Added value of serial bio-adrenomedullin measurement in addition to lactate for the prognosis of septic patients admitted to ICU
verfasst von:
Alice Blet, Charles de Roquetaillade, Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, Alexandre Mebazaa, Benjamin Glenn Chousterman, on behalf of the Adrenoss-1 study investigators
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
To the editor:
Sepsis mortality decreased over the last decades, although it remains dramatically high [1]. The implementation of guidelines such as the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) contributed to these progresses. SSC recommends to guide resuscitation on normalization of lactate levels [2]. Guiding resuscitation on lactate reduction is highly debated [3]. Anyway, normalization of lactate is associated with improved outcome [4]. We have recently shown that plasma levels of bio-adrenomedullin (bio-ADM), a peptide regulating vascular integrity and endothelial function, were associated with patient outcome during sepsis [5]. Interestingly, we observed that patients with elevated bio-ADM levels at admission and with low bio-ADM levels 2 days later had similar outcome to patients with persistently low bio-ADM levels. We therefore aimed to evaluate the added value of bio-ADM to lactate measurement in the AdrenOSS-1 cohort.
Anzeige
The AdrenOSS-1 study is a prospective observational study conducted in 24 centers within 5 European countries and included 583 septic patients from June 2015 to May 2016 [5]. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. We evaluated the relationship between the association of initial evolution of lactate plasma levels and bio-ADM level at 24 h and outcome in patients for whom both markers were available at admission and 1 day later (“24 h”). As described previously, bio-ADM levels below or above 70 pg/mL were considered respectively as low and high [5].
In patients with high lactate levels (> 2 mmol/L) at admission (n = 328) (Table 1), lactate normalization (< 2 mmol/L) at 24 h was associated with better outcome than in patients with persistently high lactate at 24 h (28-day mortality 15.9% vs 41.9% respectively, HR 3.3 [2.0–5.3], p < 0.001) (Fig. 1).
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of septic patients admitted with a lactate level > 2 mmol/L and alive at 24 h (n = 269)
Patient characteristics
All
24 h lactate < 2 mmol/L and bio-ADM < 70 pg/mL
24 h lactate < 2 mmol/L and bio-ADM > 70 pg/mL
24 h lactate > 2 mmol/L and bio-ADM < 70 pg/mL
24 h lactate > 2 mmol/L and bio-ADM > 70 pg/mL
p value
Number of patients (if not indicated n = 269)
Number of patients (n, %)
269 (100)
75 (27.9)
70 (26.0)
28 (10.4)
96 (35.7)
bio-ADM at admission (pg/ml)
113.7 [59.3–206.4]
46.7 [33.1–63.0]
137.3 [103.2–217.8]
61.5 [36.3–84.3]
192.4 [129.0–355.6]
< 0.0001
Lactate at admission (mmol/l)
3.6 [2.6–5.5]
2.8 [2.3–3.5]
3.3 [2.5–4.5]
3.5 [2.7–4.6]
5.4 [3.5–8.8]
< 0.0001
Age (years)
65.7 [54.7–75.6]
64.0 [54.4–71.8]
65.7 [58.5–74.3]
67.6 [56.8–76.9]
67.8 [54.6–77.4]
0.4697
Male sex (n, %)
