Available evidence from randomized controlled trials including adult critically ill patients tends to show that percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) techniques are performed faster and reduce stoma inflammation and infection but are associated with increased technical difficulties compared with surgical tracheostomy (ST). A recent meta-analysis found that PDT was superior to reduce risk of periprocedural stoma inflammation and infection compared with ST. WE found no differences in procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, SOFA, and SAPS II between critically ill patients with ST or PDT.
Abkürzungen
CRP
C-reactive protein
PCT
Procalcitonin
PDT
Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy
SAPS II
Simplified Acute Physiology Score II
SOFA
Sepsis Organ Failure Assessment
ST
Surgical tracheostomy
In critically ill patients, tracheostomy may be performed with surgical or percutaneous approaches [1]. Available evidence from randomized controlled trials including adult critically ill patients tends to show that percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) techniques are performed faster and reduce stoma inflammation and infection but are associated with increased technical difficulties compared with surgical tracheostomy (ST) [2, 3]. Overall complication rates are similar for PDT and ST, but with an increased incidence of infection for ST [4]. A recent meta-analysis found that PDT was superior to reduce risk of periprocedural stoma inflammation and infection compared with ST [4]. In the elderly population, fever is the most common postoperative complication after ST (42%), followed by wound infection (4%) [4]. Procalcitonin (PCT) may be a reliable biomarker to predict infectious or septic complications related to tracheostomy performed in the ICU [5]. A retrospective study reported that PCT was not elevated after ST performed in the ICU [5]. However, little is known about procalcitonin kinetics after ST or PDT in critically ill patients, since ST seems to be associated with an increased incidence of infection in this cohort of patients.
We screened 122 critically ill patients for tracheostomy, of which 12 received ST and 13 received PDT (Table 1). We found no difference in the baseline characteristics of patients between the two groups. Upper respiratory, blood, and urinary cultures performed 3 days before the procedure were negative for each patient. We found no difference between PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP), Sepsis Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II between the groups (all p > 0.05; Fig. 1). Upper respiratory, blood, and urinary cultures performed 3 days after the procedure were negative for each patient. The trends of PCT levels over time did not correlate with the trend of CRP levels in each group (ST group, r = 0.074, p = 0.671; r2 = 0.139, p = 0.425; PDT group, r = − 0.169, p = 0.297; r2 = − 0.063, p = 0.697).
Table 1
Characteristics of included patients
Surgical tracheostomy (n = 12)
Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (n = 13)
p
Age (years)
60 ± 10
56 ± 10
0.778
Gender (M/F)
8/5
7/6
0.539
BMI
20 ± 10
20.6 ± 8
0.345
Reason for ICU admission (N)
0.678
- Medical
7
6
- Trauma
3
4
- Surgical
2
3
Duration of endotracheal intubation before T
15 ± 3
13 ± 5
0.257
Variables during procedure (N)
0.675
- Antibiotics
3
4
- Corticosteroid
4
3
- Fever (> 37°)
0
0
×
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To our knowledge this is the first report evaluating the kinetics of different biomarkers of infection in a cohort of tracheostomized patients. According to the literature, ST was associated with an increased risk of infections [4, 5]. We found that the biomarkers of infection were not different between the ST and PDT groups and remained stable in the first week after the procedure. According to these data, ST may not increase the risk of infections and sepsis in critically ill patients.
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University of Naples “Federico II” - protocol number132/17.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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