Introduction
Aims
Methods
Design
Context
Sample and recruitment
Variables | N | % |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 387 | 40.4 |
Female | 559 | 58.3 |
Unknown | 13 | 1.3 |
Age group | ||
Under 20 | 50 | 5.2 |
20–29 | 291 | 30.3 |
30–39 | 201 | 21.0 |
40–49 | 163 | 17.0 |
50–59 | 145 | 15.1 |
60 and above | 96 | 10.0 |
Unknown | 13 | 1.4 |
Marital status | ||
Married/cohabitant/partner | 376 | 39.2 |
Single | 399 | 41.6 |
Divorced/separated | 137 | 14.3 |
Widow/widower | 18 | 1.9 |
Unknown | 29 | 3.0 |
Living with | ||
Living alone | 310 | 32.3 |
With spouse/cohabitant/partner with or without children | 349 | 36.4 |
With children | 78 | 8.1 |
With parents | 135 | 14.1 |
With others/unknown | 87 | 9.1 |
Highest completed education | ||
Primary school | 236 | 24.6 |
Secondary school | 393 | 41.0 |
College/university | 247 | 25.7 |
Unknown | 83 | 8.7 |
Main source of income | ||
Income from own work/loan as student | 427 | 44.5 |
Sick leave | 86 | 9.0 |
Other out of work compensation or social support | 170 | 17.7 |
Disability pension | 138 | 14.4 |
Old age pension | 46 | 4.8 |
No income/supported by others/unknown | 92 | 9.6 |
Referral agency | ||
Self-referral by the service user | 130 | 13.6 |
Family of service user | 46 | 4.8 |
General practitioner | 407 | 42.5 |
Physician on call/other primary care in municipality | 104 | 10.9 |
Specialized mental health services | 189 | 19.6 |
General hospital clinic/ward | 28 | 2.9 |
Others/unknown | 55 | 5.7 |
Earlier contact with the crisis resolution team | ||
Yes | 223 | 23.3 |
No | 714 | 74.4 |
Unknown | 22 | 2.3 |
Psychiatric diagnoses | ||
Psychosis/bipolar | 77 | 8.0 |
Depression | 261 | 27.1 |
Anxiety disorder | 249 | 26.0 |
Substance use disorder | 39 | 4.1 |
Personality disorder | 46 | 4.8 |
Other diagnoses | 39 | 4.1 |
No diagnosis | 248 | 25.9 |
Measures
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
CRT accessibility
Characteristics of access for 959 service users | N (%) |
Response time: First session on day of referral | 328 (34.2) |
First session on the day after referral day | 287 (29.9) |
First session after 2–3 days | 156 (16.3) |
First session after 4–7 days | 112 (11.7) |
First session after more than a week | 43 (4.5) |
Unknown day of first session | 33 (3.4) |
Time of day for first session | |
Daytime (8 am to 4 pm) | 714 (74.5) |
Evening (5 to 9 pm) | 220 (22.9) |
Night (10 pm to 7 am) | 1 (0.1) |
Unknown time of day for first session | 24 (2.5) |
Duration of crisis intervention (weeks) | |
1–2 weeks | 510 (53.2) |
3–4 weeks | 202 (21.1) |
5–6 weeks | 105 (10.9) |
7–8 weeks | 65 (6.8) |
More than 8 weeks | 77 (8.0) |
Characteristics of 3,244 registered sessions | N (%) |
Number of sessions per service user | |
One session | 214 (22.3) |
2–3 sessions | 418 (43.6) |
4–5 sessions | 176 (18.4) |
6–10 sessions | 124 (12.9) |
11 sessions or more | 27 (2.8) |
Location of sessions | |
Service user’s home | 1064 (32.9) |
Local community | 130 (4.0) |
npatient ward (service user is inpatient) | 14 (0.4) |
Locations of other services | 27 (0.8) |
Crisis resolution team’s location | 2009 (61.9) |
Proportion of sessions outside CRT location | 1235 (38.1) |
Time of day for start of sessions | |
Daytime (8 am to 4 pm) | 2666 (82.2) |
Evening (5 to 9 pm) | 556 (17.1) |
Night (10 pm to 7 am) | 4 (0.1) |
Unknown time of day for start of session | 18 (0.6) |
Proportion of sessions outside office hours | 560 (17.3) |
Duration of sessions (minutes) | |
5–20 min | 152 (4.7) |
25–40 min | 379 (11.7) |
45–60 min | 1907 (58.8) |
65–90 min | 644 (19.8) |
Unknown duration of session | 162 (5.0) |
Proportion of sessions with two members | 1897 (58.5) |
Intensity of crisis intervention (sessions per week) | Mean (SD) |
Week 1 | 1.8 (1.0) |
Week 2 | 1.4 (0.7) |
Weeks 3–4 | 1.2 (0.5) |
Weeks 5–6 | 1.2 (0.6) |
Weeks 7–8 | 1.1 (0.4) |
CRT interventions
Intervention components (factors) and registered session activities within each component | Factor loadings | Sessions (%) with thisa | Service users (%) with thisb |
---|---|---|---|
N = 3,244 | N = 959 | ||
Assessment (55.1% of variance explained by factors) | |||
Assessment and treatment planning (Cronbach’s α = .75) | 2830 (87.2) | 950 (99.1) | |
Examining psychiatric status | .817 | (71.8) | (94.2) |
Mapping the situation | .772 | (60.9) | (94.7) |
Assessing suicidal risk | .729 | (48.2) | (82.4) |
Making a treatment plan | .659 | (58.8) | (85.5) |
Assessing, setting diagnosis | .419 | (18.1) | (41.2) |
Assessment of severe conditions (Cronbach’s α = .37) | 200 (6.2) | 168 (17.5) | |
Examining physical health | .859 | (1.1) | (3.6) |
Assessing the risk of violence | .691 | (5.3) | (14.8) |
Treatment (54.0% of variance explained by factors) | |||
Practical support (Cronbach’s α = .63) | 269 (8.3) | 192 (20.0) | |
