Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Dermatology Reports 4/2018

22.10.2018 | Immunology (D Lee, Section Editor)

Advances in Immune Pathways and Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis

verfasst von: Houmin Li, Delphine J. Lee, Meiling Yuen

Erschienen in: Current Dermatology Reports | Ausgabe 4/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent eczema accompanied by an intractable itch that leads to an impaired quality of life. This review aims to summarize the advances in immune pathways and pathogenesis of AD.

Recent Findings

We review and summarize the current literature characterizing immune pathways and pathogenesis of AD. The complex interplay among skin barrier deficiency, immunological derangement, microbiome dysbiosis especially Staphylococcus aureus predominance, and pruritus contribute to the development, progression, and chronicity of the disease.

Summary

AD is a complex and multifactorial disease. The skin barrier, dysbiosis of the skin microbiome, immune dysregulation, and severe itch all play a part in the pathogenesis of AD. Based on this progress, better targeted therapies are now emerging.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387(10023):1109–22.PubMed Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387(10023):1109–22.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Wollina U. Atopic dermatitis and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(1):62–6.PubMed Wollina U. Atopic dermatitis and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(1):62–6.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Eckert L, Gupta S, Amand C, Gadkari A, Mahajan P, Gelfand JM. The burden of atopic dermatitis in US adults: health care resource utilization data from the 2013 National Health and Wellness Survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):54–61.PubMed Eckert L, Gupta S, Amand C, Gadkari A, Mahajan P, Gelfand JM. The burden of atopic dermatitis in US adults: health care resource utilization data from the 2013 National Health and Wellness Survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):54–61.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandilands A, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Hull PR, O'Regan GM, Clayton TH, Watson RM, et al. Comprehensive analysis of the gene encoding filaggrin uncovers prevalent and rare mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema. Nat Genet. 2007;39(5):650–4.PubMed Sandilands A, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Hull PR, O'Regan GM, Clayton TH, Watson RM, et al. Comprehensive analysis of the gene encoding filaggrin uncovers prevalent and rare mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema. Nat Genet. 2007;39(5):650–4.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Thyssen JP, Kezic S. Causes of epidermal filaggrin reduction and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):792–9.PubMed Thyssen JP, Kezic S. Causes of epidermal filaggrin reduction and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):792–9.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawasaki H, Kubo A, Sasaki T, Amagai M. Loss-of-function mutations within the filaggrin gene and atopic dermatitis. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2011;41:35–46.PubMed Kawasaki H, Kubo A, Sasaki T, Amagai M. Loss-of-function mutations within the filaggrin gene and atopic dermatitis. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2011;41:35–46.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Venkataraman D, Soto-Ramírez N, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Holloway JW, Karmaus W, Ewart SL, et al. Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are associated with food allergy in childhood and adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):876–882.e4.PubMedPubMedCentral Venkataraman D, Soto-Ramírez N, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Holloway JW, Karmaus W, Ewart SL, et al. Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are associated with food allergy in childhood and adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):876–882.e4.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Fanton N, Santoro D, Cornegliani L, Marsella R. Increased filaggrin-metabolizing enzyme activity in atopic skin: a pilot study using a canine model of atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28(5):479–e111.PubMed Fanton N, Santoro D, Cornegliani L, Marsella R. Increased filaggrin-metabolizing enzyme activity in atopic skin: a pilot study using a canine model of atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28(5):479–e111.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsui T, Miyamoto K, Kubo A, Kawasaki H, Ebihara T, Hata K, et al. SASPase regulates stratum corneum hydration through profilaggrin-to-filaggrin processing. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3(6):320–33.PubMedPubMedCentral Matsui T, Miyamoto K, Kubo A, Kawasaki H, Ebihara T, Hata K, et al. SASPase regulates stratum corneum hydration through profilaggrin-to-filaggrin processing. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3(6):320–33.