Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 4/2011

01.04.2011 | Aktuelles aus Diagnostik und Therapie

Botulinum-Neurotoxin in der Behandlung der Spastizität im Erwachsenenalter

Ein interdisziplinärer deutscher 10-Punkte-Konsensus 2010

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. J. Wissel, M. auf dem Brinke, M. Hecht, C. Herrmann, M. Huber, S. Mehnert, I. Reuter, A. Schramm, A. Stenner, C. van der Ven, M. Winterholler, A. Kupsch

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 4/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Spastizität ist neben Paresen und sensiblen sowie neuropsychologischen Störungen eine wichtige Ursache für funktionell relevante Behinderungen bei Erwachsenen mit Schäden des zentralen Nervensystems. So zeigen bis zu 30% der Patienten nach Schlaganfall im frühen Verlauf bereits eine Spastizität in leichter bis mittlerer Ausprägung, die bei schweren Verläufen mit konsekutiven Beeinträchtigungen des betroffenen Muskel- und Bindegewebes einhergehen kann. Zahlreiche Studien und Metaanalysen belegen, dass lokale Injektionen von Botulinum-Neurotoxin Typ A (BoNT-A) durch eine dosisabhängige Verminderung des Muskeltonus und Verbesserung der passiven Beweglichkeit auch passive Funktionsverbesserungen (z. B. Erleichterung der Pflege und Hygiene) erreichen, gerade auch bei wiederholten Behandlungen. Länderspezifische Unterschiede bei der Zulassung in Europa sowie die oft patientenferne Administration im deutschen Gesundheitswesen erschweren jedoch die Bereitstellung dieser Therapie, sodass eine Aktualisierung von bereits existierenden Positionspapieren erforderlich erscheint. In dieser Stellungnahme wird in Anlehnung an kürzlich erschienene englischsprachige Publikationen eine deutschsprachige interdisziplinäre Aktualisierung in Form eines 10-Punkte-Konsensus zur Verfügung gestellt. Durch Aufarbeitung und Bewertung der existierenden Literatur und Abstimmung mit betroffenen Fachgesellschaften soll die Kommunikation mit Entscheidungs- und Kostenträgern erleichtert werden.
Vor Einleitung einer BoNT-A-Behandlung bei Spastizität sollte auf der Basis einer klinischen Evaluation ein realistisches patientenindividuelles Behandlungsziel vorzugsweise in einem multiprofessionellen Behandlungskontext formuliert werden. Zur lokalen Spastikbehandlung bei Schlaganfallpatienten sind in Deutschland derzeit drei Präparate zugelassen: Botox® (Pharm Allergan, Ettlingen, BRD), Dysport® (Ipsen Pharma, Ettlingen, BRD) und Xeomin® (Merz Pharm., Frankfurt/Main, BRD). Generell konnte die Sicherheit der BoNT-A-Behandlung in einer Metaanalyse nachgewiesen werden. Die Dosierung und Muskelauswahl sollte sich jeweils an den individuellen Symptomen orientieren. Die BoNT-A-Injektion sollte zielgenau, kontrolliert und mit begleitenden Therapien koordiniert erfolgen. Kontrollierte Studien belegen in ausgesuchten Patienten auch funktionell relevante Verbesserungen aktiver Funktionen (Hand- und Armfunktion, Gehen). Kombinationen von BoNT-A mit zeitlich abgestimmten weiteren Maßnahmen wie Redressionen und modernen neurorehabilitativen Therapien zeigen zusätzlich verbesserte Ergebnisse im Vergleich zur alleinigen BoNT-A-Behandlung.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Center of evidence-based medicin (2007) Level of evidence and grades of recommendations retrieved, Access Date October 2nd, 2007, from http://www.cebm.net Center of evidence-based medicin (2007) Level of evidence and grades of recommendations retrieved, Access Date October 2nd, 2007, from http://​www.​cebm.​net
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Abolfazli R (2001) Comparative study of neurodevelopment treatment with and without Dysport injection in the management of spasticity of hemiplegic patients. Eur J Neurol 14:155(Suppl 1):155 Abolfazli R (2001) Comparative study of neurodevelopment treatment with and without Dysport injection in the management of spasticity of hemiplegic patients. Eur J Neurol 14:155(Suppl 1):155
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ackman JD, Russman BS, Thomas SS et al (2005) Comparing botulinum toxin A with casting for treatment of dynamic equinus in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 47(9):620–627PubMed Ackman JD, Russman BS, Thomas SS et al (2005) Comparing botulinum toxin A with casting for treatment of dynamic equinus in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 47(9):620–627PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashford S, Turner-Stokes L (2006) Goal attainment for spasticity management using botulinum toxin. Physiother Res Int 11(1): 24–34PubMed Ashford S, Turner-Stokes L (2006) Goal attainment for spasticity management using botulinum toxin. Physiother Res Int 11(1): 24–34PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat auf dem Brinke M (2003) Erfahrungen mit Botulinum-Toxin B zur fokalen antispastischen Therapie bei Erwachsenen. Neurolo Rehabil 9(3/4):153–156 auf dem Brinke M (2003) Erfahrungen mit Botulinum-Toxin B zur fokalen antispastischen Therapie bei Erwachsenen. Neurolo Rehabil 9(3/4):153–156
