–80
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan KC, Lit LL, Law EL, Tai MH, Yung CU, Chan MH, et al. Diminished urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. Clin Chem. 2004;50:757–9.PubMedCrossRef Chan KC, Lit LL, Law EL, Tai MH, Yung CU, Chan MH, et al. Diminished urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. Clin Chem. 2004;50:757–9.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Daffara F, De Francia S, Reimondo G, Zaggia B, Aroasio E, Porpiglia F, et al. Prospective evaluation of mitotane toxicity in adrenocortical cancer patients treated adjuvantly. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2008;15:1043–53.PubMedCrossRef Daffara F, De Francia S, Reimondo G, Zaggia B, Aroasio E, Porpiglia F, et al. Prospective evaluation of mitotane toxicity in adrenocortical cancer patients treated adjuvantly. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2008;15:1043–53.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt-Reinwald A, Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Federenko I, Rohleder N, Schürmeyer TH, et al. The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm. Life Sci. 1999;64(18):1653–60.PubMedCrossRef Schmidt-Reinwald A, Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Federenko I, Rohleder N, Schürmeyer TH, et al. The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm. Life Sci. 1999;64(18):1653–60.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat van den Ouweland JMW, Kema IP. The role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2012;883–884:18–32.CrossRef van den Ouweland JMW, Kema IP. The role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2012;883–884:18–32.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The use of mass spectrometry to improve the diagnosis and the management of the HPA axis
verfasst von
Phillip J. Monaghan
Brian G. Keevil
Peter J. Trainer
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-013-9240-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Reizdarmsyndrom: Diäten wirksamer als Medikamente

29.04.2024 Reizdarmsyndrom Nachrichten

Bei Reizdarmsyndrom scheinen Diäten, wie etwa die FODMAP-arme oder die kohlenhydratreduzierte Ernährung, effektiver als eine medikamentöse Therapie zu sein. Das hat eine Studie aus Schweden ergeben, die die drei Therapieoptionen im direkten Vergleich analysierte.

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.