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoste E, Kemperman P, Devos M, Denecker G, Kezic S, Yau N, et al. Caspase-14 is required for filaggrin degradation to natural moisturizing factors in the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(11):2233–41.PubMed Hoste E, Kemperman P, Devos M, Denecker G, Kezic S, Yau N, et al. Caspase-14 is required for filaggrin degradation to natural moisturizing factors in the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(11):2233–41.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawasaki H, Nagao K, Kubo A, Hata T, Shimizu A, Mizuno H, et al. Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:1538–1546.e1536.PubMed Kawasaki H, Nagao K, Kubo A, Hata T, Shimizu A, Mizuno H, et al. Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:1538–1546.e1536.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeong SK, Kim HJ, Youm JK, Ahn SK, Choi EH, Sohn MH, et al. Mite and cockroach allergens activate protease-activated receptor 2 and delay epidermal permeability barrier recovery. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1930–9.PubMed Jeong SK, Kim HJ, Youm JK, Ahn SK, Choi EH, Sohn MH, et al. Mite and cockroach allergens activate protease-activated receptor 2 and delay epidermal permeability barrier recovery. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1930–9.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Thyssen JP, Kezic S. Causes of epidermal filaggrin reduction and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:792–9.PubMed Thyssen JP, Kezic S. Causes of epidermal filaggrin reduction and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:792–9.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang XW, Wang JJ, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Salimi M, Selvakumar TA, Gwela A, et al. Deficiency of filaggrin regulates endogenous cysteine protease activity, leading to impaired skin barrier function. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(6):622–31.PubMed Wang XW, Wang JJ, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Salimi M, Selvakumar TA, Gwela A, et al. Deficiency of filaggrin regulates endogenous cysteine protease activity, leading to impaired skin barrier function. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(6):622–31.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Sekiya A, Kono M, Tsujiuchi H, Kobayashi T, Nomura T, Kitakawa M, et al. Compound heterozygotes for filaggrin gene mutations do not always show severe atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(1):158–62.PubMed Sekiya A, Kono M, Tsujiuchi H, Kobayashi T, Nomura T, Kitakawa M, et al. Compound heterozygotes for filaggrin gene mutations do not always show severe atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(1):158–62.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Gruber R, Bonchen C, Rose K, Daubmann A, Volksdorf T, Wladykowski E, et al. Diverse regulation of claudin-1 and claudin-4 in atopic dermatitis. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:2777–89.PubMed Gruber R, Bonchen C, Rose K, Daubmann A, Volksdorf T, Wladykowski E, et al. Diverse regulation of claudin-1 and claudin-4 in atopic dermatitis. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:2777–89.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat De Benedetto A, Rafaels NM, McGirt LY, Ivanov AI, Georas SN, Cheadle C, et al. Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:773–86.PubMed De Benedetto A, Rafaels NM, McGirt LY, Ivanov AI, Georas SN, Cheadle C, et al. Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:773–86.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuki T, Tobiishi M, Kusaka-Kikushima A, Ota Y, Tokura Y. Impaired tight junctions in atopic dermatitis skin and in a skin-equivalent model treated with interleukin-17. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161759.PubMedPubMedCentral Yuki T, Tobiishi M, Kusaka-Kikushima A, Ota Y, Tokura Y. Impaired tight junctions in atopic dermatitis skin and in a skin-equivalent model treated with interleukin-17. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161759.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim YE, Cho N, Cheon S, Kim KK. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, alleviates atopic dermatitis by increasing claudin 1 protein expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 Nov 4;493(1):744–50.PubMed Kim YE, Cho N, Cheon S, Kim KK. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, alleviates atopic dermatitis by increasing claudin 1 protein expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 Nov 4;493(1):744–50.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Li S, Villarreal M, Stewart S, Choi J, Ganguli-Indra G, Babineau DC, et al. Altered composition of epidermal lipids correlates with Staphylococcus aureus colonization status in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177:e125–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Li S, Villarreal M, Stewart S, Choi J, Ganguli-Indra G, Babineau DC, et al. Altered composition of epidermal lipids correlates with Staphylococcus aureus colonization status in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177:e125–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Danso M, Boiten W, van Drongelen V, Gmelig Meijling K, Gooris G, El Ghalbzouri A, et al. Altered expression of epidermal lipid bio-synthesis enzymes in atopic dermatitis skin is accompanied by changes in stratum corneum lipid composition. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;88:57–66.PubMed Danso M, Boiten W, van Drongelen V, Gmelig Meijling K, Gooris G, El Ghalbzouri A, et al. Altered expression of epidermal lipid bio-synthesis enzymes in atopic dermatitis skin is accompanied by changes in stratum corneum lipid composition. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;88:57–66.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ito S, Ishikawa J, Naoe A, Yoshida H, Hachiya A, Fujimura T, et al. Ceramide synthase 4 is highly expressed in involved skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:135–41.PubMed Ito S, Ishikawa J, Naoe A, Yoshida H, Hachiya A, Fujimura T, et al. Ceramide synthase 4 is highly expressed in involved skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:135–41.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh MJ, Nam JJ, Lee EO, Kim JW, Park CS. A synthetic C16 omega-hydroxyphytoceramide improves skin barrier functions from diversely perturbed epidermal conditions. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016;308:563–74.PubMed Oh MJ, Nam JJ, Lee EO, Kim JW, Park CS. A synthetic C16 omega-hydroxyphytoceramide improves skin barrier functions from diversely perturbed epidermal conditions. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016;308:563–74.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowe AJ, Su JC, Allen KJ, Abramson MJ, Cranswick N, Robertson CF, et al. A randomized trial of a barrier lipid replacement strategy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization: the PEBBLES pilot study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(1):e19–21.PubMed Lowe AJ, Su JC, Allen KJ, Abramson MJ, Cranswick N, Robertson CF, et al. A randomized trial of a barrier lipid replacement strategy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization: the PEBBLES pilot study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(1):e19–21.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakatsuji T, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides: old molecules with new ideas. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:887–95.PubMed Nakatsuji T, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides: old molecules with new ideas. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:887–95.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Patra V, Mayer G, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Horn M, Lembo S, Wolf P. Unique profile of antimicrobial peptide expression in polymorphic light eruption lesions compared to healthy skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2018;34(2):137–44.PubMed Patra V, Mayer G, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Horn M, Lembo S, Wolf P. Unique profile of antimicrobial peptide expression in polymorphic light eruption lesions compared to healthy skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2018;34(2):137–44.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Chieosilapatham P, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Current insights into the role of human β-defensins in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017 Nov;190(2):155–66.PubMedPubMedCentral Chieosilapatham P, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Current insights into the role of human β-defensins in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017 Nov;190(2):155–66.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Nakano N, Ng W, Sayama K, Hashimoto K, et al. Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:594–604.PubMed Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Nakano N, Ng W, Sayama K, Hashimoto K, et al. Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:594–604.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat SPINK5 is associated with early-onset and CHI3L1 with late-onset atopic dermatitis. Int J Immunogenet. 2017;44(5):212–8.PubMed SPINK5 is associated with early-onset and CHI3L1 with late-onset atopic dermatitis. Int J Immunogenet. 2017;44(5):212–8.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao LP, Di Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Ma L, Lv Y, et al. Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in Northeast China. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:572–7.PubMed Zhao LP, Di Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Ma L, Lv Y, et al. Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in Northeast China. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:572–7.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Chavanas S, Bodemer C, Rochat A, Hamel-Teillac D, Ali M, Irvine AD, et al. Mutations in SPINK5, encoding a serine protease inhibitor, cause Netherton syndrome. Nat Genet. 