Background
Methods
Data source
Statistical methods
Results
Exploratory Data Analysis
Covariates | Level | Comorbidity N (%) | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Had none of the three illnesses | Had one illness | Had two illnesses | Had three illnesses | |||
Sex of child | Male | 3222 (72.3) | 683 (15.3) | 400 (9.0) | 149 (3.3) | 0.011 |
Female | 3173 (74.0) | 579 (13.5) | 394 (9.2) | 142 (3.3) | ||
Anemia level | Anemic | 6216 (73.0) | 1236 (14.5) | 779 (9.1) | 289 (3.4) | 0.040 |
Non-anemic | 179 (80.6) | 26 (11.7) | 15 (6.8) | 2 (0.9) | ||
Breastfeeding | No | 2114 (73.2) | 432 (15.0) | 261 (9.0) | 80 (2.8) | 0.035 |
Yes | 4281 (73.1) | 830 (14.2) | 533 (9.1) | 211 (3.6) | ||
Type of toilet facility | flush toilet | 250 (71.4) | 52 (14.9) | 37 (10.6) | 11 (3.1) | 0.050 |
latrine | 3253 (73.4) | 669 (15.1) | 380 (8.6) | 130 (2.9) | ||
no facility | 2892 (73.0) | 541 (13.7) | 377 (9.5) | 150 (3.8) | ||
Place of delivery | home | 4231 (75.0) | 771 (13.7) | 465 (8.2) | 176 (3.1) | 0.000 |
health center | 2164 (69.8) | 491 (15.8) | 329 (10.6) | 115 (3.7) | ||
Currently working | No | 4680 (74.1) | 891 (14.1) | 552 (8.7) | 189 (3.0) | 0.002 |
Yes | 1715 (70.6) | 371 (15.3) | 242 (10.0) | 102 (4.2) | ||
Household members | 1–5 members | 2747 (71.3) | 610 (15.8) | 361 (9.4) | 136 (3.5) | 0.009 |
6–10 members | 3457 (74.9) | 607 (13.1) | 407 (8.8) | 146 (3.2) | ||
above 10 members | 191 (70.5) | 45 (16.6) | 26 (9.6) | 9 (3.3) | ||
Highest educational level | No education | 4160 (74.7) | 730 (13.1) | 495 (8.9) | 181 (3.3) | 0.000 |
Primary | 1578 (69.7) | 370 (16.3) | 230 (10.2) | 86 (3.8) | ||
Secondary and higher | 657 (72.0) | 162 (17.8) | 69 (7.6) | 24 (2.6) | ||
Birth order number | 1st order | 1203 (69.7) | 303 (17.6) | 160 (9.3) | 60 (3.5) | 0.002 |
2-3rd order | 2071 (73.8) | 391 (13.9) | 262 (9.3) | 83 (3.0) | ||
4th and above order | 3121 (74.2) | 568 (13.5) | 372 (8.8) | 148 (3.5) | ||
Source of drinking water | piped | 848 (70.1) | 204 (16.9) | 122 (10.1) | 36 (3.0) | 0.038 |
public tap | 2943 (73.9) | 549 (13.8) | 366 (9.2) | 123 (3.1) | ||
protected spring | 510 (73.7) | 85 (12.3) | 66 (9.5) | 31 (4.5) | ||
other | 2094 (73.2) | 424 (14.8) | 240 (8.4) | 101 (3.5) |
Hotspot Analysis
Region | Overall clusters | High hotspots | Low hotspots | Insignificant hotspots |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tigray | 63 | 29 | 2 | 32 |
Afar | 53 | 5 | 3 | 45 |
Amhara | 71 | 7 | 6 | 58 |
Oromia | 74 | 13 | 2 | 59 |
Somali | 67 | 1 | 14 | 52 |
Benishangul | 50 | – | 17 | 37 |
SNNPR | 71 | 7 | 6 | 58 |
Gambela | 50 | 7 | 5 | 38 |
Harari | 44 | – | 44 | – |
Addis Ababa | 56 | – | – | 56 |
Dire Dawa | 44 | 1 | – | 43 |
Model fit
Model | Deviance | PD | DIC |
---|---|---|---|
M1 | 14,506.354 | 43.84641 | 14,594.047 |
M2 | 14,276.435 | 62.702432 | 14,401.84 |
M3 | 14,390.552 | 30.632699 | 14,451.817 |
M4 | 14,292.931 | 67.831814 | 14,428.595 |
M6 | 14,040.064 | 86.639755 | 14,213.344 |
M5 | 14,041.291 | 86.737705 | 14,214.766 |
Fixed effects result from BGAMM
Posterior odds ratio (CI: 95%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Factors | Child had only one illness | Child had two illnesses | Child had three illnesses |
Constant | 0.42 (0.22, 0.79) | 0.15 (0.07, 0.32) | 0.17 (0.03, 1.08) |
Sex of child (Male = ref) | |||
Female | 0.84 (0.73, 0.95) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.18) |
Anemia (Anemic = ref) | |||
Non anemic | 1.23 (0.54, 1.23) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.27) | 0.23 (0.04, 0.85) |
Breast (Yes = No) | |||
Yes | 0.77 (0.67, 0.89) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) |
Types of toilet (No toilet = ref) | |||
Latrine | 1.02 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.91) |
Flush toilet | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.39) | 0.42 (0.18, 0.99) |
Place of delivery (Health center = ref) | |||
Home | 0.91 (0.77, 1.06) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.38) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.38) |
Working staus (no = ref) | |||
Yes | 1.13 (0.97, 1.29) | 1.29 (1.09, 1.55) | 1.66 (1.29, 2.20) |
Household member (1–5) | |||
6–10 member | 0.72 (0.53, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.40) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.02) |
Above 10 member | 0.69 (3.25, 1.42) | 1.19 (0.44, 2.75) | 0.72 (0.14, 2.48) |
Mother’s Education (No education = ref) | |||
Primary | 0.84 (0.71, 0.79) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.58) |
Secondary& higher | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 0.56 (0.41, 0.78) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.27) |
Birth order (First order = ref) | |||
2-3rd order | 0.79 (0.69, 0.94) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.59, 1.65) |
4th and above | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.50, 1.84) |
Source of drinking water (piped = ref) | |||
Public tap | 0.99 (0.89, 1.13) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.25) | 0.94 (0.63, 1.40) |
Protected spring | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.49) | 1.40 (0.89, 2.32) |
Other | 0.84 (0.65, 1.07) | 0.76 (0.54, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.63, 1.40) |