Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Variable | C9Plus (n = 34) | C9Minus (n = 44) | Control (n = 24) |
---|---|---|---|
Age at death (years) | 69.0 (62.0–75.8) | 78.0 (67.8–83.2) | 86.5 (78.2–89.2) |
RIN (value) | 8.9 (8.4–9.5) | 9.6 (9.1–9.8) | 9.1 (8.8–9.6) |
Sex (female) | 12 (35%) | 22 (50%) | 16 (67%) |
Diagnosis (FTLD/MND) | 12 (35%) | 13 (30%) | 0 (0%) |
RNA sequencing
Differential expression analysis
Co-expression analysis
Clinico-pathological association analysis
Validation experiments and analysis
Results
Top differentially expressed gene is C9orf72
Order | With Cell-Type-Specific Markers | Without Cell-Type-Specific Markers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | Chr | P-value | FDR | Gene | Chr | P-value | FDR | |
1 |
C9orf72
| chr9 | 5.86E-19 | 1.41E-14 |
C9orf72
| chr9 | 3.61E-12 | 8.69E-08 |
2 |
SMIM14
| chr4 | 2.06E-11 | 2.49E-07 |
RP11-196E1.3
| chr11 | 3.89E-11 | 4.68E-07 |
3 |
FBLL1
| chr5 | 1.12E-10 | 8.96E-07 |
GEM
| chr8 | 3.45E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
4 |
ABCE1
| chr4 | 3.54E-10 | 2.13E-06 |
PCP4
| chr21 | 3.47E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
5 |
HRH3
| chr20 | 9.60E-10 | 4.62E-06 |
KCNC3
| chr19 | 5.85E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
6 |
GIT1
| chr17 | 1.41E-09 | 5.55E-06 |
ANGPT1
| chr8 | 6.33E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
7 |
AC009133.15
| chr16 | 1.61E-09 | 5.55E-06 |
SMIM14
| chr4 | 6.85E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
8 |
PYCR2
| chr1 | 2.33E-09 | 6.24E-06 |
GPCPD1
| chr20 | 7.04E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
9 |
VSTM2A-OT1
| chr7 | 2.52E-09 | 6.24E-06 |
KREMEN2
| chr16 | 8.08E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
10 |
MTR
| chr1 | 2.59E-09 | 6.24E-06 |
DPYSL3
| chr5 | 8.49E-10 | 2.05E-06 |
11 |
KCNJ6
| chr21 | 3.06E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
SCN1B
| chr19 | 9.75E-10 | 2.14E-06 |
12 |
RP11-196E1.3
| chr11 | 3.26E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
PRELP
| chr1 | 1.38E-09 | 2.78E-06 |
13 |
TESK1
| chr9 | 3.98E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
FBLL1
| chr5 | 1.58E-09 | 2.93E-06 |
14 |
DCAF16
| chr4 | 4.07E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
LINC01102
| chr2 | 1.95E-09 | 3.17E-06 |
15 |
SH3GL1P3
| chr17 | 5.26E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
CTD-2126E3.4
| chr19 | 1.98E-09 | 3.17E-06 |
16 |
DCTN6
| chr8 | 5.26E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
SLC17A6
| chr11 | 2.10E-09 | 3.17E-06 |
17 |
BPGM
| chr7 | 5.57E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
RAB4B
| chr19 | 2.23E-09 | 3.17E-06 |
18 |
NT5DC1
| chr6 | 5.58E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
KB-1107E3.1
| chr8 | 3.56E-09 | 4.77E-06 |
19 |
RP11-318A15.7
| chr17 | 5.59E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
CCDC102A
| chr16 | 4.10E-09 | 5.19E-06 |
20 |
CHMP2B
| chr3 | 5.69E-09 | 6.26E-06 |
AEBP1
| chr7 | 4.62E-09 | 5.39E-06 |
Order | C9Plus vs. C9Minus | C9Plus vs. Control | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | Chr | P-value | FDR | FC | Gene | Chr | P-value | FDR | FC | |
1 |
C9orf72
