Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv 4/2011

01.04.2011 | Review and Perspective

What is expected from the pathologist in the diagnosis of viral hepatitis?

verfasst von: Helmut Denk

Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv | Ausgabe 4/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The clinician expects from the pathologist a clinically relevant diagnosis on the basis of liver biopsy interpretation. Today, a liver biopsy, as invasive procedure, is only justified when a significant benefit for the patient can be expected particularly with respect to the clinical management. Consequently, liver biopsy is usually not required in uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis. It is, however, an important diagnostic tool in chronic hepatitis and in transplanted liver to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to assess stage and grade of necroinflammation, treatment efficiency, and concurrent diseases. The diagnosis of liver disease is based on teamwork between clinician and pathologist. Evaluation of the biopsy in the clinical context requires clinical information and appropriate size and handling of the biopsy specimen. Aim of this review is the discussion of morphologic features of acute and chronic viral hepatitis with regard to their clinical relevance.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Desmet VJ (2003) Liver tissue examination. J Hepatol 39:543–549 Desmet VJ (2003) Liver tissue examination. J Hepatol 39:543–549
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD et al (2009) Liver biopsy. Hepatology 49:1017–1044PubMed Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD et al (2009) Liver biopsy. Hepatology 49:1017–1044PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Dienstag JL (2002) The role of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 36:152–160 Dienstag JL (2002) The role of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 36:152–160
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefkowitch JH (2007) Liver biopsy assessment in chronic hepatitis. Arch Med Res 38:634–643PubMed Lefkowitch JH (2007) Liver biopsy assessment in chronic hepatitis. Arch Med Res 38:634–643PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Gebo KA, Herlong F, Torbenson MS et al (2002) Role of liver biopsy in management of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. Hepatology 36:161–172 Gebo KA, Herlong F, Torbenson MS et al (2002) Role of liver biopsy in management of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. Hepatology 36:161–172
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunt EM (2000) Grading and staging the histopathological lesions of chronic hepatitis: the Knodell histology activity index and beyond. Hepatology 31:241–246PubMed Brunt EM (2000) Grading and staging the histopathological lesions of chronic hepatitis: the Knodell histology activity index and beyond. Hepatology 31:241–246PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishak KG (2000) Pathologic features of chronic hepatitis. A review and update. Am J Clin Pathol 113:40–55PubMed Ishak KG (2000) Pathologic features of chronic hepatitis. A review and update. Am J Clin Pathol 113:40–55PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheuer PJ, Lefkowitch JH (2005) Liver biopsy interpretation, 7th edn. WB Saunders, New York Scheuer PJ, Lefkowitch JH (2005) Liver biopsy interpretation, 7th edn. WB Saunders, New York
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang SN, Chen TC, Tsai SL et al (1997) Histopathology and pathobiology of hepatotropic virus-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(Suppl):195–217 Huang SN, Chen TC, Tsai SL et al (1997) Histopathology and pathobiology of hepatotropic virus-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(Suppl):195–217
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ichai P, Samuel D (2008) Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. Liver Transplant 14:67–79 Ichai P, Samuel D (2008) Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. Liver Transplant 14:67–79
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyer JL, Klatskin G (1970) Pattern of necrosis in acute viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med 283:1063–1071PubMed Boyer JL, Klatskin G (1970) Pattern of necrosis in acute viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med 283:1063–1071PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Theise ND, Bodenheiner HC Jr, Ferrell LD (2007) Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. In: Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween's pathology of the liver. 5th edu. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia pp 399–441 Theise ND, Bodenheiner HC Jr, Ferrell LD (2007) Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. In: Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween's pathology of the liver. 5th edu. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia pp 399–441
