nach oben

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Erschienen in:

12.05.2021 | Original Article

Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression

verfasst von: Xiao-Miao Li, Keith S. Dobson

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 6/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

The differential activation hypothesis (Teasdale & Dent, 1987) proposes that negative cognitions in individuals with a history of depression are activated more easily by negative mood than individuals without this history. The change of cognitions due to mood change was termed cognitive reactivity. Negative cognitions might exist on both explicit and implicit dimensions.

Methods

This study examined the differential activation hypothesis on coping-related cognitions among people with a history of depression under different mood states in comparison with people who are currently depressed and those who have no history of depression. Coping-related cognitions were examined on both explicit and implicit dimensions. Currently depressed (n = 42), previously depressed (n = 61), and never depressed (n = 62) participants were tested on computer-based paradigms designed to measure depression, mood, and explicit and implicit cognitions.

Results

Explicit negatively biased cognitions on coping existed among currently depressed individuals and to some extent among previously depressed individuals. Explicit cognitive reactivity existed among previously depressed individuals for emotional-related content. Implicit cognitive compensation tendency existed among currently depressed individuals on negative coping while implicit cognitive reactivity existed among previously depressed individuals on positive coping.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the existence of negatively biased cognitions and cognitive reactivity among people with a history of depression with coping-related contents, and on both explicit and implicit dimensions. The findings are consistent with the differential activation hypothesis.

The original stressful life events scenarios were developed for college students. The stressful life events scenarios used in this study were adapted from the original scenarios to fit with the community sample in this study. Please write to the first author for a detailed description of the material development study.

Adler, A. D., Strunk, D. R., & Fazio, R. H. (2015). What changes in cognitive therapy for depression? An examination of cognitive therapy skills and maladaptive beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.001CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Antypa, N., Van der Does, A. W., & Penninx, B. W. (2010). Cognitive reactivity: investigation of a potentially treatable marker of suicide risk in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.013CrossRefPubMed

Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Power, P., Hayden, E., Milne, R., & Stewart, I. (2006). Do you really know what you believe? Developing the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a direct measure of implicit beliefs. The Irish Psychologist, 32(7), 169–177

Barnes-Holmes, D., Waldron, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2009). Testing the validity of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure and the Implicit Association Test: Measuring attitudes toward Dublin and country life in Ireland. The Psychological Record, 59(3), 389–406CrossRef

Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016). A unified model of depression: Integrating clinical, cognitive, biological, and evolutionary perspectives. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 596–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616628523CrossRef

Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 975–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003CrossRefPubMed

Bennett, D. A. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00294.xCrossRefPubMed

Bockting, C. L., Hollon, S. D., Jarrett, R. B., Kuyken, W., & Dobson, K. (2015). A lifetime approach to major depressive disorder: the contributions of psychological interventions in preventing relapse and recurrence. Clinical Psychology Review, 41, 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.003CrossRefPubMed

Brody, D. J., Pratt, L. A., & Hughes, J. P. (2018). Prevalence of depression among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 2013–2016. NCHS Data Brief, 303, 1–8

Brosse, A. L., Craighead, L. W., & Craighead, W. E. (1999). Testing the mood-state hypothesis among previously depressed and never-depressed individuals. Behavior Therapy, 30(1), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(99)80048-3CrossRef

Burcusa, S. L., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). Risk for recurrence in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(8), 959–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Calvete, E., Camara, M., Estevez, A., & Villardón, L. (2011). The role of coping with social stressors in the development of depressive symptoms: Gender differences. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: an International Journal, 24(4), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.515982CrossRef

Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00328CrossRefPubMed

De Houwer, J., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015). The relational responding task: Toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 319–326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00319CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

De Raedt, R., Schacht, R., Franck, E., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Self-esteem and depression revisited: Implicit positive self-esteem in depressed patients? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(7), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.003CrossRefPubMed

Dykman, B. M. (1997). A test of whether negative emotional priming facilitates access to latent dysfunctional attitudes. Cognition and Emotion, 11(2), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999397379999CrossRef

Elgersma, H. J., de Jong, P. J., van Rijsbergen, G. D., Kok, G. D., Burger, H., van der Does, W., & Bockting, C. L. (2015). Cognitive reactivity, self-depressed associations, and the recurrence of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 300–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.018CrossRefPubMed

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5-Research version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, research version; SCID-5-RV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, pp. 1–94.

