We read with great interest the article by Tarvasmäki et al. [1], who observed the relationship between vasopressor/inotrope use and outcome in patients with cardiac shock (CS). Their results indicate that use of adrenaline in CS is associated with increased 90-day mortality and marked worsening of cardiac and renal biomarkers during the first few days. The study underscores the need for randomized controlled trials of adrenaline versus noradrenaline in CS.
However, we have to raise a serious question regarding the undetailed subgroup of patients with cardiac arrest (CA) because we consider that those CA patients should have been excluded from this study or at least should be analyzed in the form of a subgroup. According to their results, 39 % of patients received adrenaline prior to inclusion because of CA. After inclusion, 21 % of patients received adrenaline. We doubt whether the “21 %” were mainly those who suffered from CA. This is of vital importance because it may cause an obvious bias. This is true when we review their data. Their Table 1 explicitly indicates that patients treated with adrenaline had more severe complications with higher proportions of confusion, oliguria, and hyperlactacidemia. However, a large number of CA patients can also present with confusion, oliguria, and hyperlactacidemia if they experience a prolonged low-flow or no-flow state. Therefore, it should be realized that the CA patients were inappropriately included.
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Adrenaline use is associated with higher oxygen requirements of the heart [2]. The very recent European and American guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure do not recommend routine use of adrenaline in CS unless patients have persistent hypotension despite adequate cardiac filling pressures and the use of other vasoactive agents and resuscitation [3, 4]. The use of noradrenaline has been prevalent in the management of critically ill patients and has been given high grade recommendations in guidelines. Thus, we do not think further clinical trials are required to compare adrenaline and noradrenaline for the treatment of CS.
Authors’ response
Tuukka Tarvasmäki, Johan Lassus, Alexandre Mebazaa and Veli-Pekka Harjola
We thank Zhao and colleagues for their interest in our paper. We agree that showing the results of survival analyses excluding resuscitated patients may be of additional value. Hence, in the subgroup of patients that were not resuscitated, the adjusted 90-day mortality odds ratio for adrenaline (versus other vasopressors) was 6.5 (95 % confidence interval 1.5–27.2, p = 0.01). Figure S2 (Additional file 5) in our original paper [1] confirms the detrimental evolution of cardiac and renal biomarkers in patients treated with adrenaline versus other vasopressors in the subgroup of non-resuscitated patients.
While subgroup analyses in the non-resuscitated patients consistently showed that adrenaline was associated with detrimental effects on outcome, we prefer to present the results for the whole cohort—not specifically excluding patients who had cardiac arrest—as resuscitated patients are part of our daily practice. Indeed, a significant proportion of patients (28 % in the CardShock study) with cardiogenic shock are resuscitated.
We would also take the opportunity to clarify the numbers regarding the frequency of adrenaline use. Of all patients included in the study, 21 % (46/216) were treated with adrenaline, defined as the use of continuous infusion (not bolus injection related to, e.g., resuscitation). However, less than half of the patients treated with continuous adrenaline, 39 % (18/46), were resuscitated prior to study inclusion. On the other hand, 70 % of resuscitated patients were not treated later with continuous adrenaline.
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It is true that confusion, oliguria, and elevated lactate levels are very common after cardiac arrest, reflecting inadequate organ perfusion also in this scenario. Nevertheless, signs of hypoperfusion are clinical landmark signs of cardiogenic shock, with or without prior resuscitation.
The recently published European guidelines [3] recommend rather restrictive use of adrenaline in the setting of cardiogenic shock, but the level of evidence is low. The latter might explain the surprisingly common use of adrenaline. Moreover, there are no large randomized studies supporting the recommendation to prefer noradrenaline over adrenaline in CS. Altogether, we still believe that there is room for a pivotal trial to identify the most efficient drug regimen with a favorable safety profile in CS.
Availability of supporting data
All data supporting our findings is available through PubMed.
Authors’ contributions
SYJ wrote the letter. YHS and XGZ proofread and edited the letter. All authors have read and approved the final version.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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