Introduction
Subjects and methods
Caerphilly prospective cohort study
Study population of caerphilly prospective cohort study
Dietary assessment
Cardiovascular events, diabetes and all-cause mortality
Other measurements
National diet and nutrition survey
Statistical analysis
Longitudinal investigation in CAPS
Cross-sectional analysis in CAPS and NDNS
Results
CAPS: baseline characteristics according to egg consumption
Characteristics | Egg consumption (n, eggs/wk) |
P trenda
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0 ≤ n ≤ 1) | (1 < n ≤ 2) | (2 < n ≤ 3) | (3 < n < 5) | (n ≥ 5) | ||
Total subjects, n
| 274 | 464 | 469 | 318 | 256 | |
Age, years | 61.5 ± 4.6 | 61.9 ± 4.3 | 61.7 ± 4.5 | 61.7 ± 4.5 | 61.6 ± 4.4 | 0.93 |
BMI, kg/m | 26.5 ± 3.5 | 26.5 ± 3.4 | 26.7 ± 3.7 | 26.9 ± 4.0 | 27.1 ± 4.2 | 0.03 |
Energy expenditure, kJ/day | 1440 ± 1557 | 1421 ± 1426 | 1551 ± 1651 | 1659 ± 1618 | 1850 ± 2042 | 0.001 |
Manual workers, % | 53.3 | 59.7 | 63.5 | 70.8 | 80.1 | < 0.001 |
Family history of MI, % | 43.2 | 38.6 | 38.4 | 30.4 | 36.7 | 0.02 |
History of hypertension, % | 28.8 | 26.9 | 29.2 | 31.1 | 29.7 | 0.40 |
History of diabetes, % | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 0.07 |
Current smokers, % | 22.6 | 26.9 | 36.2 | 43.4 | 48.0 | < 0.001 |
Total energy intake, kJ/day | 7449 ± 1890 | 8074 ± 1873 | 8547 ± 2051 | 8988 ± 2132 | 9821 ± 2578 | < 0.001 |
Fat, % of total energy | 33.9 | 35.1 | 35.8 | 36.5 | 37.1 | < 0.001 |
Saturated fat, % of total energy | 14.6 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 16.1 | < 0.001 |
Protein, % of total energy | 14.7 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 0.19 |
Carbohydrates, % of total energy | 49.3 | 48.3 | 47.6 | 47.1 | 45.9 | < 0.001 |
Fibre (vegetable sources)b, g/day | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 10.9 ± 0.5 | 11.1 ± 0.6 | 11.2 ± 0.6 | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 0.02 |
Fibre (cereal sources)b, g/day | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 9.3 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Sugarb, g/day | 76.8 ± 24.1 | 82.2 ± 23.9 | 87.3 ± 26.1 | 93.6 ± 27.2 | 104.3 ± 32.9 | < 0.001 |
Fruitb, number/week | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.6 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
Vegetableb, times/week | 10.7 ± 4.7 | 10.0 ± 4.6 | 10.5 ± 4.7 | 10.6 ± 4.8 | 10.3 ± 4.8 | 0.99 |
Red meatb, times/week | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 14.9 ± 0.9 | 14.8 ± 1.0 | 14.3 ± 1.1 | 14.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
Ethanol intake, ml/week | 15.6 ± 21.5 | 16.2 ± 20.3 | 17.8 ± 22.5 | 17.3 ± 19.7 | 20.5 ± 22.8 | 0.010 |
CAPS: egg consumption and CVD events, all-cause mortality and diabetes in longitudinal investigation
Characteristics | Egg consumption (n, eggs/week) |
P-trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0 ≤ n ≤ 1) | (1 < n ≤ 2) | (2 < n ≤ 3) | (3 < n < 5) | (n ≥ 5) | ||
Total subjects, n
| 274 | 464 | 469 | 318 | 256 | |
Total CVD events | ||||||
No. of events | 103 | 166 | 195 | 129 | 122 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.42) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.40) | 1.37 (1.05, 1.78) | 0.007 |
HR (adjusted Model 1)a
| 1 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.24) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.42) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 1.26 (0.95, 1.67) | 0.09 |
HR (adjusted Model 2)b
| 1 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.66) | 0.12 |
Stroke | ||||||
No. of events | 33 | 57 | 57 | 48 | 53 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 1.01 (0.66, 1.56) | 1.01 (0.66, 1.55) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.98) | 1.82 (1.18, 2.80) | 0.002 |
HR (adjusted Model 1)a
