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Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 4/2017

13.03.2017 | Parkinson-Krankheit | Leitthema

Epidemiologie und Ursachen der Parkinson-Erkrankung

verfasst von: C. M. Lill, Prof. Dr. C. Klein

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 4/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Die Parkinson-Erkrankung ist die zweithäufigste neurodegenerative Erkrankung, die mit zunehmender Alterung der Industriegesellschaften eine wachsende sozioökonomische Relevanz bekommt. Ein kleiner Teil der unterschiedlichen Erkrankungsformen (<5 %) ist monogen, d. h. durch Mutationen in einzelnen Genen, bedingt. Nach heutigem Stand sind für die klinisch klassische Parkinson-Form drei autosomal-dominant (SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35) und drei autosomal-rezessiv wirkende kausale Gene (Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1) bekannt. Daneben existiert eine Vielzahl von Genen, die für atypische Parkinson-Formen verantwortlich sind. Der idiopathische M. Parkinson hingegen ist multifaktoriell bedingt. Genomweite Assoziationsstudien haben für diese Parkinson-Form insgesamt 26 Genorte etabliert. Für die meisten dieser Genorte sind die der Assoziation zugrunde liegenden funktionellen genetischen Varianten noch nicht identifiziert und die entsprechenden Pathomechanismen noch nicht verstanden. Des Weiteren gibt es eine Reihe mit der idiopathischen Parkinson-Erkrankung assoziierter Umwelt- und Lebensstilfaktoren. Als genuine Risikofaktoren können eine Exposition zu Pestiziden und möglicherweise eine positive Anamnese für Kopftraumata angesehen werden. Andere mit der Parkinson-Erkrankung assoziierte Faktoren wie etwa Rauchen, Kaffee- und Alkoholkonsum stellen möglicherweise keine Risikofaktoren dar; die Ursache-Wirkungs-Beziehung ist für viele der Faktoren noch ungeklärt. Ein Patient mit einer positiven Familienanamnese und/oder einem jungen Erkrankungsalter sollte hinsichtlich einer möglicherweise vorliegenden monogenen Krankheitsform genetisch beraten werden. Eine Krankheitsvorhersage für die idiopathische Erkrankungsform aufgrund genetischer und Umwelt-/Lebensstilfaktoren ist hingegen noch nicht möglich und potenzielle genspezifische Therapien befinden sich noch in Entwicklungs- und ersten Testphasen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Epidemiologie und Ursachen der Parkinson-Erkrankung
verfasst von
C. M. Lill
Prof. Dr. C. Klein
Publikationsdatum
13.03.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Schlagwort
Parkinson-Krankheit
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0288-0

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