| chr9 | 4.35E-10 | 6.04E-06 | -1.75 |
C9orf72
| chr9 | 4.48E-10 | 1.08E-05 | -1.69 |
2 |
FBLL1
| chr5 | 5.01E-10 | 6.04E-06 | 1.88 |
SMIM14
| chr4 | 3.16E-09 | 3.80E-05 | -1.34 |
3 |
VSTM2A-OT1
| chr7 | 1.51E-09 | 9.64E-06 | 1.96 |
PYCR2
| chr1 | 5.96E-09 | 3.99E-05 | -1.73 |
4 |
KCNJ6
| chr21 | 1.88E-09 | 9.64E-06 | 1.92 |
NT5DC1
| chr6 | 9.62E-09 | 3.99E-05 | -1.57 |
5 |
ABCE1
| chr4 | 2.06E-09 | 9.64E-06 | -1.35 |
GID4
| chr17 | 1.08E-08 | 3.99E-05 | 1.33 |
6 |
SMIM14
| chr4 | 2.40E-09 | 9.64E-06 | -1.25 |
GIT1
| chr17 | 1.10E-08 | 3.99E-05 | 1.63 |
7 |
HRH3
| chr20 | 4.12E-09 | 1.40E-05 | 1.99 |
SCN3A
| chr2 | 1.16E-08 | 3.99E-05 | 1.94 |
8 |
SH3GL1P3
| chr17 | 4.65E-09 | 1.40E-05 | 1.80 |
S100B
| chr21 | 1.38E-08 | 4.17E-05 | -1.94 |
9 |
CTD-2126E3.4
| chr19 | 5.61E-09 | 1.50E-05 | 2.11 |
CMTM5
| chr14 | 1.71E-08 | 4.57E-05 | -2.49 |
10 |
LRFN4
| chr11 | 7.15E-09 | 1.72E-05 | 1.69 |
RP11-196E1.3
| chr11 | 1.96E-08 | 4.72E-05 | -2.90 |
11 |
RP11-147 L13.13
| chr17 | 1.02E-08 | 2.24E-05 | 1.80 |
DCTN6
| chr8 | 3.88E-08 | 6.82E-05 | -1.33 |
12 |
CA7
| chr16 | 1.14E-08 | 2.28E-05 | 1.69 |
SUCLG2
| chr3 | 4.11E-08 | 6.82E-05 | -1.72 |
13 |
MXD4
| chr4 | 1.36E-08 | 2.47E-05 | 1.35 |
MARCKSL1
| chr1 | 4.16E-08 | 6.82E-05 | -1.57 |
14 |
STX12
| chr1 | 1.43E-08 | 2.47E-05 | -1.23 |
KCNG1
| chr20 | 4.17E-08 | 6.82E-05 | 2.88 |
15 |
ATG4D
| chr19 | 1.73E-08 | 2.78E-05 | 1.30 |
BAG2
| chr6 | 4.25E-08 | 6.82E-05 | 1.47 |
16 |
DUSP14
| chr17 | 1.84E-08 | 2.78E-05 | 1.34 |
RAF1
| chr3 | 5.09E-08 | 7.67E-05 | 1.23 |
17 |
CHMP2B
| chr3 | 1.97E-08 | 2.78E-05 | -1.32 |
TESK1
| chr9 | 5.57E-08 | 7.81E-05 | 1.33 |
18 |
LPHN1
| chr19 | 2.08E-08 | 2.78E-05 | 1.43 |
BDNF-AS
| chr11 | 6.20E-08 | 7.81E-05 | -1.82 |
19 |
ST8SIA5
| chr18 | 2.31E-08 | 2.93E-05 | 1.52 |
CTC-273B12.10
| chr19 | 6.57E-08 | 7.81E-05 | 2.69 |
20 |
NFATC2IP
| chr16 | 2.55E-08 | 3.07E-05 | -1.29 |
CYP4F11
| chr19 | 6.61E-08 | 7.81E-05 | -3.25 |
Source | Order | Process/Pathway | P-value | FDR |
---|---|---|---|---|
KEGG | 1 | KEGG_ENDOCYTOSIS | 4.40E-05 | 0.02 |
2 | KEGG_CITRATE_CYCLE_TCA_CYCLE | 0.004 | 0.38 | |
GO-BP | 1 | GO_ORGANIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 7.91E-05 | 0.27 |
2 | GO_TRICARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 1.40E-04 | 0.27 |
Co-expression analysis reveals relevant modules involved in processes like vesicular transport
Module | Dir | Source | Order | Process/Pathway | P-value | FDR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEblack | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION | 3.31E-06 | 4.34E-04 |
2 | KEGG_SPLICEOSOME | 3.80E-04 | 0.02 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_PROTEIN_FOLDING | 4.24E-29 | 8.97E-26 | ||
2 | GO_RESPONSE_TO_TOPOLOGICALLY_INCORRECT_PROTEIN | 6.40E-19 | 7.55E-16 | |||
MEdarkorange | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_ECM_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION | 0.04 | 0.67 |
2 | KEGG_FOCAL_ADHESION | 0.10 | 1.00 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_PROTEIN_HETEROOLIGOMERIZATION | 0.001 | 0.06 | ||
2 | GO_REGULATION_OF_CARBOHYDRATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 0.003 | 0.14 | |||
