Introduction
Emotion regulation and ODD symptoms
Emotion regulation and ODD symptoms from the perspective of self-control theory
Self-regulation theory: explanation of the relationship between emotion regulation and ODD
Situational specificity of ODD in school-age children
The advantages of RI-CLPMS in longitudinal studies
The present study
Method
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Teacher-rated ODD symptoms
Parent-rated ODD symptoms
Teacher-rated child emotion regulation
Parent-rated child emotion regulation
Demographics
Data analysis strategy
Power analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics, correlation, and intraclass correlation
Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. T1 ODD symptoms (T) | 5.48 | 1.38 | – | ||||||||||||||||||
2. T2 ODD symptoms (T) | 3.47 | 2.96 | .41*** | – | |||||||||||||||||
3. T3 ODD symptoms (T) | 3.16 | 3.04 | .39*** | .66*** | – | ||||||||||||||||
4. T1 Emotion Regulation (T) | 15.54 | 3.85 | −.28*** | −.32*** | −.21** | – | |||||||||||||||
5. T2 Emotion Regulation (T) | 15.24 | 3.93 | −.23*** | −.43*** | −.31*** | .45*** | – | ||||||||||||||
6. T3 Emotion Regulation (T) | 14.81 | 3.72 | −.27*** | −.40*** | −.44*** | .30*** | .48*** | – | |||||||||||||
7. T1 Emotion Lability/Negativity (T) | 40.88 | 8.26 | .49*** | .55*** | .46*** | −.47*** | −.34*** | −.37*** | – | ||||||||||||
8. T2 Emotion Lability/Negativity (T) | 37.11 | 9.64 | .36*** | .75*** | .56*** | −.34*** | −.51*** | −.37*** | .57*** | – | |||||||||||
9. T3 Emotion Lability/Negativity (T) | 36.20 | 9.21 | .30*** | .55*** | .77*** | −.28*** | −.26** | −.54*** | .49*** | .51*** | – | ||||||||||
10. T1 ODD symptoms (P) | 2.65 | 2.53 | .21*** | .45*** | .37*** | −.28*** | −.32*** | −.33*** | .34*** | .36*** | .32*** | – | |||||||||
11. T2 ODD symptoms (P) | 1.99 | 2.28 | .16* | .37*** | .28*** | −.09 | −.22** | −.27*** | .26*** | .31*** | .23** | .56*** | – | ||||||||
12. T3 ODD symptoms (P) | 2.13 | 2.39 | .14 | .21** | .31*** | −.19** | −.23** | −.23** | .24** | .16* | .24** | .48*** | .38*** | – | |||||||
13. T1 Emotion Regulation (P) | 26.32 | 3.44 | −.06 | −.16* | −.21* | .23*** | .27*** | .25** | −.19** | −.10 | −.06 | −.50*** | −.28*** | −.34*** | – | ||||||
14. T2 Emotion Regulation (P) | 26.48 | 3.59 | −.06 | −.25*** | −.20* | .13 | .33*** | .28*** | −.20** | −.27*** | −.05 | −.36*** | −.45*** | −.26*** | .43*** | – | |||||
15. T3 Emotion Regulation (P) | 26.17 | 3.31 | −.04 | −.02 | −.05 | .12 | .18* | .18* | −.03 | −.02 | .04 | −.17* | −.12 | −.33*** | .37*** | .29*** | – | ||||
16. T1 Emotion Lability/Negativity (P) | 34.20 | 6.39 | .13 | .32*** | .22** | −.24*** | −.24** | −.29*** | .28*** | .28*** | .20* | .68*** | .43*** | .42*** | −.47*** | −.35*** | −.26** | – | |||
17. T2 Emotion Lability/Negativity (P) | 33.27 | 6.59 | .10 | .32*** | .28*** | −.16* | −.25*** | −.22** | .30*** | .39*** | .21** | .48*** | .58*** | .31*** | −.30*** | −.46*** | −.14 | .47*** | – | ||
18. T3 Emotion Lability/Negativity (P) | 32.40 | 6.71 | .10 | .19* | .28*** | −.18* | −.20** | −.20* | .24** | .24** | .25** | .35*** | .34*** | .66*** | −.22** | −.30*** | −.47*** | .41*** | .32*** | – |
Longitudinal measurement invariance
Variable | Models | χ2 (df) | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA | △CFI | △RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teacher ratings | |||||||