Folstein, M. F., & Luria, R. (1973). Reliability, validity, and clinical application of the Visual Analogue Mood Scale. Psychological Medicine, 3(4), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700054283CrossRefPubMed

Franck, E., De Raedt, R., & De Houwer, J. (2008). Activation of latent self-schemas as a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression: The potential role of implicit self-esteem. Cognition and Emotion, 22(8), 1588–1599. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930801921271CrossRef

Franck, E., De Raedt, R., & De Houwer, J. (2007a). Implicit but not explicit self-esteem predicts future depressive symptomatology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2448–2455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.008CrossRefPubMed

Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Dereu, M., & Van den Abbeele, D. (2007b). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.05.003CrossRefPubMed

Fresco, D. M., Williams, N. L., & Nugent, N. R. (2006). Flexibility and negative affect: Examining the associations of explanatory flexibility and coping flexibility to each other and to depression and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9019-8CrossRef

Gemar, M. C., Segal, Z. V., Sagrati, S., & Kennedy, S. J. (2001). Mood-induced changes on the Implicit Association Test in recovered depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(2), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.2.282CrossRefPubMed

Greenberg, L. S. (2015). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1840. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464CrossRefPubMed

Golijani-Moghaddam, N., Hart, A., & Dawson, D. L. (2013). The implicit relational assessment procedure: Emerging reliability and validity data. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(3–4), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.05.002CrossRef

Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., Nolen, W. A., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2013). Recurrence of major depressive disorder and its predictors in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712002395CrossRefPubMed

Hughes, S. J., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2013). A functional approach to the study of implicit cognition: The IRAP and the REC model. In B. Roche & S. Dymond (Eds.), Advances in relational frame theory & contextual behavioural science: Research & applications (pp. 97–126). Context Press.

Hussey, I., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2012). The implicit relational assessment procedure as a measure of implicit depression and the role of psychological flexibility. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(4), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.03.002CrossRef

Hussey, I., & Drake, C. E. (2020). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure demonstrates poor internal consistency and test-retest reliability: A meta-analysis. PsyArXiv Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ge3k7

Jarrett, R. B., Minhajuddin, A., Borman, P. D., Dunlap, L., Segal, Z. V., Kidner, C. L., & Thase, M. E. (2012). Cognitive reactivity, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive relapse and recurrence in cognitive therapy responders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(5), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jarrett, R. B., Vittengl, J. R., Doyle, K., & Clark, L. A. (2007). Changes in cognitive content during and following cognitive therapy for recurrent depression: substantial and enduring, but not predictive of change in depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 432–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.432CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kashner, T. M., Rush, A. J., Surís, A., Biggs, M. M., Gajewski, V. L., Hooker, D. J., & Altshuler, K. Z. (2003). Impact of structured clinical interviews on physicians’ practices in community mental health settings. Psychiatric Services, 54(5), 712–718. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.5.712CrossRefPubMed

Konečni, V. J., Brown, A., & Wanic, R. A. (2008). Comparative effects of music and recalled life-events on emotional state. Psychology of Music, 36(3), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735607082621CrossRef

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–619. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lau, M. A., Haigh, E. A., Christensen, B. K., Segal, Z. V., & Taube-Schiff, M. (2012). Evaluating the mood state dependence of automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes in remitted versus never-depressed individuals. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(4), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.26.4.381CrossRef

Levin, M. E., Hayes, S. C., & Waltz, T. (2010). Creating an implicit measure of cognition more suited to applied research: A test of the Mixed Trial—Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (MT-IRAP). International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100911CrossRef

Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID I) and Axis II disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.693CrossRef

Martin, M. (1990). On the induction of mood. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(6), 669–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(90)90075-LCrossRef

Matsumoto, N., & Mochizuki, S. (2018). Why do people overthink? A longitudinal investigation of a meta-cognitive model and uncontrollability of rumination. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(4), 504–509. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465818000103CrossRefPubMed

Meites, T. M., Deveney, C. M., Steele, K. T., Holmes, A. J., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2008). Implicit depression and hopelessness in remitted depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1078–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Miranda, J., Gross, J. J., Persons, J. B., & Hahn, J. (1998). Mood matters: Negative mood induction activates dysfunctional attitudes in women vulnerable to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(4), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018709212986CrossRef

O’Shea, B., Watson, D. G., & Brown, G. D. (2016). Measuring implicit attitudes: A positive framing bias flaw in the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000172CrossRefPubMed