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Vyberg M (1993) The hepatitis-associated bile duct lesion. Liver 13:289–301PubMed Vyberg M (1993) The hepatitis-associated bile duct lesion. Liver 13:289–301PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobayashi K, Hashimoto E, Ludwig J (1993) Liver biopsy features of acute hepatitis C compared with hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B, non-C. Liver 13:69–73PubMed Kobayashi K, Hashimoto E, Ludwig J (1993) Liver biopsy features of acute hepatitis C compared with hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B, non-C. Liver 13:69–73PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoofnagle JH (2002) Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology 36:21–29 Hoofnagle JH (2002) Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology 36:21–29
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Missiha SB, Ostrowski M, Heathcote EJ (2008) Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. Gastroenterology 134:1699–1714PubMed Missiha SB, Ostrowski M, Heathcote EJ (2008) Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. Gastroenterology 134:1699–1714PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon FD, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ et al (2004) Severe steatosis as the initial histologic manifestation of recurrent hepatitis C genotype 3. Hum Pathol 35:636–63848PubMed Gordon FD, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ et al (2004) Severe steatosis as the initial histologic manifestation of recurrent hepatitis C genotype 3. Hum Pathol 35:636–63848PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Karayiannis P (1998) Hepatitis D virus. Rev Med Virol 8:13–24PubMed Karayiannis P (1998) Hepatitis D virus. Rev Med Virol 8:13–24PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefkowitch JH, Goldstein H, Yatto R et al (1987) Cytopathic liver injury in acute delta virus hepatitis. Gastroenterology 92:1262–1266PubMed Lefkowitch JH, Goldstein H, Yatto R et al (1987) Cytopathic liver injury in acute delta virus hepatitis. Gastroenterology 92:1262–1266PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Benjaminov FS, Heathcote J (2004) Liver disease in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 99:2479–2488PubMed Benjaminov FS, Heathcote J (2004) Liver disease in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 99:2479–2488PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Navaneethan U, Mohajer MA, Shata MT (2008) Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis. Liver Int 28:1190–1199PubMed Navaneethan U, Mohajer MA, Shata MT (2008) Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis. Liver Int 28:1190–1199PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamar N, Selves J, Mansury JM et al (2008) Hepatitis E: does it cause chronic hepatitis? Hepatology 48:1328–1330 Kamar N, Selves J, Mansury JM et al (2008) Hepatitis E: does it cause chronic hepatitis? Hepatology 48:1328–1330
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hübscher SG (1998) Histological grading and staging in chronic hepatitis: clinical applications and problems. J Hepatol 29:1015–1022PubMed Hübscher SG (1998) Histological grading and staging in chronic hepatitis: clinical applications and problems. J Hepatol 29:1015–1022PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Dries V, Odenthal M, Schirmacher P et al (2001) Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Histopathology, molecular diagnostic analysis, and implications for therapeutic management. Pathologe 22:362–368PubMed Dries V, Odenthal M, Schirmacher P et al (2001) Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Histopathology, molecular diagnostic analysis, and implications for therapeutic management. Pathologe 22:362–368PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Roskams T, Libbrecht L, Desmet VJ (2003) Progenitor cells in diseased human liver. Semin Liver Dis 23:385–396PubMed Roskams T, Libbrecht L, Desmet VJ (2003) Progenitor cells in diseased human liver. Semin Liver Dis 23:385–396PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Liaw YF, Yang SS, Chen TJ et al (1985) Acute exacerbation in hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic type B hepatitis. J Hepatol 1:227–233PubMed Liaw YF, Yang SS, Chen TJ et al (1985) Acute exacerbation in hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic type B hepatitis. J Hepatol 1:227–233PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Koukoulis GK (2001) Chronic hepatitis C: grading, staging, and searching for reliable predictors of outcome. Hum Pathol 32:899–903PubMed Koukoulis GK (2001) Chronic hepatitis C: grading, staging, and searching for reliable predictors of outcome. Hum Pathol 32:899–903PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ et al (2008) Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Hepatology 48:418–431PubMed Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ et al (2008) Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Hepatology 48:418–431PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F et al (2001) Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 34:730–739PubMed Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F et al (2001) Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 34:730–739PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman ZD (2007) Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 47:598–607PubMed Goodman ZD (2007) Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 47:598–607PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Alonso-Marti C, Moreno A, Barat A et al (1990) Co-existence of hepatocyte ground-glass inclusions from several causes. Histopathol 16:304–307 Alonso-Marti C, Moreno A, Barat A et al (1990) Co-existence of hepatocyte ground-glass inclusions from several causes. Histopathol 16:304–307