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakhai A (2004) The burden of coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease. Pharmacoeconomics 22(Suppl 4):11–18PubMed Bakhai A (2004) The burden of coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease. Pharmacoeconomics 22(Suppl 4):11–18PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakheit AM, Ward CD, McLellan DL (1997) Generalised botulism-like syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A: a report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62(2):198PubMed Bakheit AM, Ward CD, McLellan DL (1997) Generalised botulism-like syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A: a report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62(2):198PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB et al (2000) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke 31(10):2402–2406PubMed Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB et al (2000) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke 31(10):2402–2406PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakheit AM, Pittock S, Moore AP et al (2001) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Eur J Neurol 8(6):559–565PubMed Bakheit AM, Pittock S, Moore AP et al (2001) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Eur J Neurol 8(6):559–565PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakheit AM, Fedorova NV, Skoromets AA et al (2004) The beneficial antispasticity effect of botulinum toxin type A is maintained after repeated treatment cycles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(11):1558–1561PubMed Bakheit AM, Fedorova NV, Skoromets AA et al (2004) The beneficial antispasticity effect of botulinum toxin type A is maintained after repeated treatment cycles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(11):1558–1561PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayram S, Sivrioglu K, Karli N, Ozcan O (2006) Low-dose botulinum toxin with short-term electrical stimulation in poststroke spastic drop foot: a preliminary study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85(1):75–81PubMed Bayram S, Sivrioglu K, Karli N, Ozcan O (2006) Low-dose botulinum toxin with short-term electrical stimulation in poststroke spastic drop foot: a preliminary study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85(1):75–81PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Berweck S, Heinen F (2004) Use of botulinum toxin in pediatric spasticity (cerebral palsy). Mov Disord 19(Suppl 8):162–167 Berweck S, Heinen F (2004) Use of botulinum toxin in pediatric spasticity (cerebral palsy). Mov Disord 19(Suppl 8):162–167
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM (2000) Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(2):217–221PubMed Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM (2000) Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(2):217–221PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhakta BB, O’Connor RJ, Cozens JA (2008) Associated reactions after stroke: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin type A. J Rehabil Med 40(1):36–41PubMed Bhakta BB, O’Connor RJ, Cozens JA (2008) Associated reactions after stroke: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin type A. J Rehabil Med 40(1):36–41PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohannon RW, Smith MB (1987) Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 67(2):206–207PubMed Bohannon RW, Smith MB (1987) Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 67(2):206–207PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Borodic G (1994) Therapeutic botulinum toxin. Lancet 344(8933):1370PubMed Borodic G (1994) Therapeutic botulinum toxin. Lancet 344(8933):1370PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottos M, Benedetti MG, Salucci P et al (2003) Botulinum toxin with and without casting in ambulant children with spastic diplegia: a clinical and functional assessment. Dev Med Child Neurol 45(11):758–762PubMed Bottos M, Benedetti MG, Salucci P et al (2003) Botulinum toxin with and without casting in ambulant children with spastic diplegia: a clinical and functional assessment. Dev Med Child Neurol 45(11):758–762PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E et al (2002) Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med 347(6):395–400PubMed Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E et al (2002) Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med 347(6):395–400PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Brashear A, Zafonte R, Corcoran M et al (2002) Inter- and intrarater reliability of the Ashworth Scale and the Disability Assessment Scale in patients with upper-limb poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(10):1349–1354PubMed Brashear A, Zafonte R, Corcoran M et al (2002) Inter- and intrarater reliability of the Ashworth Scale and the Disability Assessment Scale in patients with upper-limb poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(10):1349–1354PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Brashear A, McAfee AL, Kuhn ER, Fyffe J (2004) Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(5):705–709PubMed Brashear A, McAfee AL, Kuhn ER, Fyffe J (2004) Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(5):705–709PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Brashear A (2008) Clinical comparisons of botulinum neurotoxin formulations. Neurologist 14(5):289–298PubMed Brashear A (2008) Clinical comparisons of botulinum neurotoxin formulations. Neurologist 14(5):289–298PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Brin MF (1997) Dosing, administration and a treatment algorithm for use of botulinum toxin A for adult-onset spasticity. Spasticity Study Group. Muscle Nerve 6:208–220 Brin MF (1997) Dosing, administration and a treatment algorithm for use of botulinum toxin A for adult-onset spasticity. Spasticity Study Group. Muscle Nerve 6:208–220