ODD symptoms | |||||||
Configural invariance | 3.997 (48) | 0.977 | 0.064 | 0.066 | – | – | |
Metric invariance | 4.814 (62) | 0.972 | 0.068 | 0.075 | −0.005 | 0.009 | |
Scalar invariance | 5.433 (78) | 0.964 | 0.068 | 0.080 | −0.008 | 0.005 | |
Emotion regulation | |||||||
Configural invariance | 1.567 (51) | 0.971 | 0.045 | 0.029 | – | – | |
Metric invariance | 1.443 (65) | 0.971 | 0.050 | 0.026 | 0.000 | −0.003 | |
Scalar invariance | 1.466 (81) | 0.962 | 0.051 | 0.026 | −0.009 | 0.000 | |
Emotion lability/negativity | |||||||
Configural invariance | 0.000 (0) | 1.000 | 0.006 | 0.033 | – | – | |
Metric invariance | 0.673 (4) | 1.000 | 0.006 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Scalar invariance | 2.043 (10) | 0.995 | 0.006 | 0.034 | −0.005 | 0.001 | |
Parents ratings | |||||||
ODD symptoms | |||||||
Configural invariance | 165.114 (48) | 0.939 | 0.038 | 0.053 | – | – | |
Metric invariance | 193.858 (62) | 0.931 | 0.039 | 0.051 | −0.008 | −0.002 | |
Scalar invariance | 222.833 (78) | 0.923 | 0.040 | 0.048 | −0.008 | −0.003 | |
Emotion regulation | |||||||
Configural invariance | 73.572 (51) | 0.964 | 0.043 | 0.052 | – | – | |
Metric invariance | 87.333 (65) | 0.962 | 0.054 | 0.045 | −0.002 | −0.007 | |
Scalar invariance | 89.273 (81) | 0.962 | 0.062 | 0.044 | 0.000 | −0.001 | |
Emotion lability/negativity | |||||||
Configural invariance | 0.000 (0) | 1.000 | 0.030 | 0.028 | – | – | |
Metric invariance | 8.491 (4) | 0.992 | 0.030 | 0.020 | −0.008 | −0.008 | |
Scalar invariance | 13.177 (10) | 0.995 | 0.030 | 0.013 | 0.003 | −0.007 |
RI-CLPM between emotion regulation and ODD symptoms
Models | χ2 (df) | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA | △CFI | △RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taecher Ratings of ODD Symptoms and Emotion Regulation | Model 1 | 19.096 (17) | 0.994 | 0.040 | 0.023 [0.000, 0.065] | – | – |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
fixed | |||||||
Model 1 | 9.048 (13) | 1.000 | 0.026 | 0.013 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.006 | −0.010 | |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
free | |||||||
Taecher Ratings of ODD Symptoms and Emotion Lability/Negativity | Model 2 | 25.637 (17) | 0.986 | 0.062 | 0.046 [0.000, 0.080] | – | – |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
fixed | |||||||
Model 2 | 14.207 (13) | 0.988 | 0.049 | 0.034 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.002 | −0.012 | |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
free | |||||||
Parents Ratings of ODD Symptoms and Emotion Regulation | Model 3 | 33.466 (17) | 0.994 | 0.039 | 0.034 [0.000, 0.075] | – | – |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
fixed | |||||||
Model 3 | 0.634 (13) | 1.000 | 0.012 | 0.029 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.006 | −0.005 | |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
free | |||||||
Parents Ratings of ODD Symptoms and Emotion Lability/Negativity | Model 4 | 29.140 (17) | 0.996 | 0.058 | 0.045 [0.015, 0.080] | – | – |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
fixed | |||||||
Model 4 | 0.118 (13) | 1.000 | 0.024 | 0.034 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.004 | −0.011 | |
RI-CLPM | |||||||
free |