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Naoumov NV, Eddleston AL (1994) Host immune response and variations in the virus genome: pathogenesis of liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus. Gut 35:1013–1017PubMed Naoumov NV, Eddleston AL (1994) Host immune response and variations in the virus genome: pathogenesis of liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus. Gut 35:1013–1017PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumert TF, Thimme R, von Weizsäcker F (2007) Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 13:82–90 Baumert TF, Thimme R, von Weizsäcker F (2007) Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 13:82–90
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Naoumov NV, Schneider R, Grötzinger T et al (1992) Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease. Gastroenterology 102:538–543PubMed Naoumov NV, Schneider R, Grötzinger T et al (1992) Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease. Gastroenterology 102:538–543PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Blum HE, Moradpour D, Weizsäcker F et al (1997) Hepatitis-B-Virusmutanten—Klinische Bedeutung. Z Gastroenterol 35:347–355PubMed Blum HE, Moradpour D, Weizsäcker F et al (1997) Hepatitis-B-Virusmutanten—Klinische Bedeutung. Z Gastroenterol 35:347–355PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Park YN, Han KH, Kim KS et al (1999) Cytoplasmic expression of hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: role of precore stop mutants. Liver 19:199–205PubMed Park YN, Han KH, Kim KS et al (1999) Cytoplasmic expression of hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: role of precore stop mutants. Liver 19:199–205PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lok ASF, McMahon BJ (2001) Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 34:1225–1241PubMed Lok ASF, McMahon BJ (2001) Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 34:1225–1241PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen TJ, Liaw YF (1988) The prognostic significance of bridging hepatic necrosis in chronic type B hepatitis: a histopathologic study. Liver 8:10–16PubMed Chen TJ, Liaw YF (1988) The prognostic significance of bridging hepatic necrosis in chronic type B hepatitis: a histopathologic study. Liver 8:10–16PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooksley WGE, Bradbear RA, Robinson W et al (1986) The prognosis of chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis in relation to bridging necrosis. Hepatology 6:345–348PubMed Cooksley WGE, Bradbear RA, Robinson W et al (1986) The prognosis of chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis in relation to bridging necrosis. Hepatology 6:345–348PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Villari D, Raimondo G, Brancatelli S et al (1991) Histological features in liver biopsy specimens of patients with acute reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis. Histopathol 18:73–77 Villari D, Raimondo G, Brancatelli S et al (1991) Histological features in liver biopsy specimens of patients with acute reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis. Histopathol 18:73–77
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Harada K, Mihato H, Hiramatsu K et al (1998) Epithelioid cell granulomas in chronic hepatitis C: immunohistochemical character and histologic marker of favourable response to interferon-α therapy. Histopathol 33:216–221 Harada K, Mihato H, Hiramatsu K et al (1998) Epithelioid cell granulomas in chronic hepatitis C: immunohistochemical character and histologic marker of favourable response to interferon-α therapy. Histopathol 33:216–221
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Mihm S, Fayyazi A, Hartmann H et al (1997) Analysis of histopathological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with respect to virus genotype. Hepatology 25:735–739PubMed Mihm S, Fayyazi A, Hartmann H et al (1997) Analysis of histopathological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with respect to virus genotype. Hepatology 25:735–739PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubbia-Brandt L, Leandro G, Spahr L (2001) Liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: a morphological sign suggesting infection with HCV genotype 3. Histopathology 39:119–124PubMed Rubbia-Brandt L, Leandro G, Spahr L (2001) Liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: a morphological sign suggesting infection with HCV genotype 3. Histopathology 39:119–124PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Younossi ZM, McCullough AJ (2009) Metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus: impact on disease progression and treatment response. Liver Int 29:3–12PubMed Younossi ZM, McCullough AJ (2009) Metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus: impact on disease progression and treatment response. Liver Int 29:3–12PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Bedossa P, Moucari R, Chelbi E et al (2007) Evidence for a role of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in hepatitis C: a prospective study. Hepatology 46:380–387PubMed Bedossa P, Moucari R, Chelbi E et al (2007) Evidence for a role of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in hepatitis C: a prospective study. Hepatology 46:380–387PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Serfaty L, Capeau J (2009) Hepatitis C, insulin resistance and diabetes: clinical and pathogenic data. Liver Int 29:13–25PubMed Serfaty L, Capeau J (2009) Hepatitis C, insulin resistance and diabetes: clinical and pathogenic data. Liver Int 29:13–25PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Negro F, Sanyal AJ (2009) Hepatitis C virus, steatosis and lipid abnormalities: clinical and pathogenic data. Liver Int 29:26–37PubMed Negro F, Sanyal AJ (2009) Hepatitis C virus, steatosis and lipid abnormalities: clinical and pathogenic data. Liver Int 29:26–37PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar D, Farrell GC, Fung C et al (2002) Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 is cytopathic to hepatocytes: reversal of hepatic steatosis after sustained therapeutic response. Hepatology 36:1266–1272PubMed Kumar D, Farrell GC, Fung C et al (2002) Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 is cytopathic to hepatocytes: reversal of hepatic steatosis after sustained therapeutic response. Hepatology 36:1266–1272PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Korenaga M, Wang T, Li Y et al (2005) Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits mitochondrial electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. J Biol Chem 280:37481–37488PubMed Korenaga M, Wang T, Li Y et al (2005) Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits mitochondrial electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. J Biol Chem 280:37481–37488PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanyal AJ (2005) Review article: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C—risk factors and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22(Suppl 2):48–51PubMed Sanyal AJ (2005) Review article: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C—risk factors and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22(Suppl 2):48–51PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Fartoux L, Charzouillères O, Wendum D et al (2005) Impact of steatosis on progression of fibrosis in patients with mild hepatitis C. Hepatology 41:82–87PubMed Fartoux L, Charzouillères O, Wendum D et al (2005) Impact of steatosis on progression of fibrosis in patients with mild hepatitis C. Hepatology 41:82–87PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohata K, Hamasaki K, Toriyama K et al (2003) Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Cancer 97:3036–3043PubMed Ohata K, Hamasaki K, Toriyama K et al (2003) Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Cancer 97:3036–3043PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruno S, Silini E, Crosignani A et al (1997) Hepatitis C virus genotypes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 25:754–758PubMed Bruno S, Silini E, Crosignani A et al (1997) Hepatitis C virus genotypes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 25:754–758PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Moriya K, Fujie H, Shintani Y et al (1998) The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med 4(9):1065–1067PubMed Moriya K, Fujie H, Shintani Y et al (1998) The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med 4(9):1065–1067PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Lai MM (2002) Hepatitis C virus proteins: direct link to hepatic oxidative stress, steatosis, carcinogenesis and more. Gastroenterology 122(2):568–571PubMed Lai MM (2002) Hepatitis C virus proteins: direct link to hepatic oxidative stress, steatosis, carcinogenesis and more. Gastroenterology 122(2):568–571PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Haque S, Chandra B, Gerber MA et al (1996) Iron overload in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a clinicopathologic study. Hum Pathol 27:1277–1281PubMed Haque S, Chandra B, Gerber MA et al (1996) Iron overload in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a clinicopathologic study. Hum Pathol 27:1277–1281PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai TK, Jamil LH, Balasubramaniam M et al (2008) Phlebotomy improves therapeutic response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a metaanalysis of six prospective randomized controlled trials. Dig Dis Sci 53:815–822PubMed Desai TK, Jamil LH, Balasubramaniam M et al (2008) Phlebotomy improves therapeutic response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a metaanalysis of six prospective randomized controlled trials. Dig Dis Sci 53:815–822PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Miura K, Taura K, Kodama Y et al (2008) Hepatitis C virus-induced oxidative stress suppresses hepcidin expression through increased histone deacetylase activity. Hepatology 48:1420–1429PubMed Miura K, Taura K, Kodama Y et al (2008) Hepatitis C virus-induced oxidative stress suppresses hepcidin expression through increased histone deacetylase activity. Hepatology 48:1420–1429PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen DS (1993) Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: new light on an old story. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:470–475PubMed Chen DS (1993) Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: new light on an old story. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:470–475PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Naoumov NV, Portmann BC, Tedder RS et al (1990) Detection of hepatitis B virus antigens in liver tissue. A relation to viral replication and histology in chronic hepatitis B infection. Gastroenterology 99(4):1248–1253PubMed Naoumov NV, Portmann BC, Tedder RS et al (1990) Detection of hepatitis B virus antigens in liver tissue. A relation to viral replication and histology in chronic hepatitis B infection. Gastroenterology 99(4):1248–1253PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu CM, Liaw YF (1995) Membrane staining for hepatitis B surface antigen on hepatocytes: a sensitive and specific marker of active viral replication in hepatitis B. J Clin Pathol 48:470–473PubMed Chu CM, Liaw YF (1995) Membrane staining for hepatitis B surface antigen on hepatocytes: a sensitive and specific marker of active viral replication in hepatitis B. J Clin Pathol 48:470–473PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu CM, Liaw YF (1987) Intrahepatic distribution of hepatitis B surface and core antigens in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 92:220–225PubMed Chu CM, Liaw YF (1987) Intrahepatic distribution of hepatitis B surface and core antigens in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 92:220–225PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies SE, Portmann BC, O’Grady JG et al (1991) Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Hepatology 13:150–157PubMed Davies SE, Portmann BC, O’Grady JG et al (1991) Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Hepatology 13:150–157PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Marinos G, Rossol S, Carucci P et al (2000) Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 69(4):559–568PubMed Marinos G, Rossol S, Carucci P et al (2000) Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 69(4):559–568PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawai K, Horiike N, Michitaka K et al (2003) The effects of hepatitis B virus core promoter mutations on hepatitis B core antigen distribution in hepatocytes as detected by laser-assisted microdissection. J Hepatol 38:635–641PubMed Kawai K, Horiike N, Michitaka K et al (2003) The effects of hepatitis B virus core promoter mutations on hepatitis B core antigen distribution in hepatocytes as detected by laser-assisted microdissection. J Hepatol 38:635–641PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujiwara K, Tanaka Y, Paulon E et al (2005) Novel type of hepatitis B virus mutation: replacement mutation involving a hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 binding site tandem repeat in chronic hepatitis B virus genotype E. J Virol 79:14404–14410PubMed Fujiwara K, Tanaka Y, Paulon E et al (2005) Novel type of hepatitis B virus mutation: replacement mutation involving a hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 binding site tandem repeat in chronic hepatitis B virus genotype E. J Virol 79:14404–14410PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiha GE, Khaled RZ, Abdulla AF et al (2005) Immunohistochemical identification of HCV target antigen in paraffin-embedded liver tissue: reproducibility and staining patterns. Liver Internat 25:254–260 Shiha GE, Khaled RZ, Abdulla AF et al (2005) Immunohistochemical identification of HCV target antigen in paraffin-embedded liver tissue: reproducibility and staining patterns. Liver Internat 25:254–260
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerrero RB, Batts KP, Brandhagen DJ et al (1997) Effects of formalin fixation and prolonged block storage on detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver tissue. Diagn Mol Pathol 6:277–28149PubMed Guerrero RB, Batts KP, Brandhagen DJ et al (1997) Effects of formalin fixation and prolonged block storage on detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver tissue. Diagn Mol Pathol 6:277–28149PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Bean P (2002) Latest discoveries on the infection and coinfection with heptatitis D virus. Am Clin Lab 21:25–27PubMed Bean P (2002) Latest discoveries on the infection and coinfection with heptatitis D virus. Am Clin Lab 21:25–27PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Guido M, Swan NT, Fattovich G et al (1999) Intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens: effect of hepatitis C virus infection. Mod Pathol 12:599–603PubMed Guido M, Swan NT, Fattovich G et al (1999) Intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens: effect of hepatitis C virus infection. Mod Pathol 12:599–603PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Blackard