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Burbaud P, Wiart L, Dubos JL et al (1996) A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61(3):265–269PubMed Burbaud P, Wiart L, Dubos JL et al (1996) A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61(3):265–269PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Carda S, Molteni F (2005) Taping versus electrical stimulation after botulinum toxin type A injection for wrist and finger spasticity. A case-control study. Clin Rehabil 19(6):621–626PubMed Carda S, Molteni F (2005) Taping versus electrical stimulation after botulinum toxin type A injection for wrist and finger spasticity. A case-control study. Clin Rehabil 19(6):621–626PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardoso E, Rodrigues B, Lucena R et al (2005) Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of the upper limb spasticity after stroke: a meta-analysis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 63(1):30–33PubMed Cardoso E, Rodrigues B, Lucena R et al (2005) Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of the upper limb spasticity after stroke: a meta-analysis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 63(1):30–33PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen R, Karp BI, Goldstein SR et al (1999) Effect of muscle activity immediately after botulinum toxin injection for writer’s cramp. Mov Disord 14(2):307–312PubMed Chen R, Karp BI, Goldstein SR et al (1999) Effect of muscle activity immediately after botulinum toxin injection for writer’s cramp. Mov Disord 14(2):307–312PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Childers MK, Brashear A, Jozefczyk P et al (2004) Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(7):1063–1069PubMed Childers MK, Brashear A, Jozefczyk P et al (2004) Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(7):1063–1069PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Chin TY, Graham HK (2003) Botulinum toxin A in the management of upper limb spasticity in cerebral palsy. Hand Clin 19(4):591–600PubMed Chin TY, Graham HK (2003) Botulinum toxin A in the management of upper limb spasticity in cerebral palsy. Hand Clin 19(4):591–600PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Deshpande S, Gormley ME Jr, Carey JR (2006) Muscle fiber orientation in muscles commonly injected with botulinum toxin: an anatomical pilot study. Neurotox Res 9(2–3):115–120 Deshpande S, Gormley ME Jr, Carey JR (2006) Muscle fiber orientation in muscles commonly injected with botulinum toxin: an anatomical pilot study. Neurotox Res 9(2–3):115–120
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Jonkers I et al (2001) A randomized study of combined botulinum toxin type A and casting in the ambulant child with cerebral palsy using objective outcome measures. Eur J Neurol 8(Suppl 5):75–87PubMed Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Jonkers I et al (2001) A randomized study of combined botulinum toxin type A and casting in the ambulant child with cerebral palsy using objective outcome measures. Eur J Neurol 8(Suppl 5):75–87PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Hebert R et al (1994) Validation of the box and block test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: reliability, validity and norms studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75(7):751–755PubMed Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Hebert R et al (1994) Validation of the box and block test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: reliability, validity and norms studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75(7):751–755PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz V (2008) Therapie des spastischen Syndroms. from http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/neur-078.htm Dietz V (2008) Therapie des spastischen Syndroms. from http://​www.​uni-duesseldorf.​de/​AWMF/​ll/​neur-078.​htm
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Dressler D (2004) Clinical presentation and management of antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin therapy. Mov Disord 19(Suppl 8):92–100 Dressler D (2004) Clinical presentation and management of antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin therapy. Mov Disord 19(Suppl 8):92–100
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B et al (2005) Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke 36(9):100–143 Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B et al (2005) Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke 36(9):100–143