171 (63.6)
52 (69.3)
45 (64.3)
18 (64.3)
56 (58.3)
0.5253
Body mass index (kg/m2)
26.1 [23.1–30.8]
26.1 [23.9–29.4]
25.1 [20.5–30.4]
26.4 [22.9–31.3]
27.3 [23.6–31.8]
0.3834
n = 232
Septic shock at admission (n, %)
172 (63.9)
34 (45.3)
46 (65.7)
15 (53.6)
77 (80.2)
0.0001
Type of ICU admission
0.1378
Medical (n, %)
198 (73.6)
62 (82.7)
49 (70.0)
24 (85.7)
63 (65.6)
Surgical—emergency procedure (n, %)
60 (22.3)
10 (13.3)
18 (25.7)
4 (14.3)
28 (29.2)
Surgical—elective procedure (n, %)
11 (4.1)
3 (4.0)
3 (4.3)
0 (0.0)
5 (5.2)
Origin of sepsis
0.0156
Lung (n, %)
87 (32.3)
28 (37.3)
16 (22.9)
15 (53.6)
28 (29.2)
Bloodstream (n, %)
35 (13)
14 (18.7)
8 (11.4)
4 (14.3)
9 (9.4)
Urinary tract (n, %)
46 (17.1)
4 (5.3)
15 (21.4)
4 (14.3)
23 (24)
Catheter (n, %)
15 (5.6)
4 (5.3)
3 (4.3)
3 (10.7)
5 (5.2)
Peritonitis (n, %)
16 (5.9)
6 (8.0)
3 (4.3)
0 (0.0)
7 (7.3)
Endocarditis (n, %)
14 (5.2)
4 (5.3)
4 (5.7)
1 (3.6)
5 (5.2)
Bile duct infection (n, %)
4 (1.5)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.1)
CNS (n, %)
1 (0.4)
1 (1.3)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Skin and soft tissue (n, %)
4 (1.5)
4 (5.3)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Gynecologic (n, %)
1 (0.4)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.0)
Other (n, %)
46 (17.1)
10 (13.3)
19 (27.1)
1 (3.6)
16 (16.7)
Medical history
Any cardiac comorbidity (n, %)
184 (68.4)
43 (57.3)
49 (70)
18 (64.3)
74 (77.1)
0.0481
Chronic heart failure (n, %)
29 (10.9)
6 (8.0)
5 (7.2)
3 (11.1)
15 (15.8)
0.2684
Hypertension (n, %)
143 (53.8)
33 (44.0)
38 (55.1)
14 (50.0)
58 (61.7)
0.1407
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)
76 (28.4)
21 (28.0)
19 (27.5)
3 (10.7)
33 (34.4)
0.1102
Any noncardiac comorbidity (n, %)
198 (73.6)
51 (68.0)
55 (78.6)
21 (75.0)
71 (74.0)
0.5447
Chronic renal disease (n, %)
31 (11.7)
6 (8.1)
10 (14.5)
2 (7.1)
13 (13.7)
0.4978
Active/recent malignant tumors (n, %)
60 (22.5)
10 (13.3)
19 (27.9)
7 (25.0)
24 (25.0)
0.1565
Smoking (active) (n, %)
57 (21.8)
17 (23.0)
15 (22.1)
5 (19.2)
20 (21.5)
0.9827
COPD (n, %)
35 (13.1)
9 (12.0)
12 (17.4)
5 (17.9)
9 (9.5)
0.4156
Any chronic medication (n, %)
176 (65.4)
42 (56.0)
53 (75.7)
16 (57.1)
65 (67.7)
0.0632
Immunosuppressive therapy (n, %)
26 (9.7)
5 (6.7)
5 (7.1)
3 (10.7)
13 (13.5)
0.3963
Physiological values at admission
Temperature (°C)
37.2 [36.3–38.3]
37.2 [36.4–38.3]
37.2 [36.4–38.2]
36.9 [35.8–37.7]
37.2 [36.3–38.4]
0.6926
Mean blood pressure (mmHg)
73 [62–92]
82 [68.5–99]
70.5 [60–84]
77.5 [58–94.2]
69 [58.5–86]
0.0009
n = 266
Heart rate (beats/min)
108 [96–122]
110 [93–123.5]
107 [95.2–118.7]
106 [97.7–115]
112.5 [97.7–130.2]
0.2976
Central venous pressure (mmHg)
8 [5–12]
8 [5–13]
7 [3–11]
8 [7–8]
9 [6–12]
0.3535
n = 75
Glasgow Coma Scale score (points)
15 [13–15]
15 [14–15]
15 [14–15]
14 [13–15]
15 [13–15]
0.4721
n = 253
Fluid balance (mL)
2500 [1141–4716]
1930 [892–2626]
2156 [1375–3939]
2820 [1292–4323]
3657 [1426–5750]
0.0002
n = 235
Urine output for 24 h (mL)
1000 [354–1867]
1350 [941–2667]
675 [301–1619]
1562.5 [951–2220]
600 [177–1480]