JT, Sherman KE (2008) HCV/HIV co-infection: time to re-evaluate the role of HIV in the liver. J Viral Hepat 15:323–330PubMed Blackard JT, Sherman KE (2008) HCV/HIV co-infection: time to re-evaluate the role of HIV in the liver. J Viral Hepat 15:323–330PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ et al (2002) Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2614–2618PubMed Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ et al (2002) Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2614–2618PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Demetris AJ, Ruppert K (2003) Pathologist's perspective on liver needle biopsy size. J Hepatol 39:275–277PubMed Demetris AJ, Ruppert K (2003) Pathologist's perspective on liver needle biopsy size. J Hepatol 39:275–277PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Colloredo G, Guido M, Sonzogni A et al (2003) Impact of liver biopsy size on histological evaluation of chronic viral hepatitis: the smaller the sample, the milder the disease. J Hepatol 39:275–277 Colloredo G, Guido M, Sonzogni A et al (2003) Impact of liver biopsy size on histological evaluation of chronic viral hepatitis: the smaller the sample, the milder the disease. J Hepatol 39:275–277
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiano TD, Azeem S, Bodia CA et al (2005) Importance of specimen size in accurate needle liver biopsy evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:930–935 Shiano TD, Azeem S, Bodia CA et al (2005) Importance of specimen size in accurate needle liver biopsy evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:930–935
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Skripenova S, Trainer T, Krawitt E et al (2007) Variability of grade and stage in simultaneous paired liver biopsies in hepatitis C. J Clin Pathol 60:321–324PubMed Skripenova S, Trainer T, Krawitt E et al (2007) Variability of grade and stage in simultaneous paired liver biopsies in hepatitis C. J Clin Pathol 60:321–324PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheuer PJ (2003) Liver biopsy size matters in chronic hepatitis: bigger is better. Hepatology 38:1356–1358PubMed Scheuer PJ (2003) Liver biopsy size matters in chronic hepatitis: bigger is better. Hepatology 38:1356–1358PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiano TD, Azeem S, Bodian CA et al (2005) Importance of specimen size in accurate needle liver biopsy evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:930–935 Shiano TD, Azeem S, Bodian CA et al (2005) Importance of specimen size in accurate needle liver biopsy evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:930–935
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L et al (1995) Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:696–699PubMed Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L et al (1995) Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:696–699PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V (2003) Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38:1449–1457PubMed Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V (2003) Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38:1449–1457PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Bedossa P, and The METAVIR cooperative study group (1996) An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 24:289–293PubMed Bedossa P, and The METAVIR cooperative study group (1996) An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 24:289–293PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Schirmacher P, Fleig WE, Tannapfel A et al (2004) Bioptische Diagnostik der chronischen Hepatitis. Pathologe 25:338–348 Schirmacher P, Fleig WE, Tannapfel A et al (2004) Bioptische Diagnostik der chronischen Hepatitis. Pathologe 25:338–348
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman ZD, Becker RL, Pockros PJ et al (2007) Progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: evaluation by morphometric image analysis. Hepatology 45:886–894PubMed Goodman ZD, Becker RL, Pockros PJ et al (2007) Progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: evaluation by morphometric image analysis. Hepatology 45:886–894PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheuer P (1997) Chronic hepatitis: what is activity and how should it be assessed. Histopathol 30:103–105 Scheuer P (1997) Chronic hepatitis: what is activity and how should it be assessed. Histopathol 30:103–105
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Batts KP, Ludwig J (1995) Chronic hepatitis. An update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1409–1417PubMed Batts KP, Ludwig J (1995) Chronic hepatitis. An update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1409–1417PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu R, Huang H, Zhang H et al (2006) Prognostic analysis in chronic hepatitis B patients: a retrospective study of 216 cases about Scheuer scores, in situ expression of viral antigens and tissue hepatitis B virus DNA levels. Liver Int 26:82–89PubMed Zhu R, Huang H, Zhang H et al (2006) Prognostic analysis in chronic hepatitis B patients: a retrospective study of 216 cases about Scheuer scores, in situ expression of viral antigens and tissue hepatitis B virus DNA levels. Liver Int 26:82–89PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC et al (1981) Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1:431–435PubMed Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC et al (1981) Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1:431–435PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat METAVIR cooperative group (1994) Inter- and intra-observer variation in the assessment of liver biopsy of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 20:15–20 METAVIR cooperative group (1994) Inter- and intra-observer variation in the assessment of liver biopsy of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 20:15–20