MEblue | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_SPLICEOSOME | 0.002 | 0.09 |
2 | KEGG_RNA_DEGRADATION | 0.04 | 0.68 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_RNA_SPLICING | 7.85E-12 | 4.57E-09 | ||
2 | GO_RNA_PROCESSING | 9.98E-12 | 5.56E-09 | |||
MEyellow | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_PEROXISOME | 4.48E-06 | 5.00E-04 |
2 | KEGG_DNA_REPLICATION | 3.65E-04 | 0.02 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_SMALL_MOLECULE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 4.33E-09 | 1.58E-06 | ||
2 | GO_CELLULAR_AMINO_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 3.34E-08 | 1.01E-05 | |||
MEred | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_ECM_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION | 1.52E-07 | 3.38E-05 |
2 | KEGG_FOCAL_ADHESION | 3.67E-06 | 4.34E-04 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_EXTRACELLULAR_STRUCTURE_ORGANIZATION | 1.56E-16 | 1.45E-13 | ||
2 | GO_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT | 2.61E-12 | 1.54E-09 | |||
MEwhite | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_RIBOSOME | 1.49E-05 | 0.001 |
2 | KEGG_PROTEIN_EXPORT | 0.01 | 0.32 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_PEPTIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 1.57E-07 | 4.08E-05 | ||
2 | GO_CELLULAR_AMIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 6.22E-07 | 1.34E-04 | |||
MEgreen | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_PARKINSONS_DISEASE | 1.74E-08 | 5.23E-06 |
2 | KEGG_HUNTINGTONS_DISEASE | 1.50E-06 | 2.17E-04 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_GOLGI_VESICLE_TRANSPORT | 3.53E-09 | 1.33E-06 | ||
2 | GO_SMALL_MOLECULE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 5.83E-09 | 2.05E-06 | |||
MEroyalblue | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_FOCAL_ADHESION | 1.56E-07 | 3.38E-05 |
2 | KEGG_COMPLEMENT_AND_COAGULATION_CASCADES | 2.70E-07 | 5.03E-05 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_VASCULATURE_DEVELOPMENT | 2.11E-17 | 2.18E-14 | ||
2 | GO_BLOOD_VESSEL_MORPHOGENESIS | 4.64E-17 | 4.65E-14 | |||
MEsalmon | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_PROTEASOME | 3.80E-06 | 4.36E-04 |
2 | KEGG_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE | 2.59E-04 | 0.02 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_MITOCHONDRION_ORGANIZATION | 1.02E-11 | 5.64E-09 | ||
2 | GO_CELLULAR_MACROMOLECULAR_COMPLEX_ASSEMBLY | 2.34E-08 | 7.38E-06 | |||
MEgreenyellow | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_TAURINE_AND_HYPOTAURINE_METABOLISM | 1.26E-04 | 0.009 |
2 | KEGG_BETA_ALANINE_METABOLISM | 9.26E-04 | 0.04 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_CEREBRAL_CORTEX_GABAERGIC_INTERNEURON_DIFFERENTIATION | 3.80E-09 | 1.41E-06 | ||
2 | GO_GABAERGIC_NEURON_DIFFERENTIATION | 8.92E-09 | 3.02E-06 | |||
MEturquoise | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_NEUROACTIVE_LIGAND_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION | 6.26E-13 | 2.72E-10 |
2 | KEGG_CALCIUM_SIGNALING_PATHWAY | 3.22E-09 | 1.14E-06 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_SYNAPTIC_SIGNALING | 2.36E-50 | 6.29E-47 | ||