< 0.0001
n = 248
PaO2/FiO2
220 [131–330]
254 [155–362]
231 [145–321]
211 [96–330]
190 [115–314]
0.1637
n = 244
Laboratory values at admission
Arterial pH
7.36 [7.27–7.42]
7.41 [7.34–7.45]
7.37 [7.26–7.42]
7.38 [7.31–7.44]
7.31 [7.22–7.38]
< 0.0001
n = 261
Bilirubin (μmol/L)
12 [7–22]
13 [6.75–22.2]
11 [5.5–20.5]
12 [8–20.5]
12 [7–22]
0.7229
n = 259
Platelets (109/L)
188 [116–265]
180 [128–261]
176 [110–284]
243 [135–336]
181 [110–245]
0.2770
n = 268
Creatinine (mg/dL)
1.5 [1.02–2.26]
1.13 [0.85–1.63]
1.79 [1.23–2.65]
1.03 [0.74–1.45]
1.72 [1.2–2.62]
< 0.0001
Urea (mg/dL)
66 [41–109.91]
50.45 [36.04–78.34]
85.29 [53.6–118.77]
52 [33.48–77.27]
73.57 [46.7–120.84]
0.0001
Hematocrit (%)
35 [30–39]
36 [30–39]
35 [30–40]
35 [31–37]
34 [29–40]
0.9579
n = 265
White blood cell count (per mm3)
11,690 [6037–18,142]
13,400 [8390–18,700]
11,115 [5497–16,500]
11,770 [7780–15,950]
10,780 [4200–17,722]
0.1827
n = 268
Troponin T, maximum at admission (ng/mL)
41.73 [18–219]
24 [14–50.5]
40.86 [19.5–126.75]
14 [13–47]
87.5 [27.82–329.25]
0.0535
n = 73
Troponin I, maximum at admission (ng/mL)
100 [29.9–323]
79 [19.25–327.23]
135 [37.02–233.68]
114.95 [22.48–230]
100 [31.9–312.95]
0.9752
n = 77
PCT, maximum at admission (ng/mL)
19.17 [6.33–79.32]
10.36 [4.35–37.93]
27.62 [7.75–60]
5.42 [2.24–11.21]
43.64 [9.6–103.41]
0.0054
n = 144
PCT, central laboratory (ng/mL)
15.34 [5.37–48.43]
8.21 [2.4–18.21]
22.55 [9.68–53.25]
7.12 [2.04–20.73]
29.22 [8.73–64.8]
< 0.0001
n = 269
BNP, maximum at admission (pg/mL)
376.2 [159–1132]
376.2 [169.5–1011]
356.1 [228–540.2]
219 [143.7–324]
757 [141.7–1619.5]
0.4335
n = 49
NT-proBNP, maximum at admission (pg/mL)
5119 [1620–17,118]
1847 [621–6709]
3873 [2594–23,052]
792 [249–3074]
7097 [4884–24,340]
0.0135
n = 54
Organ support at admission
Mechanical ventilation
0.0008
Invasive (n, %)
125 (46.5)
24 (32.0)
29 (41.4)
12 (42.9)
60 (62.5)
Noninvasive (n, %)
49 (18.2)
16 (21.3)
9 (12.9)
7 (25.0)
17 (17.7)
None (n, %)
95 (35.3)
35 (46.7)
32 (45.7)
9 (32.1)
19 (19.8)
Renal replacement therapy (n, %)
28 (10.4)
1 (1.3)
7 (10.0)
3 (10.7)
17 (17.7)
0.0070
Vasopressors/inotropes at admission (n, %)
192 (71.4)
41 (54.7)
51 (72.9)
18 (64.3)
82 (85.4)
0.0001
ICU scoring systems
SOFA (points)
8 [6–11]
6 [4–9]
8 [7–11]
8 [5–9]
10 [7–11.5]
< 0.0001
n = 240
APACHE II (points)
17 [13–22]
15 [10–18]
17 [12.2–21]
18.5 [13.7–23]
19 [15–23.2]
< 0.0001
ICU length of stay (days)
6 [3–11]
5 [3–7.5]
7 [4–13]
5.5 [2.7–9.5]
7 [3–16.2]
0.0170
Mortality
28-day, deaths (n, %)
75 (27.9)
5 (6.7)
18 (25.7)
4 (14.3)
48 (50.0)
< 0.0001
90-day, deaths (n, %)
93 (34.6)
10 (13.3)
22 (31.4)
6 (21.4)
55 (57.3)
< 0.0001
Data are presented as median [IQR] or n (%)
Fig. 1
Impact of 24 h lactate and bio-ADM values in patients with elevated lactate level at admission. The green curve in the left KM-plot illustrates data from 75 patients with 5 events, the red curve 70 patients with 18 events. The green curve in the right KM-plot illustrates data from 28 patients with 4 events, the red curve 96 patients with 48 events. Of note, differences in numbers between admission (n = 328) and 24 h (n = 269) is related to initial mortality
