Introduction
Methods and materials
Surgical criteria
The following 20 symptoms may be referable to pathology at the level of the brainstem. Please indicate "yes" or "no" whether you have any of the following symptoms on a recurring or chronic basis. |
Double vision |
Dizziness |
Vertigo |
Ringing in the ears |
Speech difficulties |
Difficulty swallowing |
Sleep apnea |
Snoring or frequent awakening |
Memory loss |
Choking on food |
Hands turn blue in cold weather |
Numbness in your arms and shoulders |
Numbness in your back and legs |
Get tired very easily |
Unsteady walking |
More clumsy than you used to be |
Urinate more often (every 1–2 h) |
Irritable bowel disease or gastro esophageal reflux disease |
Weaker than you would expect in your arms or hand |
Weaker in your legs |
Patient ID | Age | Sex | Presenting diagnosis and symptoms | Postoperative symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
G20 | 37 | F | Basilar invagination; extremity numbness, weakness in arms (right) and legs, painful prickling from hands to scalp, blurred vision, loss of coordination, headaches, low back pain, chronic fatigue | Resolution of all symptoms, some numbness in hand and feet remained, no weakness |
G13 | 33 | F | Basilar invagination with syringomyelia; headaches, seizure-like episodes, nystagmus, increased motor tone | Resolution of all symptoms |
G17 | 44 | M | Basilar invagination; headaches, memory loss, pain, gagging, vertigo, progressive weakness, sensory loss, blurred vision, increasing bowel and urinary difficulties | Resolution of headaches, pain, vertigo, blurred vision, and sensory loss |
G8 | 55 | F | Basilar invagination; urinary frequency, incontinence, sexual difficulties, numbness, weakness, clumsiness, fatigue, memory difficulties, ringing in ears, neck stiffness, quadriparesis | Resolution of all symptoms |
G2 | 80 | F | Inflammatory thickening of transverse odontoid ligament and synovium; neck stiffness and pain, left patellar tendon hyperreflexia, left-sided dysdiadochokinesia | All symptoms resolved, some difficulty swallowing |
G7 | 65 | F | Basilar invagination with Klippel-Feil syndrome; neck pain, patchy sensory loss, absent gag reflex, balance and urinary difficulties | Normal strength and sensation, some hypoesthesia at C5, pain reduced but not absent |
G3 | 37 | M | Basilar invagination; progressive neck pain | Occasional dizziness with rapid head turning |
G9 | 65 | M | Basilar invagination; fatigue and numbness in left arm and leg, visual changes, dizziness, vertigo, GERD, headaches, urinary frequency | All symptoms resolved, some left-sided dysdiadochokinesia |
G6 | 63 | M | Basilar invagination; sleep apnea, spasticity, weakness, some sensory loss, neck pain, urinary difficulties | Normal strength and sensation, neuralgia paraesthetica on left side, resolution of all brainstem symptoms |
G14 | 58 | M | Basilar invagination; Urinary frequency, incontinence, sexual difficulties, numbness, weakness, clumsiness, fatigue, memory difficulties, ringing in ears, neck stiffness, quadriparesis | Resolution of all symptoms |
Surgical procedure
Clinical metrics
Results
Complications
Clivo-axial angle
Neurological signs and symptoms
Clinical metrics
Preoperative mean | 12-Month follow-up mean |
p value from nonparametric test | |
---|---|---|---|
SF-36 Physical Component | 38.09 | 50.98 | 0.010 |
SF-36 Mental Component | 45.68 | 56.31 | 0.006 |
Karnofsky Scale | 80 | 97 | 0.008 |
Visual-Analog Pain Scale | 5.6 | 1.1 | 0.007 |
Oswestry Neck Disability Index | 38.75 | 10.89 | 0.016 |
ASIA Scale | 296.4 | 314.8 | 0.014 |
Number of bulbar symptoms | 10.3 | 2.3 | 0.009 |
Symptom | Number of patients affected before surgery | Number of patients affected at 12-month follow-up |
---|---|---|
Double vision | 5 | 0 |
Dizziness | 6 | 1 |
Vertigo | 3 | 0 |
Ringing in the ears | 6 | 3 |
Difficulty swallowing | 3 | 1 |
Sleep apnea | 5 | 0 |
Snoring | 6 | 4 |
Memory loss | 5 | 1 |
Choking on food | 2 | 1 |
Hands turn blue in cold weather | 3 | 0 |
Numbness in arms and shoulders | 6 | 1 |
Numbness in back and legs | 4 | 2 |
Get tired easily | 8 | 2 |
Unsteady walking | 7 | 1 |
Clumsiness | 9 | 0 |
Urinary frequency | 7 | 2 |
Irritable bowel or GERD | 4 | 1 |
Sexual difficulty | 3 | 1 |
Weakness in arms and hands | 8 | 0 |
Weakness in legs | 3 | 2 |