Antoine Trinh-Duc and Marc-Antoine Labeyrie have contributed equally
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Dear Editor,
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a common complication following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) contributing to poor prognosis [1]. Macro-vascular dysfunction related to cerebral vasospasm (CVS) remains the main pathophysiological hypothesis and therapeutic target of DCI [2]. No preventive treatment for CVS has yet proven to be effective [3].
Levosimendan, a non-adrenergic calcium-sensitizing inotrope, has been used to treat neurogenic stress-induced cardiomyopathy (NSIC) related to aSAH. Only few cases of patients treated with levosimendan for NSIC related to aSAH have been reported and have suggested that levosimendan could be associated with hemodynamic and neurological improvement [4]. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of levosimendan as a therapy targeting occurrence of CVS in a cohort of patients admitted in ICU for aSAH.
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We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to the Lariboisière Hospital Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (Paris, France) for an aSAH and treated with levosimendan during the first 48 h after ICU admission in order to treat neurogenic stress-induced cardiomyopathy (NSIC) secondary to aSAH (“Levo”) defined as an elevation of circulating troponin. We matched with a 1:2 ratio all Levo patients to patients that were not treated with levosimendan. Matching was performed on age, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade, Fischer grade, need for external ventricular derivation (EVD) and severity assessed by Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). We excluded patients who died or had treatment withholding or withdrawal within the first four days following the bleeding. Levosimendan was administered intravenously as a continuous infusion over 24 h at a 0.1 μg/kg/min dose.
The primary endpoint of the study was the rate of occurrence of CVS defined as vessel narrowing higher than 50% requiring angioplasty and/or associated with DCI. DCI was defined according to Vergouwen et al. [5] Secondary outcomes included occurrence of DCI, 3-month modified Rankin scale (mRS) and variation of the cerebral arteries diameters between days 5–7 and day 1.
Between January 2018 and May 2020, a total of 652 patients were admitted for aSAH in our institution, and 18 Levo patients and 36 controls could be included in the study. The characteristics and outcomes of the 54 included patients are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Characteristics, management and outcome for levosimendan cases and non-levosimendan controls
Cases (“Levo”)a
(n = 18)
Controlsb
(n = 36)
P-value
Odds-Ratio
Patients characteristics
Age—median (IQR)—years
61 (50–70)
61,5 (52–68)
0.63
Female—No (%)
15 (83.3)
30 (83.3)
1.00
Arterial hypertension—No (%)
6 (33.3)
17 (47.2)
0.39
Smoking—No (%)
10 (55.6)
10 (27.8)
0.07
Diabetes—No (%)
0 (0)
1 (2.8)
1.00
Stroke history—No (%)
2 (11.1)
4 (11.1)
1.00
SAPS 2—median (IQR)
60 (43; 65)
49 (40; 57)
0.15
SOFA—median (IQR)
8 (7; 11)
6 (2; 9)
0.03
Characteristic of SAH
WFNS grade—median (IQR)
5 (4; 5)
4 (4; 5)
0.43
Fischer grade—median (IQR)
4 (4; 4)
4 (4; 4)
0.48
Coiling—No (%)
16 (88.9)
32 (88.9)
1.00
External ventricular drainage—No (%)
7 (38.9)
23 (63.9)
0.09
Decompressive craniectomy—No (%)
2 (11.1)
3 (8.3)
1.00
Cardiac impairmentc
Cardiac troponin peak—median (IQR)—ng/L
3999
(2210; 7382)
821
(40; 4532)
0.007
BNP peak—median (IQR)—ng/L
1122
(762; 1718)
138
(65; 937)
0.001
Outcome
Cerebral vasospasm—No (%)
5 (27.8)
24 (66.7)
0.009
0.199
[0.0443; 0.766]
Delayed cerebral ischemia—No (%)
0 (0)
7 (19.4)
0.08
NA
MRS at 3 months ≤ 3—No (%)
11 (61.1)
18 (50)
0.57
1.558
[0.4331; 5.922]
Death at 3 months—No (%)
1 (5.6)
9 (25)
0.14
0.181
[0.004; 1.516]
Characteristics of patients are compared with Mann–Whitney U test for quantitative variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables
BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; MRS, modified Rankin score; NA, not available; SAPS2, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2; SOFA, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; WFNS, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
aNo missing data
bMissing data: arterial hypertension status for one patient, smoking status for one patient, diabetes status for one patient, stroke history for one patient, SOFA for six patients, type of aneurysmal securization for one patient, cardiac troponin peak for four patients, BNP peak for ten patients, use of norepinephrine for two patients
Considering the primary outcome of the study, the rate of CVS was lower in patients treated with levosimendan compared to the control group (5/18 (28%) vs 24/36 (67%), respectively, p = 0.009).
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There was no brain infarction related to CVS in the Levo group, but the difference with the control did not reach statistical significance (0/18 (0%) vs 7/36 (19%) for the Levo vs control groups, respectively, p = 0.08).
There was no association between levosimendan administration and mRS at 3 months (OR 1.56 [0.43;5.92]; p = 0.56) neither for mortality at 3 months (OR 0.18 [0.00; 1.52]; p = 0.14).
Regarding evolution of vessels diameters, we observed a slight increase in the median cerebral arteries diameters between D0 and D5–7 (0.03 mm (IQR [− 0.01; 0.06])) in the Levo group, while cerebral arteries showed signs of vasospasm with a decreasing diameter in the control group (− 0.47 mm (IQR [− 0.51; − 0.24]) (p = 0.002; Fig. 1). Characteristics of the patients included in this analysis did not differ.
Fig. 1
Mean vessels diameters variations between day 1 and days 5–7 in levosimendan treated vs control patients. Quantitative analysis of cerebral arteries diameters in patients who had vessel imaging (CT or angiography) at admission and at days 5–7 in nine levosimendan-treated patients and 18 controls. Vessels narrowing was more pronounced in controls compared to levosimendan-treated patients (P = 0.004)
×
We found an association between the administration of levosimendan and a reduced incidence of CVS. Our study presents several limitations including its retrospective and non-randomized design that may induce several biases. Cardiac impairment was more frequent in the Levo group, since NSIC is associated with occurrence of CVS [6]; this argues in favor of a positive impact of levosimendan.
Our results suggest that levosimendan could represent a therapeutic candidate for early prevention of cerebral vasospasm secondary to aSAH.
Acknowledgements
The authors are in debt to Prof. Etienne Gayat for his help regarding data analysis and manuscript drafting.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This research is a single-centre retrospective case–control study of patients admitted to the Lariboisière Hospital Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (Paris, France) for an aSAH. The study was approved by an ethics committee (Comité d’éthique de la Recherche en Anesthésie-Réanimation (CERAR) no. IRB 00010254-2018-062 and Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté (CNIL) (no. 2173692)).
Consent for publication
All authors approved the content of the manuscript and its publication.
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Competing interests
BGC was a member of an advisory board for Roche Diagnostic; AM received speaker’s honoraria from Abbott, Novartis, Orion, Roche and Servier and fees as a member of the advisory board and/or steering committee from Cardiorentis, Adrenomed, MyCartis, Neurotronik and Sphingotec. EG received research grant from Sphingotec and consultancy fees from Magnisense and Roche Diagnostics. All other authors have nothing to disclose.
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