| 1 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.53) | 0.97 (0.63, 1.50) | 1.14 (0.72, 1.81) | 1.58 (1.00, 2.52) | 0.03 |
HR (adjusted Model 2)b
| 1 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.55) | 1.15 (0.72, 1.84) | 1.60 (1.00, 2.57) | 0.04 |
Myocardial infarction | ||||||
No. of events | 73 | 117 | 137 | 86 | 64 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.26) | 1.11 (0.83, 1.47) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.37) | 0.94 (0.67, 1.31) | 0.98 |
HR (adjusted Model 1) | 1 | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.48) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.37) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.29) | 0.75 |
HR (adjusted Model 2) | 1 | 0.97 (0.72, 1.31) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.52) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.40) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.31) | 0.80 |
Heart failure | ||||||
No. of events | 29 | 33 | 63 | 44 | 32 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 0.66 (0.40, 1.09) | 1.29 (0.83, 2.00) | 1.33 (0.83, 2.13) | 1.20 (0.72, 1.98) | 0.03 |
HR (adjusted Model 1) | 1 | 0.64 (0.39, 1.06) | 1.17 (0.74, 1.83) | 1.10 (0.67, 1.79) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.52) | 0.46 |
HR (adjusted Model 2) | 1 | 0.65 (0.39, 1.08) | 1.19 (0.76, 1.88) | 1.09 (0.66, 1.81) | 0.89 (0.51, 1.53) | 0.49 |
All-cause mortality | ||||||
No. of events | 135 | 249 | 293 | 187 | 164 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.66) | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 1.44 (1.14, 1.80) | 0.001 |
HR (adjusted Model 1) | 1 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.33) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.42) | 0.58 |
HR (adjusted Model 2) | 1 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.49) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 0.80 |
Egg consumption (n, eggs/week) |
P-trend | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0 ≤ n ≤ 1) | (1 < n ≤ 2) | (2 < n ≤ 3) | (3 < n < 5) | (n ≥ 5) | ||
Subjects without T2D and/or IGTa
| ||||||
Total subjects, n
| 221 | 397 | 378 | 248 | 197 | |
No. of events | 25 | 47 | 45 | 34 | 31 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 1.05 (0.64, 1.70) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.72) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.05) | 1.45 (0.85, 2.45) | 0.12 |
HR (adjusted Model 1)b
| 1 | 1.01 (0.62, 1.66) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 1.14 (0.67, 1.95) | 1.28 (0.73, 2.24) | 0.33 |
HR (adjusted Model 2)c
| 1 | 1.05 (0.64, 1.71) | 1.01 (0.61, 1.66) | 1.17 (0.68, 2.02) | 1.32 (0.75, 2.34) | 0.29 |
Subjects with T2D and/or IGT | ||||||
Total Subjects, n | 53 | 67 | 91 | 70 | 59 | |
No. of events | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 22 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 0.96 (0.38, 2.44) | 0.86 (0.35, 2.10) | 1.35 (0.57, 3.23) | 2.71 (1.21, 6.09) | 0.003 |
HR (adjusted Model 1) | 1 | 1.10 (0.42, 2.86) | 1.02 (0.40, 2.62) | 1.35 (0.53, 3.43) | 2.83 (1.15, 6.96) | 0.01 |
HR (adjusted Model 2) | 1 | 1.09 (0.41, 2.88) | 0.96 (0.37, 2.50) | 1.39 (0.54, 3.56) | 2.87 (1.13, 7.27) | 0.01 |
Egg consumption (n, eggs/week) |
P-trend | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0 ≤ n ≤ 1) | (1 < n ≤ 2) | (2 < n ≤ 3) | (3 < n < 5) | (n ≥ 5) | ||
Total subjects, n
| 259 | 447 | 453 | 290 | 238 | |
No. of events | 17 | 31 | 35 | 21 | 16 | |
HR (non-adjust) | 1 | 1.17 (0.65, 2.12) | 1.24 (0.69, 2.21) | 1.20 (0.63, 2.27) | 1.22 (0.61, 2.41) | 0.59 |
HR (adjusted Model 1)a
| 1 | 1.08 (0.59, 1.97) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.92) | 1.25 (0.64, 2.44) | 1.23 (0.60, 2.53) | 0.48 |
HR (adjusted Model 2)b
| 1 | 1.05 (0.57, 1.93) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.88) | 1.24 (0.63, 2.45) | 1.31 (0.63, 2.73) | 0.39 |