2 | GO_MODULATION_OF_SYNAPTIC_TRANSMISSION | 6.15E-40 | 1.47E-36 |
Module | Dir | Source | Order | Process/Pathway | P-value | FDR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEskyblue | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_MELANOGENESIS | 4.24E-04 | 0.04 |
2 | KEGG_NOTCH_SIGNALING_PATHWAY | 7.46E-04 | 0.06 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS | 5.27E-05 | 0.008 | ||
2 | GO_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_STEROID_HORMONE_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY | 5.66E-05 | 0.009 | |||
MEpaleturquoise | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_NEUROACTIVE_LIGAND_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION | 1.09E-04 | 0.01 |
2 | KEGG_TAURINE_AND_HYPOTAURINE_METABOLISM | 1.80E-04 | 0.02 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_CEREBRAL_CORTEX_GABAERGIC_INTERNEURON_DIFFERENTIATION | 7.95E-09 | 3.97E-06 | ||
2 | GO_GABAERGIC_NEURON_DIFFERENTIATION | 1.87E-08 | 8.41E-06 | |||
MEturquoise | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_NEUROACTIVE_LIGAND_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION | 4.56E-15 | 2.26E-12 |
2 | KEGG_CALCIUM_SIGNALING_PATHWAY | 2.44E-06 | 6.06E-04 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_SYNAPTIC_SIGNALING | 3.79E-33 | 1.06E-29 | ||
2 | GO_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING | 3.59E-23 | 8.31E-20 | |||
MEyellow | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_PEROXISOME | 5.76E-07 | 1.71E-04 |
2 | KEGG_VALINE_LEUCINE_AND_ISOLEUCINE_DEGRADATION | 1.60E-05 | 0.003 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_SMALL_MOLECULE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 1.44E-16 | 2.10E-13 | ||
2 | GO_ORGANIC_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS | 1.23E-14 | 1.39E-11 | |||
MEgreen | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_CITRATE_CYCLE_TCA_CYCLE | 6.15E-05 | 0.009 |
2 | KEGG_PYRUVATE_METABOLISM | 0.002 | 0.11 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_ORGANIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 6.24E-08 | 2.49E-05 | ||
2 | GO_GOLGI_VESICLE_TRANSPORT | 7.76E-08 | 2.98E-05 | |||
MEorange | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_PARKINSONS_DISEASE | 4.93E-34 | 1.10E-30 |
2 | KEGG_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION | 3.39E-32 | 5.04E-29 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_NUCLEOSIDE_TRIPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 5.35E-29 | 1.46E-25 | ||
2 | GO_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION | 1.74E-28 | 4.63E-25 | |||
MEtan | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_GLYCINE_SERINE_AND_THREONINE_METABOLISM | 5.51E-07 | 1.71E-04 |
2 | KEGG_FATTY_ACID_METABOLISM | 6.55E-07 | 1.83E-04 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_OXIDATION_REDUCTION_PROCESS | 8.53E-18 | 1.40E-14 | ||
2 | GO_BIOLOGICAL_ADHESION | 1.39E-15 | 1.93E-12 | |||
MEblack‘ | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_BASAL_TRANSCRIPTION_FACTORS | 0.002 | 0.11 |
2 | KEGG_SPLICEOSOME | 0.02 | 0.48 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_NITROGEN_COMPOUND_METABOLIC_PROCESS | 6.04E-09 | 3.11E-06 | ||