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunne JW, Heye N, Dunne SL (1995) Treatment of chronic limb spasticity with botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58(2):232–235PubMed Dunne JW, Heye N, Dunne SL (1995) Treatment of chronic limb spasticity with botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58(2):232–235PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Elovic EP, Brashear A, Kaelin D et al (2008) Repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type a produce sustained decreases in the limitations associated with focal upper-limb poststroke spasticity for caregivers and patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(5):799–806PubMed Elovic EP, Brashear A, Kaelin D et al (2008) Repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type a produce sustained decreases in the limitations associated with focal upper-limb poststroke spasticity for caregivers and patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(5):799–806PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Esquenazi A, Mayer N (2007) Electric stimulation to prolong the duration of botulinum toxin type A effect on spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:E105 Esquenazi A, Mayer N (2007) Electric stimulation to prolong the duration of botulinum toxin type A effect on spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:E105
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Farina S, Migliorini C, Gandolfi M et al (2008) Combined effects of botulinum toxin and casting treatments on lower limb spasticity after stroke. Funct Neurol 23(2):87–91PubMed Farina S, Migliorini C, Gandolfi M et al (2008) Combined effects of botulinum toxin and casting treatments on lower limb spasticity after stroke. Funct Neurol 23(2):87–91PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Fietzek UM, Kossmehl P, Barthels A et al (2009) Botulinum toxin B increases mouth opening in patients with spastic trismus. Eur J Neurol 16(12):1299–1304PubMed Fietzek UM, Kossmehl P, Barthels A et al (2009) Botulinum toxin B increases mouth opening in patients with spastic trismus. Eur J Neurol 16(12):1299–1304PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster KA, Bigalke H, Aoki KR (2006) Botulinum neurotoxin – from laboratory to bedside. Neurotox Res 9(2–3):133–140 Foster KA, Bigalke H, Aoki KR (2006) Botulinum neurotoxin – from laboratory to bedside. Neurotox Res 9(2–3):133–140
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Francis HP, Wade DT, Turner-Stokes L et al (2004) Does reducing spasticity translate into functional benefit? An exploratory meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(11):1547–1551PubMed Francis HP, Wade DT, Turner-Stokes L et al (2004) Does reducing spasticity translate into functional benefit? An exploratory meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(11):1547–1551PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Francisco GE, Boake C, Vaughn A (2002) Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: a randomized trial comparing dilution techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81(5):355–363PubMed Francisco GE, Boake C, Vaughn A (2002) Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: a randomized trial comparing dilution techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81(5):355–363PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Frasson E, Priori A, Ruzzante B et al (2005) Nerve stimulation boosts botulinum toxin action in spasticity. Mov Disord 20(5):624–629PubMed Frasson E, Priori A, Ruzzante B et al (2005) Nerve stimulation boosts botulinum toxin action in spasticity. Mov Disord 20(5):624–629PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilles D (2008) Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait. Stroke 39:2803–2808 Gilles D (2008) Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait. Stroke 39:2803–2808
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Giovannelli M, Borriello G, Castri P et al (2007) Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil 21(4):331–337PubMed Giovannelli M, Borriello G, Castri P et al (2007) Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil 21(4):331–337PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon MF, Brashear A, Elovic E et al (2004) Repeated dosing of botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke. Neurology 63(10):1971–1973PubMed Gordon MF, Brashear A, Elovic E et al (2004) Repeated dosing of botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke. Neurology 63(10):1971–1973PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Gracies JM (2005) Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle Nerve 31(5):535–551PubMed Gracies JM (2005) Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle Nerve 31(5):535–551PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Gracies JM (2007) Botulinum neurotoxin type A versus oral tizanidine in the treatment of upper-limb spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:E4 Gracies JM (2007) Botulinum neurotoxin type A versus oral tizanidine in the treatment of upper-limb spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:E4