×
Interestingly, among patients with decreasing lactate, high and low bio-ADM levels at 24 h identified patients with substantially different outcomes (28-day mortality 7% vs 26% for low vs high bio-ADM respectively, HR 4.4 [1.6–11.7], p < 0.005) (Fig. 1). High and low bio-ADM levels at 24 h also differentiated outcome of patients with persistently elevated lactate (HR 4.5 [1.6–12.3], p < 0.005).
In patients with low initial lactate (n = 234 admitted and n = 171 alive at 24 h), overall 28-day mortality was 11.2%, neither lactate nor bio-ADM added prognostic value.
Anzeige
For all analyses, similar results were obtained, when missing 24 h data were replaced by the last available values.
Accordingly, our data suggest that measurement of bio-ADM in addition to lactate may help physicians to refine risk stratification and therefore to guide resuscitation during sepsis.
Acknowledgements
The authors are particularly grateful to Marie-Céline Fournier, who coordinated organizational aspects of the study. The authors also thank the Centre de Recherche Clinique (CRC) of Lariboisière University Hospital for support.
Listing of site investigators of the AdrenOSS-1 study:
AdrenOSS-1 study investigators:
Belgium, Brussels: Pierre-François Laterre, Caroline Berghe, Marie-France Dujardin, Suzanne Renard, Xavier Wittebole, Christine Collienne, Diego Castanares Zapatero; Ottignies: Thierry Dugernier, Marco Vinetti, Nicolas de Schryver, Anne Thirifays, Jacques Mairesse; Haine-St-Paul: Vincent Huberlant, Hélène Petre, Isabelle Buelens, Pierre Henin, Hugues Trine, Yves Laurent, Loix Sébastien, Paul Geukens, Laurent Kehl. France, Limoges: Bruno François, Philippe Vignon, Nicolas Pichon, Emmanuelle Begot, Anne-Laure Fedou, Catherine Chapellas, Antoine Galy, Nicolas Rodier, Ludmilla Baudrillart, Michelle Nouaille, Séverine Laleu, Claire Mancia, Thomas Daix, Paul Bourzeix, Isabelle Herafa, Anne-Aurore Duchambon; La Roche sur Yon: Jean Baptiste Lascarrou, Maud Fiancette, Gwenhael Colin, Matthieu Henry-Lagarrigue, Jean-Claude Lacherade, Christine Lebert, Laurent Martin-Levfèvre, Isabelle Vinatier, Aihem Yehia, Konstantinos Bachoumas, Aurélie Joret, Jean Reignier, Cécille Rousseau, Natacha Maquigneau, Yolaine Alcourt, Vanessa Erragne Zinzonni, Angélique Deschamps, Angelina Robert; Tours: Emmanuelle Mercier, Véronique Simeon-Vieules, Aurélie Aubrey, Christine Mabilat, Denis Garot, Stephan Ehrmann, Annick Legras, Manikikian, Youenn Jouan, Pierre-François Dequin, Antoine Guillon, Laetitia Bodet-Contentin, Emmannuelle Rouve, Charlotte Salmon, Lysiane Brick, Stéphanie Massat; Angoulême: Arnaud Desachy, Marie Anne Fally, Laurence Robin, Christophe Cracco, Charles Lafon, Sylvie Calvat, Stéphane Rouleau, David Schnell; Angers: Sigismond Lasocki, Philippe Fesard, Damien Leblanc, Guillaume Bouhours, Claire Chassier, Mathieu Conte, Thomas Gaillard, Floriane Denou, Mathieu Kerymel, Marion Guyon, Anthéa Loiez, Stéphanie Lebreton; Strasbourg – Nouvel Hôpital Civil: Ferhat Meziani, Hayat