2000;25:141–2.PubMed Chavanas S, Bodemer C, Rochat A, Hamel-Teillac D, Ali M, Irvine AD, et al. Mutations in SPINK5, encoding a serine protease inhibitor, cause Netherton syndrome. Nat Genet. 2000;25:141–2.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hendricks AJ, Vaughn AR, Clark AK, Yosipovitch G, Shi VY. Sweat mechanisms and dysfunctions in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2018;89(2):105–11.PubMed Hendricks AJ, Vaughn AR, Clark AK, Yosipovitch G, Shi VY. Sweat mechanisms and dysfunctions in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2018;89(2):105–11.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wruhs M, Gleiß A, Steiner A, Sator P. Quantity and quality of sweating in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309(10):787–93.PubMed Wruhs M, Gleiß A, Steiner A, Sator P. Quantity and quality of sweating in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309(10):787–93.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamaga K, Murota H, Tamura A, Miyata H, Ohmi M, Kikuta J, et al. Claudin-3 loss causes leakage of sweat from the sweat gland to contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(6):1279–87.PubMed Yamaga K, Murota H, Tamura A, Miyata H, Ohmi M, Kikuta J, et al. Claudin-3 loss causes leakage of sweat from the sweat gland to contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(6):1279–87.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Rerknimitr P, Tanizaki H, Yamamoto Y, Amano W, Nakajima S, Nakashima C, et al. Decreased filaggrin level may lead to sweat duct obstruction in filaggrin mutant mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(1):248–51.PubMed Rerknimitr P, Tanizaki H, Yamamoto Y, Amano W, Nakajima S, Nakashima C, et al. Decreased filaggrin level may lead to sweat duct obstruction in filaggrin mutant mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(1):248–51.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Ignacio A, Breda CNS, Camara NOS. Innate lymphoid cells in tissue homeostasis and diseases. World J Hepatol. 2017;9(23):979–89.PubMedPubMedCentral Ignacio A, Breda CNS, Camara NOS. Innate lymphoid cells in tissue homeostasis and diseases. World J Hepatol. 2017;9(23):979–89.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Salimi M, Barlow JL, Saunders SP, Xue L, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Wang X, et al. A role for IL-25 and IL-33-driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis. J Exp Med. 2013;210:2939–50.PubMedPubMedCentral Salimi M, Barlow JL, Saunders SP, Xue L, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Wang X, et al. A role for IL-25 and IL-33-driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis. J Exp Med. 2013;210:2939–50.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, Flynn RJ, Daly M, Langford TK, et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature. 2010;464:1367–70.PubMedPubMedCentral Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, Flynn RJ, Daly M, Langford TK, et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature. 2010;464:1367–70.PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim BS, Wang K, Siracusa MC, Saenz SA, Brestoff JR, Monticelli LA, et al. Basophils promote innate lymphoid cell responses in inflamed skin. J Immunol. 2014;193(7):3717–25.PubMed Kim BS, Wang K, Siracusa MC, Saenz SA, Brestoff JR, Monticelli LA, et al. Basophils promote innate lymphoid cell responses in inflamed skin. J Immunol. 2014;193(7):3717–25.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Salimi M, Stöger L, Liu W, Go S, Pavord I, Klenerman P, et al. Cysteinyl leukotriene E4 activates human group 2 innate lymphoid cells and enhances the effect of prostaglandin D2 and epithelial cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):1090–100. Salimi M, Stöger L, Liu W, Go S, Pavord I, Klenerman P, et al. Cysteinyl leukotriene E4 activates human group 2 innate lymphoid cells and enhances the effect of prostaglandin D2 and epithelial cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):1090–100.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Onoue A, Kabashima K, Kobayashi M, Mori T, Tokura Y. Induction of eosinophil- and Th2-attracting epidermal chemokines and cutaneous late-phase reaction in tape-stripped skin. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:1036–43.PubMed Onoue A, Kabashima K, Kobayashi M, Mori T, Tokura Y. Induction of eosinophil- and Th2-attracting epidermal chemokines and cutaneous late-phase reaction in tape-stripped skin. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:1036–43.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakahigashi K, Kabashima K, Ikoma A, Verkman AS, Miyachi Y, Hara-Chikuma M. Upregulation of aquaporin-3 is involved in keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal hyperplasia. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:865–73.PubMed Nakahigashi K, Kabashima K, Ikoma A, Verkman AS, Miyachi Y, Hara-Chikuma M. Upregulation of aquaporin-3 is involved in keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal hyperplasia. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:865–73.