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Gracies JM, Lugassy M, Weisz DJ et al (2009) Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90(1):9–16PubMed Gracies JM, Lugassy M, Weisz DJ et al (2009) Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90(1):9–16PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham HK, Aoki KR, Autti-Ramo I et al (2000) Recommendations for the use of botulinum toxin type A in the management of cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 11(1):67–79PubMed Graham HK, Aoki KR, Autti-Ramo I et al (2000) Recommendations for the use of botulinum toxin type A in the management of cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 11(1):67–79PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham HK, Boyd R, Carlin JB et al (2008) Does botulinum toxin a combined with bracing prevent hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy and „hips at risk“? A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90(1):23–33PubMed Graham HK, Boyd R, Carlin JB et al (2008) Does botulinum toxin a combined with bracing prevent hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy and „hips at risk“? A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90(1):23–33PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Grazko MA, Polo KB, Jabbari B (1995) Botulinum toxin A for spasticity, muscle spasms and rigidity. Neurology 45(4):712–717PubMed Grazko MA, Polo KB, Jabbari B (1995) Botulinum toxin A for spasticity, muscle spasms and rigidity. Neurology 45(4):712–717PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Heinen F, Molenaers G, Fairhurst C et al (2006) European consensus table 2006 on botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 10(5–6):215–225 Heinen F, Molenaers G, Fairhurst C et al (2006) European consensus table 2006 on botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 10(5–6):215–225
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Heinen F, Desloovere K, Schroeder AS et al (2010) The updated European Consensus 2009 on the use of botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 14(1):45–66PubMed Heinen F, Desloovere K, Schroeder AS et al (2010) The updated European Consensus 2009 on the use of botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 14(1):45–66PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hesse S, Lucke D, Malezic M et al (1994) Botulinum toxin treatment for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(11):1321–1324PubMed Hesse S, Lucke D, Malezic M et al (1994) Botulinum toxin treatment for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(11):1321–1324PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Hesse S, Jahnke MT, Luecke D, Mauritz KH (1995) Short-term electrical stimulation enhances the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients. Neurosci Lett 201(1):37–40PubMed Hesse S, Jahnke MT, Luecke D, Mauritz KH (1995) Short-term electrical stimulation enhances the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients. Neurosci Lett 201(1):37–40PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Hesse S, Reiter F, Konrad M, Jahnke MT (1998) Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 12(5):381–388PubMed Hesse S, Reiter F, Konrad M, Jahnke MT (1998) Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 12(5):381–388PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hesse S, Werner C, Bardeleben A (2007) Lokomotionstherapie chronisch hemi-paretischer Patienten nach Therapie eines spastischen Spitzfußes mit hochgereinigtem Botulinumtoxin A (Xeomin (R)). Neurol Rehabil 13(6):327–332 Hesse S, Werner C, Bardeleben A (2007) Lokomotionstherapie chronisch hemi-paretischer Patienten nach Therapie eines spastischen Spitzfußes mit hochgereinigtem Botulinumtoxin A (Xeomin (R)). Neurol Rehabil 13(6):327–332
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirsch MA, Westhoff B, Toole T et al (2005) Association between botulinum toxin injection into the arm and changes in gait in adults after stroke. Mov Disord 20(8):1014–1020PubMed Hirsch MA, Westhoff B, Toole T et al (2005) Association between botulinum toxin injection into the arm and changes in gait in adults after stroke. Mov Disord 20(8):1014–1020PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Holden MK, Gill KM, Magliozzi MR et al (1984) Clinical gait assessment in the neurologically impaired. Reliability and meaningfulness. Phys Ther 64(1):35–40PubMed Holden MK, Gill KM, Magliozzi MR et al (1984) Clinical gait assessment in the neurologically impaired. Reliability and meaningfulness. Phys Ther 64(1):35–40PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH (1985) Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48(7):676–685PubMed Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH (1985) Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48(7):676–685PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyman N, Barnes M, Bhakta B et al (2000) Botulinum toxin (Dysport) treatment of hip adductor spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68(6):707–712PubMed Hyman N, Barnes M, Bhakta B et al (2000) Botulinum toxin (Dysport) treatment of hip adductor spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68(6):707–712PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Jebsen RH, Taylor N, Trieschmann RB et al (1969) An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 50(6):311–319PubMed Jebsen RH, Taylor N, Trieschmann RB et al (1969) An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 50(6):311–319PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen MP, Miller L, Fisher LD (1998) Assessment of pain during medical procedures: a comparison of three scales. Clin J Pain 14(4):343–349PubMed Jensen MP, Miller L, Fisher LD (1998) Assessment of pain during medical procedures: a comparison of three scales. Clin J Pain 14(4):343–349PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen MP, Chodroff MJ, Dworkin RH (2007) The impact of neuropathic pain on health-related quality of life: review and implications. Neurology 68(15):1178–1182PubMed Jensen MP, Chodroff MJ, Dworkin RH (2007) The impact of neuropathic pain on health-related quality of life: review and implications. Neurology 68(15):1178–1182PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson CA, Burridge JH, Strike PW et al (2004) The effect of combined use of botulinum toxin type A and functional electric stimulation in the treatment of spastic drop foot after stroke: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(6):902–909PubMed Johnson CA, Burridge JH, Strike PW et al (2004) The effect of combined use of botulinum toxin type A and functional electric stimulation in the treatment of spastic drop foot after stroke: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(6):902–909PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanovsky P, Slawek J, Denes Z et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of botulinum neurotoxin NT 201 in poststroke upper limb spasticity. Clin Neuropharmacol 32(5):259–265PubMed Kanovsky P, Slawek J, Denes Z et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of botulinum neurotoxin NT 201 in poststroke upper limb spasticity. Clin Neuropharmacol 32(5):259–265PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Kay RM, Rethlefsen SA, Fern-Buneo A et al (2004) Botulinum toxin as an adjunct to serial casting treatment in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(11):2377–2384 Kay RM, Rethlefsen SA, Fern-Buneo A et al (2004) Botulinum toxin as an adjunct to serial casting treatment in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(11):2377–2384
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirazli Y, On AY, Kismali B, Aksit R (1998) Comparison of phenol block and botulinus toxin type A in the treatment of spastic foot after stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 77(6):510–515PubMed Kirazli Y, On AY, Kismali B, Aksit R (1998) Comparison of phenol block and botulinus toxin type A in the treatment of spastic foot after stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 77(6):510–515PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Sarti C, Heuschmann PU et al (1998) A prospective community-based study of stroke in Germany – the Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro): incidence and case fatality at 1, 3 and 12 months. Stroke 29(12):2501–2506PubMed Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Sarti C, Heuschmann PU et al (1998) A prospective community-based study of stroke in Germany – the Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro): incidence and case fatality at 1, 3 and 12 months. Stroke 29(12):2501–2506PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kong KH, Neo JJ, Chua KS (2007) A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. Clin Rehabil 21(1):28–35PubMed Kong KH, Neo JJ, Chua KS (2007) A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. Clin Rehabil 21(1):28–35PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lagalla G, Danni M, Reiter F et al (2000) Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 79(4):377–384; quiz 391–394PubMed Lagalla G, Danni M, Reiter F et al (2000) Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 79(4):377–384; quiz 391–394PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Lance JW (1980) The control of muscle tone, reflexes and movement: Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 30(12):1303–1313PubMed Lance JW (1980) The control of muscle tone, reflexes and movement: Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 30(12):1303–1313PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP et al (2004) Predicting spasticity after stroke in those surviving to 12 months. Clin Rehabil 18(4):438–443PubMed Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP et al (2004) Predicting spasticity after stroke in those surviving to 12 months. Clin Rehabil 18(4):438–443PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim JY, Koh JH, Paik NJ (2008) Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A reduces hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study versus intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide. Stroke 