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2009). A prospective test of the clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2009.2.2.123CrossRef

Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V., & Bulloch, A. G. (2019). Major depressive episodes and mortality in the Canadian household population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.030CrossRefPubMed

Petrinovich, L. F., & Hardyck, C. D. (1969). Error rates for multiple comparison methods: Some evidence concerning the frequency of erroneous conclusions. Psychological Bulletin, 71(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026861CrossRef

Risch, A. K., Buba, A., Birk, U., Morina, N., Steffens, M. C., & Stangier, U. (2010). Implicit self-esteem in recurrently depressed patients. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.01.003CrossRefPubMed

Rude, S. S., Covich, J., Jarrold, W., Hedlund, S., & Zentner, M. (2001). Detecting depressive schemata in vulnerable individuals: Questionnaires versus laboratory tasks. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026482917201CrossRef

Scherrer, M. C., & Dobson, K. S. (2015). Cognitive reactivity to a depressive mood induction procedure across diagnostic categories. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.4200/2167-1044.1000203CrossRef

Schmidt, I. D., Pfeifer, B. J., & Strunk, D. R. (2019). Putting the “cognitive” back in cognitive therapy: Sustained cognitive change as a mediator of in-session insights and depressive symptom improvement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(5), 446–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000392CrossRefPubMed

Steinberg, J. A., Karpinski, A., & Alloy, L. B. (2007). The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability - Stress models of depression. Self and Identity, 6(2–3), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860601118884CrossRef

Stroud, C. B., Davila, J., & Moyer, A. (2008). The relationship between stress and depression in first onsets versus recurrences: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.206CrossRefPubMed

Strunk, D. R., Adler, A. D., & Hollars, S. N. (2013). Cognitive therapy skills predict cognitive reactivity to sad mood following cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 1214–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9570-zCrossRef

Sydenham, M., Beardwood, J., & Rimes, K. A. (2017). Beliefs about emotions, depression, anxiety and fatigue: A mediational analysis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465816000199CrossRefPubMed

Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition and Emotion, 2(3), 247–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938808410927CrossRef

Teasdale, J. D., & Dent, J. (1987). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: An investigation of two hypotheses. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1987.tb00737.xCrossRefPubMed

Van der Does, W. (2002). Cognitive reactivity to sad mood: Structure and validity of a new measure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00111-XCrossRefPubMed

Van der Does, W. (2005). Thought suppression and cognitive vulnerability to depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504x19442CrossRefPubMed

van Loo, H. M., Aggen, S. H., Gardner, C. O., & Kendler, K. S. (2018). Sex similarities and differences in risk factors for recurrence of major depression. Psychological Medicine, 48(10), 1685–1693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003178CrossRefPubMed

van Rijsbergen, G. D., Bockting, C. L., Burger, H., Spinhoven, P., Koeter, M. W., Ruhé, H. G., & Schene, A. H. (2013). Mood reactivity rather than cognitive reactivity is predictive of depressive relapse: A randomized study with 5.5-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 508–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032223CrossRefPubMed

Västfjäll, D. (2001). Emotion induction through music: A review of the musical mood induction procedure. Musicae Scientiae, 5, 173–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649020050S107CrossRef

Williams, J. M. G., Van der Does, A. J. W., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., & Segal, Z. S. (2008). Cognitive reactivity, suicidal ideation and future fluency: preliminary investigation of a differential activation theory of hopelessness/suicidality. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9105-yCrossRef

Zuckerman, M., & Gagne, M. (2003). The COPE revised: Proposing a 5-factor model of coping strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(3), 169–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00563-9CrossRef

Titel: Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression
verfasst von: Xiao-Miao Li
Keith S. Dobson
Publikationsdatum: 12.05.2021
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 6/2021
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10229-1

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2021

Gait Patterns and Mood in Everyday Life: A Comparison Between Depressed Patients and Non-depressed Controls

Correction to: Does Test Anxiety Predispose Poor School‑Related Wellbeing and Enhanced Risk of Emotional Disorders?

Understanding the Dynamic Interaction of Maladaptive Social-Evaluative Beliefs and Social Anxiety: A Latent Change Score Model Approach

Cognitive Bias and Medication Use Moderate the Relation of Socratic Questioning and Symptom Change in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Depression

The Role of Emotional Memory in Reappraising Negative Self-referent Thoughts