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Sesterhenn IA (1986) Herpes simplex hepatitis in apparently immunocompetent adults. Am J Clin 85:694–699 Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Sesterhenn IA (1986) Herpes simplex hepatitis in apparently immunocompetent adults. Am J Clin 85:694–699
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaques SM, Qureshi F (1992) Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic study of three cases. Hum Pathol 23:183–187 Jaques SM, Qureshi F (1992) Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic study of three cases. Hum Pathol 23:183–187
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Markin RS (1994) Manifestations of Epstein–Barr-virus in inflammatory diseases of the liver and liver allografts: an in situ hybridization study. Hepatology 20:899–907 Markin RS (1994) Manifestations of Epstein–Barr-virus in inflammatory diseases of the liver and liver allografts: an in situ hybridization study. Hepatology 20:899–907
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Seehofer D, Rayes N, Tullius SG et al (2002) CMV hepatitis after liver transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and long-term follow up. Liver Transplant 8:1138–1146 Seehofer D, Rayes N, Tullius SG et al (2002) CMV hepatitis after liver transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and long-term follow up. Liver Transplant 8:1138–1146
93.
Zurück zum Zitat MacDonald GA, Greenson JK, DelBuono EA et al (1997) Mini-microabscess syndrome in liver transplant patients. Hepatology 26:192–197PubMed MacDonald GA, Greenson JK, DelBuono EA et al (1997) Mini-microabscess syndrome in liver transplant patients. Hepatology 26:192–197PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Theise ND, Conn M, Thung SN (1993) Localization of cytomegalovirus antigens in liver allografts over time. Hum Pathol 24:103–108PubMed Theise ND, Conn M, Thung SN (1993) Localization of cytomegalovirus antigens in liver allografts over time. Hum Pathol 24:103–108PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmichael GP Jr, Zahradnik JM, Moyer GH et al (1979) Adenovirus hepatitis in an immunosuppressed adult patient. Am J Clin Pathol 71:352–355PubMed Carmichael GP Jr, Zahradnik JM, Moyer GH et al (1979) Adenovirus hepatitis in an immunosuppressed adult patient. Am J Clin Pathol 71:352–355PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Huerre MR, Lan NT, Marianneau P et al (2001) Liver histopathology and biological correlates in five cases of fatal dengue fever in Vietnamese children. Virchow’s Arch 438:107–114 Huerre MR, Lan NT, Marianneau P et al (2001) Liver histopathology and biological correlates in five cases of fatal dengue fever in Vietnamese children. Virchow’s Arch 438:107–114
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Vieira WT, Gayotto LC, de Lima CP et al (1983) Histopathology of the human liver in yellow fever with special emphasis on the diagnostic role of the Councilman body. Histopathology 7:195–208PubMed Vieira WT, Gayotto LC, de Lima CP et al (1983) Histopathology of the human liver in yellow fever with special emphasis on the diagnostic role of the Councilman body. Histopathology 7:195–208PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison RF, Davies MH, Goldin RD et al (1993) Recurrent hepatitis B in liver allografts: a distinctive form of rapidly developing cirrhosis. Histopathology 23:21–28PubMed Harrison RF, Davies MH, Goldin RD et al (1993) Recurrent hepatitis B in liver allografts: a distinctive form of rapidly developing cirrhosis. Histopathology 23:21–28PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau JY, Bain VG, Davies SE et al (1992) High-level expression of hepatitis B viral antigens in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 102:956–962PubMed Lau JY, Bain VG, Davies SE et al (1992) High-level expression of hepatitis B viral antigens in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 102:956–962PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaglio P, Singh S, Degertekin B et al (2008) Impact of the hepatitis B virus genotype on pre- and post-liver transplantation outcomes. Liver Transplant 14:1420–1427 Gaglio P, Singh S, Degertekin B et al (2008) Impact of the hepatitis B virus genotype on pre- and post-liver transplantation outcomes. Liver Transplant 14:1420–1427
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Demetris AJ, Eghtesad B, Marcos A et al (2009) Evolution of hepatitis C virus in liver allografts. Liver Transplant 15:35–41 Demetris AJ, Eghtesad B, Marcos A et al (2009) Evolution of hepatitis C virus in liver allografts. Liver Transplant 15:35–41