Allam, Samir Chenaf, Hassène Rahmani, Sarah Heenen, Christine Kummerlen, Xavier Delabranche, Alexandra Boivin, Raphaël Clere-Jehl, Yannick Rabouël; Strasbourg – Hôpital HautePierre: Julien Pottecher, Sophie Bayer, Catherine Metzger, Stéphane Hecketsweiler, Pierre Olivier Ludes, Hortense Besancenot, Nadia Dhif, Guy Freys, Jean-Marc Lessinger, Anne Launoy, Aude Ruimy, Alain Meyer, M. Szozot; Paris – Hôpital Lariboisière: Alexandre Mebazaa, Nicolas Deye, Etienne Gayat, Marie-Céline Fournier, Sarra Abroug, Badr Louadah, Elodie Feliot, Sebastian Voicu, Isabelle Malissin, Bruno Megarbane, Philippe Manivet, Gardianot Victori, Da Silva Kelly, Béatrice La Foucher, Valérie Pierre, Lamia Kerdjana, Thomas Beeken, Antoine Goury, Pierre Garcon, Samuel Gaugain, Benjamin Glenn Chousterman, Benjamin Huot, Romain Barthelemy, Benjamin Soyer; Paris – Hôpital St Louis: Laurent Jacob, Matthieu Legrand, Marie-Céline Fournier, Francine Bonnet, Chloé Legall, Haikel Oueslati, Alexandru Cupaciu, Philippe Manivet, Badr Louadah; Paris – Hôpital Bichat: Romain Sonneville, Sophie Letrou, Lila Bouadma, Bruno Mourvillier, Véronique Deiler, Eric Magalhaes, Mathilde Neuville, Jean-François Timsit, Aguila Radjou; Colombes: Stéphane Gaudry, Emeline Dubief, Jonathan Messika, Béatrice La Combe, Damien Roux, Guillaume Berquier, Mohamed Laissi, Jean-Damien Ricard; Clermont Ferrand: Jean-Michel Constantin, Sebastien Perbet, Julie Delmas, Julien Pascal, Sophie Cayot, Renaud Guerin, Matthieu Jabaudon, Laurence Roszyk, Christine Rolhion, Justine Bourdier, Mathilde Lematte, Charlène Gouhier, Camille Verlhac, Thomas Godet, Sophiano Radji, Elodie Caumon, Sandrine Thibault. Germany, Aachen: Nikolaus Marx, Tobias Schuerholz, Jessica Pezechk, Florian Feld, Christian Brülls, Thorben Beeker, Tim-Philipp Simon, Robert Deisz, Achim Schindler, Bianca Meier, Thorsten Janisch; Köln: Andreas Hohn, Dirk Schedler, Wolfgang Wetsch, Daniel Schröder; Erfurt: Andreas Meier-Hellmann, Alexander Lucht, Robert Henker, Magdalena Römmer, Torsten Meinig; Frankfurt: Kai D. Zacharowski, Patrick Meybohm, Simone Lindau, Haitham Mutlak; Hamburg: Stefan Kluge, Grit Ringeis, Birgit Füllekrug, Brigitte Singer, Axel Nierhaus, Katrin Bangert, Geraldine de Heer, Daniel Frings, Valentin Fuhrmann, Jakob Müller, Jörg Schreiber, Barbara Sensen, Stephanie Siedler, Annekatrin Siewecke, Gerold Söffker, Dominic Wichmann, Mélanie Kerinn; Augsburg: Ulrich Jaschinski, Ilse Kreuser, Marlene Zanquila; Jena: Andreas Kortgen, Frank Bloos, Falk Gonnert, Daniel Thomas-Rüddel, Anja Haucke, Steffi Kolanos, Karina Knuhr Kohlberg, Petra Bloos, Katrin Schwope; Italy, Rome: Sant’Andrea Hospital: Salvatore Di Somma, Marino Rossella, Veronica Russo, Santarelli Simona, Christopher Bartoli, Sylvia Navarin, Cristina Bongiovanni, Michela Orru, Daniela Quatrocchi, Giada Zoccoli, Antonella Varchetta; Rome – Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli: Massimo Antonelli, Gennaro de Pascale, Maria Sole Vallecoccia, Salvatore Lucio Cutuli, Valentina Digravio, Daniela Quattrochi, Sonia D’Arrigo, Filippo Elvino Leone; The Netherlands, Enschede: Bert Beishuizen, Martin Rinket, Natalie Border, Mariska Bos-Burgmeijer, Astrid Braad, S. Papendorp, Alexander Cornet, J. Vermeijden, Ronald J Trof; Nijmegen: Peter Pickkers, Marieke van de A, Helen Van Wezel, Leo Heunks, Natalie Border, Chantal Luijten-Arts, Astrid Hoedemaekers, Hans van der Hoeven, Noortje Roovers, Pleun Hemelaar.