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Totsuka A, Omori-Miyake M, Kawashima M, Yagi J, Tsunemi Y. Expression of keratin 1, keratin 10, desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1 in the epidermis: possible downregulation by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(3):247–53.PubMed Totsuka A, Omori-Miyake M, Kawashima M, Yagi J, Tsunemi Y. Expression of keratin 1, keratin 10, desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1 in the epidermis: possible downregulation by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(3):247–53.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Guttman-Yassky E, Nograles KE, Krueger JG. Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis–part II: immune cell subsets and therapeutic concepts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1420–32.PubMed Guttman-Yassky E, Nograles KE, Krueger JG. Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis–part II: immune cell subsets and therapeutic concepts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1420–32.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho IC, Tai TS, Pai SY. GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:125–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Ho IC, Tai TS, Pai SY. GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:125–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeitvogel J, Jokmin N, Rieker S, Klug I, Brandenberger C, Werfel T. GATA3 regulates FLG and FLG2 expression in human primary keratinocytes. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11847.PubMedPubMedCentral Zeitvogel J, Jokmin N, Rieker S, Klug I, Brandenberger C, Werfel T. GATA3 regulates FLG and FLG2 expression in human primary keratinocytes. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11847.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ariëns LFM, Bakker DS, van der Schaft J, Garritsen FM, Thijs JL, de Bruin-Weller MS. Dupilumab in atopic dermatitis: rationale, latest evidence and place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2018;9(9):159–70.PubMedPubMedCentral Ariëns LFM, Bakker DS, van der Schaft J, Garritsen FM, Thijs JL, de Bruin-Weller MS. Dupilumab in atopic dermatitis: rationale, latest evidence and place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2018;9(9):159–70.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kabashima K. New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;70:3–11.PubMed Kabashima K. New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;70:3–11.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Novak N. An update on the role of human dendritic cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:879–86.PubMed Novak N. An update on the role of human dendritic cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:879–86.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Esaki H, Brunner PM, Renert-Yuval Y, Czarnowicki T, Huynh T, Tran G, et al. Early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis is TH2 but also TH17 polarized in skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(6):1639–51.PubMed Esaki H, Brunner PM, Renert-Yuval Y, Czarnowicki T, Huynh T, Tran G, et al. Early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis is TH2 but also TH17 polarized in skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(6):1639–51.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Narkajlma S, Kitoh A, Egawa G, et al. IL17A as an inducer for Th2 immune responses in murine atopic dermatitis models. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134:122–30. Narkajlma S, Kitoh A, Egawa G, et al. IL17A as an inducer for Th2 immune responses in murine atopic dermatitis models. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134:122–30.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Glocova I, Brück J, Geisel J, Müller-Hermelink E, Widmaier K, Yazdi AS, et al. Induction of skin-pathogenic Th22 cells by epicutaneous allergen exposure. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;87(3):268–77.PubMed Glocova I, Brück J, Geisel J, Müller-Hermelink E, Widmaier K, Yazdi AS, et al. Induction of skin-pathogenic Th22 cells by epicutaneous allergen exposure. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;87(3):268–77.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Floudas A, Saunders SP, Moran T, Schwartz C, Hams E, Fitzgerald DC, et al. IL-17 receptor a maintains and protects the skin barrier to prevent allergic skin inflammation. J Immunol. 2017;199(2):707–17.PubMed Floudas A, Saunders SP, Moran T, Schwartz C, Hams E, Fitzgerald DC, et al. IL-17 receptor a maintains and protects the skin barrier to prevent allergic skin inflammation. J Immunol. 2017;199(2):707–17.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Orciani M, Campanati A, Caffarini M, Ganzetti G, Consales V, Lucarini G, et al. T helper (Th)1, Th17 and Th2 imbalance in mesenchymal stem cells of adult patients with atopic dermatitis: at the origin of the problem. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(6):1569–76.PubMed Orciani M, Campanati A, Caffarini M, Ganzetti G, Consales V, Lucarini G, et al. T helper (Th)1, Th17 and Th2 imbalance in mesenchymal stem cells of adult patients with atopic dermatitis: at the origin of the problem. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(6):1569–76.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Malik K, Heitmiller KD, Czarnowicki T. An update on the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 2017 Jul;35(3):317–26.PubMed Malik K, Heitmiller KD, Czarnowicki T. An update on the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 2017 Jul;35(3):317–26.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Byrd AL, Deming C, Cassidy SKB, Harrison OJ, Ng WI, Conlan S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(397):eaal4651.PubMedPubMedCentral Byrd AL, Deming C, Cassidy SKB, Harrison OJ, Ng WI, Conlan S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(397):eaal4651.PubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Totté JE, van der Feltz WT, Hennekam M, van Belkum A, van Zuuren EJ, Pasmans SG. Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):687–95.PubMed Totté JE, van der Feltz WT, Hennekam M, van Belkum A, van Zuuren EJ, Pasmans SG. Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):687–95.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Two AM, Chun KA, Narala S, Geha RS, et al. Staphylococcus aureus exploits epidermal barrier defects in atopic dermatitis to trigger cytokine expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(11):2192–200.PubMedPubMedCentral Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Two AM, Chun KA, Narala S, Geha RS, et al. Staphylococcus aureus exploits epidermal barrier defects in atopic dermatitis to trigger cytokine expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(11):2192–200.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Nowicka D, Grywalska E. The role of immune defects and colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2018;2018:1956403. Nowicka D, Grywalska E. The role of immune defects and colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2018;2018:1956403.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Corrigan RM, Miajlovic H, Foster TJ. Surface proteins that promote adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to human desquamated nasal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:22PubMedPubMedCentral Corrigan RM, Miajlovic H, Foster TJ. Surface proteins that promote adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to human desquamated nasal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:22PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Mrabet-Dahbi S, Dalpke AH, Niebuhr M, Frey M, Draing C, Brand S, et al. The toll-like receptor 2 R753Q mutation modifies cytokine production and toll-like receptor expression in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1013–9.PubMed Mrabet-Dahbi S, Dalpke AH, Niebuhr M, Frey M, Draing C, Brand S, et al. The toll-like receptor 2 R753Q mutation modifies cytokine production and toll-like receptor expression in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1013–9.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Berube BJ, Bubeck Wardenburg J. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin: nearly a century of intrigue. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(6):1140–66. Berube BJ, Bubeck Wardenburg J. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin: nearly a century of intrigue. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(6):1140–66.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams MR, Nakatsuji T, Sanford JA, Vrbanac AF, Gallo RL. Staphylococcus aureus induces increased serine protease activity in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(2):377–84.PubMed Williams MR, Nakatsuji T, Sanford JA, Vrbanac AF, Gallo RL. Staphylococcus aureus induces increased serine protease activity in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(2):377–84.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Volz T, Nega M, Buschmann J, Kaesler S, Guenova E, Peschel A, et al. Natural Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD2 and act as potent costimulators of the innate immune system exclusively in the presence of TLR signals. FASEB J. 2010;24:4089–102.PubMed Volz T, Nega M, Buschmann J, Kaesler S, Guenova E, Peschel A, et al. Natural Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD2 and act as potent costimulators of the innate immune system exclusively in the presence of TLR signals. FASEB J. 2010;24:4089–102.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Voss E, Wehkamp J, Wehkamp K, Stange EF, Schroder JM, Harder J. NOD2/CARD15 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin-2. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:2005–2011. Voss E, Wehkamp J, Wehkamp K, Stange EF, Schroder JM, Harder J. NOD2/CARD15 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin-2. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:2005–2011.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Marrack P1, Blackman M, Kushnir E, Kappler J. The toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice is mediated by T cells. J Exp Med. 1990;171(2):455–64.PubMed Marrack P1, Blackman M, Kushnir E, Kappler J. The toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice is mediated by T cells. J Exp Med. 1990;171(2):455–64.