39(1):126–131PubMed Lim JY, Koh JH, Paik NJ (2008) Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A reduces hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study versus intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide. Stroke 39(1):126–131PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundström E, Terent A, Borg J (2008) Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first-ever stroke. Eur J Neurol 15(6):533–539PubMed Lundström E, Terent A, Borg J (2008) Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first-ever stroke. Eur J Neurol 15(6):533–539PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundström E, Smits A, Terent A, Borg J (2009) Risk factors for stroke-related pain 1 year after first-ever stroke. Eur J Neurol 16(2):188–193PubMed Lundström E, Smits A, Terent A, Borg J (2009) Risk factors for stroke-related pain 1 year after first-ever stroke. Eur J Neurol 16(2):188–193PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundström E, Smits A, Borg J, Terent A (2010) Four-fold increase in direct costs of stroke survivors with spasticity compared with stroke survivors without spasticity: the first year after the event. Stroke 41(2):319–324PubMed Lundström E, Smits A, Borg J, Terent A (2010) Four-fold increase in direct costs of stroke survivors with spasticity compared with stroke survivors without spasticity: the first year after the event. Stroke 41(2):319–324PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyle RC (1981) A performance test for assessment of upper limb function in physical rehabilitation treatment and research. Int J Rehabil Res 4(4):483–492PubMed Lyle RC (1981) A performance test for assessment of upper limb function in physical rehabilitation treatment and research. Int J Rehabil Res 4(4):483–492PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahrhold S, Rummel A, Bigalke H et al (2006) The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves. FEBS Lett 580(8):2011–2014PubMed Mahrhold S, Rummel A, Bigalke H et al (2006) The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves. FEBS Lett 580(8):2011–2014PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Mancini F, Sandrini G, Moglia A et al (2005) A randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the treatment of spastic foot. Neurol Sci 26(1):26–31PubMed Mancini F, Sandrini G, Moglia A et al (2005) A randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the treatment of spastic foot. Neurol Sci 26(1):26–31PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Marco E, Duarte E, Vila J et al (2007) Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Rehabil Med 39(6):440–447PubMed Marco E, Duarte E, Vila J et al (2007) Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Rehabil Med 39(6):440–447PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathiowetz V, Volland G, Kashman N, Weber K (1985) Adult norms for the box and block test of manual dexterity. Am J Occup Ther 39(6):386–391PubMed Mathiowetz V, Volland G, Kashman N, Weber K (1985) Adult norms for the box and block test of manual dexterity. Am J Occup Ther 39(6):386–391PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Mejia NI, Vuong KD, Jankovic J (2005) Long-term botulinum toxin efficacy, safety and immunogenicity. Mov Disord 20(5):592–597PubMed Mejia NI, Vuong KD, Jankovic J (2005) Long-term botulinum toxin efficacy, safety and immunogenicity. Mov Disord 20(5):592–597PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Miscio G, Del Conte C, Pianca D et al (2004) Botulinum toxin in post-stroke patients: stiffness modifications and clinical implications. J Neurol 251(2):189–196PubMed Miscio G, Del Conte C, Pianca D et al (2004) Botulinum toxin in post-stroke patients: stiffness modifications and clinical implications. J Neurol 251(2):189–196PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Molloy FM, Shill HA, Kaelin-Lang A, Karp BI (2002) Accuracy of muscle localization without EMG: implications for treatment of limb dystonia. Neurology 58(5):805–807PubMed Molloy FM, Shill HA, Kaelin-Lang A, Karp BI (2002) Accuracy of muscle localization without EMG: implications for treatment of limb dystonia. Neurology 58(5):805–807PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller K, Mix E, Adib Saberi F et al (2009) Prevalence of neutralising antibodies in patients treated with botulinum toxin type A for spasticity. J Neural Transm 116(5):579–585PubMed Muller K, Mix E, Adib Saberi F et al (2009) Prevalence of neutralising antibodies in patients treated with botulinum toxin type A for spasticity. J Neural Transm 116(5):579–585PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Najafi MR, Rashidi I (2003) Antispasmodic effect of botulinum toxin type A on spastic hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident. Arch Iran Med 6(4):265–268 Najafi MR, Rashidi I (2003) Antispasmodic effect of botulinum toxin type A on spastic hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident. Arch Iran Med 6(4):265–268