Ethics declarations
Charles de Roquetaillade works as a resident in the Saint Louis Lariboisière University Hospitals. Alice Blet is an attending physician in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care of Saint Louis Lariboisière University Hospitals. Oliver Hartmann and Joachim Struck are employees of sphingotec GmbH, the company that developed and holds patent rights in the bio-ADM assay. The other authors are members of the steering committee and/or investigators in the Adrenoss study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was conducted in France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Italy, and Germany. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committees, and the study was conducted in accordance with Directive 2001/20/EC as well as good clinical practice (International Conference on Harmonization Harmonized Tripartite Guideline version 4 of May 1, 1996, and decision of November 24, 2006) and the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were included from June 2015 to May 2016.
Anzeige
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
AM has received speaker’s honoraria from Novartis, Orion, and Servier and fees as a member of the advisory board and/or steering committee from Cardiorentis, Adrenomed, sphingotec, Sanofi, Roche, Abbott, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. EG has received consulting fees from Adrenomed, Roche Diagnostics, and Magnisense and lecture fees from Edwards Lifesciences. OH and JS are employees of sphingotec GmbH, the company that developed and holds patent rights in the bio-ADM assay. BC received fees as a member of an advisory board from Roche Diagnostics. The other authors declare that there are no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Added value of serial bio-adrenomedullin measurement in addition to lactate for the prognosis of septic patients admitted to ICU
verfasst von
Alice Blet Charles de Roquetaillade Oliver Hartmann Joachim Struck Alexandre Mebazaa Benjamin Glenn Chousterman on behalf of the Adrenoss-1 study investigators
Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.
Schmerzen im Unterbauch, aber sonst nicht viel, was auf eine Appendizitis hindeutete: Ein junger Mann hatte Glück, dass trotzdem eine Laparoskopie mit Appendektomie durchgeführt und der Wurmfortsatz histologisch untersucht wurde.
Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.
Derzeit wird empfohlen, eine Therapie mit GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten präoperativ zu unterbrechen. Eine neue Studie nährt jedoch Zweifel an der Notwendigkeit der Maßnahme.
Update AINS
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.