Providing/arranging help finances/housing | .709 | (2.2) | (5.8) |
Arranging for practical help | .655 | (1.6) | (4.5) |
Making a written crisis plan | .615 | (1.8) | (5.0) |
Assistance regarding work/education | .612 | (3.8) | (9.8) |
Providing practical help | .571 | (1.0) | (2.6) |
Psychological intervention (Cronbach’s α = .54) | 2870 (88.5) | 936 (97.6) | |
Working through thought/feelings | .781 | (63.0) | (81.9) |
Clarifying/sorting the situation | .755 | (73.5) | (94.5) |
Providing information | .537 | (49.7) | (78.7) |
Psychotherapy | .451 | (17.9) | (28.2) |
Family involvement (Cronbach’s α = .78) | 368 (11.3) | 253 (26.4) | |
Sessions with family/network | .897 | (8.5) | (21.0) |
Information/guidance to family | .891 | (8.2) | (20.6) |
Medication management | .888 | 401 (12.4) | 205 (21.4) |
Collaboration (47.8% of variance explained by factors) | |||
Collaboration with hospital/inpatient services (Cronbach’s α = .47) | 146 (4.5) | 115 (12.0) | |
Contact during inpatient stays | .798 | (0.3) | (0.9) |
Assist at discharge from inpatient stay | .739 | (0.4) | (1.1) |
Admission to inpatient mental health ward | .564 | (3.3) | (9.4) |
Accompany to GP or other services | .532 | (1.0) | (2.9) |
Collaboration with GP and primary care (Cronbach’s α = .43) | 410 (12.6) | 281 (29.3) | |
Cooperate with or give advice to primary care services | .743 | (3.2) | (7.9) |
Cooperate with or give advice to GP | .695 | (3.8) | (9.6) |
Referral/transfer to other services | .589 | (8.2) | (20.8) |
Differences between crisis resolution teams
Measures of accessibility and components of interventions by the crisis resolution teams | Mean (SD) | ANOVA | Variance (ICC)a on team level | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | |||
Accessibility | ||||
Response time: days from referral to session | 1.9 (3.3) | 2.706 | < .001 | 9.0% |
Proportion with first session on referral day | 0.35 (0.48) | 3.748 | < .001 | 8.5% |
Number of sessions per service user | 3.4 (2.7) | 9.320 | < .001 | 18.3% |
Proportion of sessions outside CRT location | .38 (.49) | 58.888 | < .001 | 30.0% |
Proportion of sessions outside office hours | .17 (.38) | 30.987 | < .001 | 29.9% |
Proportion of sessions with two members | .58 (.49) | 44.724 | < .001 | 38.7% |
Duration of sessions (minutes) | 57 (21) | 29.619 | < .001 | 21.5% |
Duration of crisis interventions (weeks) | 3.4 (3.0) | 4.589 | < .001 | 14.1% |
Intensity of crisis intervention (sessions/week) | 1.5 (0.7) | 10.840 | < .001 | 19.3% |
Portion of sessions with component | ||||
Assessment and treatment planning | .87 (.33) | 12.421 | < .001 | 16.0% |
Assessment of severe conditions | .06 (.24) | 2.946 | < .001 | 2.7% |
Practical support | .08 (.28) | 5.332 | < .001 | 11.6% |
Psychological interventions | .88 (.32) | 6.178 | < .001 | 19.7% |
Family involvement | .11 (.32) | 4.297 | < .001 | 8.1% |
Medication management | .12 (.33) | 16.417 | < .001 | 14.3% |
Collaboration with hospital/inpatient services | .05 (.21) | 3.429 | < .001 | 0.5% |
Collaboration with GP and primary care | .13 (.33) | 9.188 | < .001 | 12.7% |
Differences between clusters of crisis resolution teams
Cluster 1 (N = 10) | Cluster 2 (N = 15) | Differencea | |
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p |
Accessibility | |||
Response time: days from referral to session | 1.91 (0.33) | 2.41 (0.34) | .001 |
Proportion with first session on referral day | 0.45 (0,16) | 0.29 (0.12) | .007 |
Number of sessions registered/service user | 3.68 (1.49) | 3.10 (1.25) | .308 |
Proportion of sessions outside CRT location | 0.57 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.13) | < .001 |
Proportion of sessions outside office hours | 0.29 (0.17) | 0.07 (0.12) | .001 |
Proportion of sessions with two members | 0.72 (0.22) | 0.49 (0.28) | .036 |
Duration of sessions (grouped by duration) | 2.99 (0.33) | 3.12 (0.26) | .291 |
Duration of CRT care (weeks) | 2.27 (0.72) | 2.31 (0.71) | .895 |
Intensity of CRT care (sessions/week) | 1.65 (0.35) | 1.31 (0.18) | .004 |
Portion of sessions with component | |||
Assessment and treatment planning | 0.61 (0.07) | 0.53 (0.11) | .084 |
Assessment of severe conditions | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | .984 |
Practical support | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | .818 |
Psychological interventions | 0.53 (0.08) | 0.51 (0.12) | .526 |
Family involvement | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.05) | .191 |
Medication management | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.13) | .891 |
Collaboration with inpatient services | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | .166 |
Collaboration with GP and primary care | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.04 | .888 |