2 | GO_CHROMATIN_MODIFICATION | 4.90E-08 | 2.00E-05 | |||
MEdarkred | Down | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_LYSOSOME | 0.004 | 0.18 |
2 | KEGG_STEROID_BIOSYNTHESIS | 0.005 | 0.19 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_ENSHEATHMENT_OF_NEURONS | 4.31E-05 | 0.007 | ||
2 | GO_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_ORGANIZATION | 5.22E-05 | 0.008 | |||
MEmidnightblue | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION | 5.26E-05 | 0.008 |
2 | KEGG_SYSTEMIC_LUPUS_ERYTHEMATOSUS | 0.001 | 0.09 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_PROTEIN_FOLDING | 2.29E-21 | 4.69E-18 | ||
2 | GO_PROTEIN_REFOLDING | 9.27E-12 | 8.16E-09 | |||
MEsteelblue | Up | KEGG | 1 | KEGG_CYTOKINE_CYTOKINE_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION | 0.001 | 0.09 |
2 | KEGG_APOPTOSIS | 0.002 | 0.11 | |||
GO-BP | 1 | GO_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE | 7.44E-06 | 0.002 | ||
2 | GO_CELL_DEATH | 1.23E-05 | 0.002 |
Machine learning uncovers clinico-pathological associations
Variable | Order | LASSO | Single-Gene | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | Chr | Coef1 | Coef2 | SE | P-value | ||
Age at Onset | 1 |
VEGFA
| chr6 | 0.14 | 7.36 | 1.61 | 9.17E-05 |
Age at Death | 1 |
AUTS2
| chr7 | 0.68 | 23.86 | 4.64 | 1.41E-05 |
2 |
TAF8
| chr6 | 7.00 | 28.34 | 6.58 | 1.55E-04 | |
3 |
NAGS
| chr17 | 0.16 | 10.87 | 2.58 | 2.02E-04 | |
4 |
RP1-130H16.18
| chr22 | 2.88 | 15.96 | 3.82 | 2.23E-04 | |
5 |
DOCK10
| chr2 | -1.31 | -13.55 | 3.26 | 2.38E-04 | |
6 |
CLEC4E
| chr12 | 0.56 | 4.53 | 1.09 | 2.43E-04 | |
7 |
APOBR
| chr16 | 0.88 | 6.59 | 1.60 | 2.71E-04 | |
8 |
LYST
| chr1 | -5.12 | -29.58 | 7.43 | 3.86E-04 | |
9 |
SLC39A11
| chr17 | 0.25 | 13.82 | 3.48 | 3.96E-04 | |
10 |
RP11-3G21.1
| chr8 | 0.29 | 6.95 | 1.78 | 4.67E-04 | |
11 |
TIMM13
| chr19 | -0.38 | -22.98 | 6.48 | 0.001 | |
12 |
VCX
| chrX | 3.39 | 12.55 | 3.56 | 0.001 | |
13 |
SELPLG
| chr12 | 0.05 | 6.55 | 2.08 | 0.004 | |
Expansion Size | 1 |
CDKL1
| chr14 | 3.06 | 21.39 | 4.52 | 5.28E-05 |
2 |
FAM87A
| chr8 | -0.50 | -9.21 | 2.24 | 2.94E-04 | |
3 |
RP11-481 J2.3
| chr16 | 0.64 | 7.52 | 2.14 | 0.001 | |
4 |
EFCAB14
| chr1 | -2.38 | -34.03 | 9.98 | 0.002 | |
Sense RNA Foci | 1 |
CATIP-AS1
| chr2 | -0.002 | -0.10 | 0.02 | 6.34E-05 |
Antisense RNA Foci | 1 |
CCDC127
| chr5 | 0.003 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.001 |
Poly(GP) | 1 |
EEF2K
| chr16 | -10.11 | - 495.81 | 133.94 | 9.69E-04 |
Methylation | 1 |
AC006946.16
| chr22 | -0.03 | -8.14 | 2.05 | 4.32E-04 |
2 |
RP11-555 M1.3
| chr3 | 0.07 | 4.18 | 1.33 | 0.004 | |
3 |
A1BG
| chr19 | -0.009 | -8.69 | 2.78 | 0.004 | |
Disease Subgroup | 1 |
TMPPE
| chr3 | 0.02 | 3.03 | 1.10 | 0.006 |
2 |
EDEM2
| chr20 | 0.93 | 8.44 | 3.13 | 0.007 | |
3 |
CD37
| chr19 | -0.39 | -6.42 | 2.41 | 0.008 | |
4 |
MZT2B
| chr2 | -1.15 | -22.86 | 8.75 | 0.009 | |
5 |
PLK5
| chr19 | -0.02 | -2.52 | 1.00 | 0.01 | |
6 |
NOTUM
| chr17 | -0.32 | -4.87 | 2.30 | 0.03 | |
Variable | Order | Gene | Chr | Coef1 | HR | CI | P-value |
Survival after Onset | 1 |
SGSM3
| chr22 | -0.02 | 0.10 | 0.04–0.28 | 1.31E-05 |
2 |
EFNA2
| chr19 | -0.03 | 0.19 | 0.07–0.51 | 0.001 |