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerrero RB, Batts KB, Burgart LJ et al (2000) Early detection of hepatitis C allograft reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: a molecular and histologic study. Mod Pathol 13:229–237PubMed Guerrero RB, Batts KB, Burgart LJ et al (2000) Early detection of hepatitis C allograft reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: a molecular and histologic study. Mod Pathol 13:229–237PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Saxena R, Crawford JM, Navarro VJ et al (2002) Utilization of acidophil bodies in the diagnosis of recurrent hepatitis C infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Mod Pathol 15:897–903PubMed Saxena R, Crawford JM, Navarro VJ et al (2002) Utilization of acidophil bodies in the diagnosis of recurrent hepatitis C infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Mod Pathol 15:897–903PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Ercolani G, Grazi GL, Ravaioli M et al (2006) Histological recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: outcome and role of retransplantation. Liver Transplant 12:1104–1111 Ercolani G, Grazi GL, Ravaioli M et al (2006) Histological recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: outcome and role of retransplantation. Liver Transplant 12:1104–1111
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Hübscher SG, Portmann BC (2007) Transplantation pathology. In: Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween’s pathology of the liver. 5th edu. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia pp 815–879 Hübscher SG, Portmann BC (2007) Transplantation pathology. In: Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween’s pathology of the liver. 5th edu. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia pp 815–879
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN et al (1996) Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:971–976PubMed Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN et al (1996) Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:971–976PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat David E, Rahier J, Pucci A et al (1993) Recurrence of hepatitis D (delta) in liver transplants: histopathological aspects. Gastroenterology 104:1122–1128PubMed David E, Rahier J, Pucci A et al (1993) Recurrence of hepatitis D (delta) in liver transplants: histopathological aspects. Gastroenterology 104:1122–1128PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Libbrecht L, Roskams T (2006) Molecular diagnostic approach to liver tissue as an ancillary tool for liver histopathology. Semin Liver Dis 26:328–336PubMed Libbrecht L, Roskams T (2006) Molecular diagnostic approach to liver tissue as an ancillary tool for liver histopathology. Semin Liver Dis 26:328–336PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Geller SA, Pitman MB, Nichols WS (2007) Cellular and molecular diagnostic techniques. In: Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween's pathology of the liver, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 119–146 Geller SA, Pitman MB, Nichols WS (2007) Cellular and molecular diagnostic techniques. In: Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (eds) MacSween's pathology of the liver, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 119–146
Metadaten
Titel
What is expected from the pathologist in the diagnosis of viral hepatitis?
verfasst von
Helmut Denk
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Virchows Archiv / Ausgabe 4/2011
Print ISSN: 0945-6317
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2307
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-011-1057-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2011

Virchows Archiv 4/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Open Access Biomarker Leitthema

Um auch an kleinen Gewebeproben zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten ist eine strenge Qualitätskontrolle in jedem Schritt des Arbeitsablaufs erforderlich. Eine nicht ordnungsgemäße Prüfung oder Behandlung des …

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Pathologie Leitthema

Die vergleichende experimentelle Pathologie („comparative experimental pathology“) ist ein Fachbereich an der Schnittstelle von Human- und Veterinärmedizin. Sie widmet sich der vergleichenden Erforschung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden von …

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Open Access GIST CME-Artikel

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren (GIST) stellen seit über 20 Jahren ein Paradigma für die zielgerichtete Therapie mit Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren dar. Eine elementare Voraussetzung für eine mögliche neoadjuvante oder adjuvante Behandlung bei …

Personalisierte Medizin in der Onkologie

Aufgrund des erheblichen technologischen Fortschritts in der molekularen und genetischen Diagnostik sowie zunehmender Erkenntnisse über die molekulare Pathogenese von Krankheiten hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ein grundlegender …