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakagawa S, Matsumoto M, Katayama Y, Oguma R, Wakabayashi S, Nygaard T, et al. Staphylococcus aureus virulent PSMα peptides induce keratinocyte alarmin release to orchestrate IL-17-dependent skin inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;22(5):667–677.e5.PubMedPubMedCentral Nakagawa S, Matsumoto M, Katayama Y, Oguma R, Wakabayashi S, Nygaard T, et al. Staphylococcus aureus virulent PSMα peptides induce keratinocyte alarmin release to orchestrate IL-17-dependent skin inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;22(5):667–677.e5.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohtsu H, Seike M. Histamine and histamine receptors in allergic dermatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;241:333–45.PubMed Ohtsu H, Seike M. Histamine and histamine receptors in allergic dermatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;241:333–45.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Seike M, Ikeda M, Kodama H, Terui T, Ohtsu H. Inhibition of scratching behaviour caused by contact dermatitis in histidine decarboxylase gene knockout mice. Exp Dermatol. 2005;14(3):169–75.PubMed Seike M, Ikeda M, Kodama H, Terui T, Ohtsu H. Inhibition of scratching behaviour caused by contact dermatitis in histidine decarboxylase gene knockout mice. Exp Dermatol. 2005;14(3):169–75.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunford PJ, Williams KN, Desai PJ, Karlsson L, McQueen D, Thurmond RL. Histamine H4 receptor antagonists are superior to traditional antihistamines in the attenuation of experimental pruritus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:176–83.PubMed Dunford PJ, Williams KN, Desai PJ, Karlsson L, McQueen D, Thurmond RL. Histamine H4 receptor antagonists are superior to traditional antihistamines in the attenuation of experimental pruritus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:176–83.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Cataldi M, Borriello F, Granata F, Annunziato L, Marone G. Histamine receptors and antihistamines: from discovery to clinical applications. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;100:214–26.PubMed Cataldi M, Borriello F, Granata F, Annunziato L, Marone G. Histamine receptors and antihistamines: from discovery to clinical applications. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;100:214–26.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Muñoz M, Coveñas R. Involvement of substance P and the NK-1 receptor in human pathology. Amino Acids. 2014;46(7):1727–50.PubMed Muñoz M, Coveñas R. Involvement of substance P and the NK-1 receptor in human pathology. Amino Acids. 2014;46(7):1727–50.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(1):71–9.PubMed Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(1):71–9.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang D, Luo XR, Ye XQ, Dong XF. Determination of plasma and sputum substance P content in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005;25(10):1314–5.PubMed Zhang D, Luo XR, Ye XQ, Dong XF. Determination of plasma and sputum substance P content in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005;25(10):1314–5.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Raap M, Rüdrich U, Ständer S, Gehring M, Kapp A, Raap U. Substance P activates human eosinophils. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24(7):557–9.PubMed Raap M, Rüdrich U, Ständer S, Gehring M, Kapp A, Raap U. Substance P activates human eosinophils. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24(7):557–9.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi H, Kim DJ, Nam S, Lim S, Hwang JS, Park KS, et al. Substance P restores normal skin architecture and reduces epidermal infiltration of sensory nerve fiber in TNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice. J Dermatol Sci. 2018;89(3):248–57.PubMed Choi H, Kim DJ, Nam S, Lim S, Hwang JS, Park KS, et al. Substance P restores normal skin architecture and reduces epidermal infiltration of sensory nerve fiber in TNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice. J Dermatol Sci. 2018;89(3):248–57.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Akiyama T, Nguyen T, Curtis E, Nishida K, Devireddy J, Delahanty J, et al. A central role for spinal dorsal horn neurons that express neurokinin-1 receptors in chronic itch. Pain. 2015;156(7):1240–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Akiyama T, Nguyen T, Curtis E, Nishida K, Devireddy J, Delahanty J, et al. A central role for spinal dorsal horn neurons that express neurokinin-1 receptors in chronic itch. Pain. 2015;156(7):1240–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu J, Wu K, Zeng Q, Xiang Y, Gao L, Huang J. Serum interleukin-31 level and pruritus in atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018;43(2):124–30.PubMed Lu J, Wu K, Zeng Q, Xiang Y, Gao L, Huang J. Serum interleukin-31 level and pruritus in atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018;43(2):124–30.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsella R, Ahrens K, Sanford R. Investigation of the correlation of serum IL-31 with severity of dermatitis in an experimental model of canine atopic dermatitis using beagle dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2018;29(1):69–e28.PubMed Marsella R, Ahrens K, Sanford R. Investigation of the correlation of serum IL-31 with severity of dermatitis in an experimental model of canine atopic dermatitis using beagle dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2018;29(1):69–e28.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Saleem MD, Oussedik E, D'Amber V, Feldman SR. Interleukin-31 pathway and its role in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28(7):591–9.PubMed Saleem MD, Oussedik E, D'Amber V, Feldman SR. Interleukin-31 pathway and its role in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28(7):591–9.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato A, Fujii E, Watanabe T, Takashima Y, Matsushita H, Furuhashi T, et al. Distribution of IL-31 and its receptor expressing cells in skin of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;74(3):229–35.PubMed Kato A, Fujii E, Watanabe T, Takashima Y, Matsushita H, Furuhashi T, et al. Distribution of IL-31 and its receptor expressing cells in skin of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;74(3):229–35.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Andoh T, Li S, Uta D. Involvement of thromboxane A2 in interleukin-31-induced itch-associated response in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2018 Apr;70(2):251–7.PubMed Andoh T, Li S, Uta D. Involvement of thromboxane A2 in interleukin-31-induced itch-associated response in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2018 Apr;70(2):251–7.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamann CR, Thyssen JP. Monoclonal antibodies against interleukin 13 and interleukin 31RA in development for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(3S1):S37–42.PubMed Hamann CR, Thyssen JP. Monoclonal antibodies against interleukin 13 and interleukin 31RA in development for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(3S1):S37–42.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Oetjen LK, Mack MR, Feng J, Whelan TM, Niu H, Guo CJ, et al. Sensory neurons co-opt classical immune signaling pathways to mediate chronic itch. Cell. 2017;171(1):217–228.e13.PubMedPubMedCentral Oetjen LK, Mack MR, Feng J, Whelan TM, Niu H, Guo CJ, et al. Sensory neurons co-opt classical immune signaling pathways to mediate chronic itch. Cell. 2017;171(1):217–228.e13.PubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Afzal R, Shim WS. Glucosylsphingosine activates serotonin receptor 2a and 2b: implication of a novel itch signaling pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2017;25(5):497–503. Afzal R, Shim WS. Glucosylsphingosine activates serotonin receptor 2a and 2b: implication of a novel itch signaling pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2017;25(5):497–503.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersen HH, Elberling J, Sølvsten H, Yosipovitch G, Arendt-Nielsen L. Nonhistaminergic and mechanical itch sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Pain. 2017;158(9):1780–91.PubMed Andersen HH, Elberling J, Sølvsten H, Yosipovitch G, Arendt-Nielsen L. Nonhistaminergic and mechanical itch sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Pain. 2017;158(9):1780–91.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Advances in Immune Pathways and Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis
verfasst von
Houmin Li
Delphine J. Lee
Meiling Yuen
Publikationsdatum
22.10.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Dermatology Reports / Ausgabe 4/2018
Elektronische ISSN: 2162-4933
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-018-0238-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2018

Current Dermatology Reports 4/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Immunology (D Lee, Section Editor)

Immunology of Wound Healing

Wound Care and Healing (H Lev-Tov, Section Editor)

Healing Chronic Wounds: Current Challenges and Potential Solutions

Atopic Dermatitis (C Vestergaard, Section Editor)

Skin Barrier Function and Atopic Dermatitis

Wound Care and Healing (H Lev-Tov, Section Editor)

Wound Healing with Botanicals: a Review and Future Perspectives

Leitlinien kompakt für die Dermatologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

26.04.2024 Hirsutismus Nachrichten

Laser- und Lichtbehandlungen können bei Frauen mit polyzystischem Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) den übermäßigen Haarwuchs verringern und das Wohlbefinden verbessern – bei alleiniger Anwendung oder in Kombination mit Medikamenten.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Kein Abstrich bei chronischen Wunden ohne Entzündungszeichen!

16.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Den Reflex, eine oberflächliche chronische Hautwunde ohne Entzündungszeichen in jedem Fall abzustreichen, sollte man nach einer neuen „Klug-entscheiden“-Empfehlung unterdrücken.

Update Dermatologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.