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Naumann M, Jankovic J (2004) Safety of botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 20(7):981–990PubMed Naumann M, Jankovic J (2004) Safety of botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 20(7):981–990PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Naumann M, Albanese A, Heinen F et al (2006) Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A following long-term use. Eur J Neurol 13(Suppl 4):35–40PubMed Naumann M, Albanese A, Heinen F et al (2006) Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A following long-term use. Eur J Neurol 13(Suppl 4):35–40PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Oechsner M (2002) Treatment of hip adductor spasticity with botulinum toxin type B. Nervenarzt 73(12):1179–1182PubMed Oechsner M (2002) Treatment of hip adductor spasticity with botulinum toxin type B. Nervenarzt 73(12):1179–1182PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Pandyan AD, Vuadens P, Wijck FM van et al (2002) Are we underestimating the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin (type A)? Quantifying changes in spasticity, strength and upper limb function after injections of Botox to the elbow flexors in a unilateral stroke population. Clin Rehabil 16(6):654–660PubMed Pandyan AD, Vuadens P, Wijck FM van et al (2002) Are we underestimating the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin (type A)? Quantifying changes in spasticity, strength and upper limb function after injections of Botox to the elbow flexors in a unilateral stroke population. Clin Rehabil 16(6):654–660PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O et al (2003) A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15(4):289–300PubMed Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O et al (2003) A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15(4):289–300PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Platz T, Vuadens P, Eickhof C et al (2008) REPAS, a summary rating scale for resistance to passive movement: item selection, reliability and validity. Disabil Rehabil 30(1):44–53PubMed Platz T, Vuadens P, Eickhof C et al (2008) REPAS, a summary rating scale for resistance to passive movement: item selection, reliability and validity. Disabil Rehabil 30(1):44–53PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Podsiadlo D, Richardson S (1991) The timed „Up & Go“: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39(2):142–148PubMed Podsiadlo D, Richardson S (1991) The timed „Up & Go“: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39(2):142–148PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Radensky PW, Archer JW, Dournaux SF, O’Brien CF (2001) The estimated cost of managing focal spasticity: a physician practice patterns survey. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 15(1):57–68PubMed Radensky PW, Archer JW, Dournaux SF, O’Brien CF (2001) The estimated cost of managing focal spasticity: a physician practice patterns survey. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 15(1):57–68PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiter F (1996) Disability changes after treatment of upper limb spasticity with botulinum toxin. J Neurol Rehabil 10:47–52 Reiter F (1996) Disability changes after treatment of upper limb spasticity with botulinum toxin. J Neurol Rehabil 10:47–52
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiter F, Danni M, Lagalla G et al (1998) Low-dose botulinum toxin with ankle taping for the treatment of spastic equinovarus foot after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79(5):532–535PubMed Reiter F, Danni M, Lagalla G et al (1998) Low-dose botulinum toxin with ankle taping for the treatment of spastic equinovarus foot after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79(5):532–535PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Restivo DA, Maimone D, Patti F et al (2005) Trismus after stroke/TBI: botulinum toxin benefit and use pre-PEG placement. Neurology 64(12):2152–2153PubMed Restivo DA, Maimone D, Patti F et al (2005) Trismus after stroke/TBI: botulinum toxin benefit and use pre-PEG placement. Neurology 64(12):2152–2153PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Richardson D, Sheean G, Werring D et al (2000) Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(4):499–506PubMed Richardson D, Sheean G, Werring D et al (2000) Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(4):499–506PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosales RL, Chua-Yap AS (2008) Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity. J Neural Transm 115(4):617–623PubMed Rosales RL, Chua-Yap AS (2008) Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity. J Neural Transm 115(4):617–623PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Rousseaux M, Kozlowski O, Froger J (2002) Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients. J Neurol 249(1):76–84PubMed Rousseaux M, Kozlowski O, Froger J (2002) Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients. J Neurol 249(1):76–84PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Rousseaux M, Compere S, Launay MJ, Kozlowski O (2005) Variability and predictability of functional efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in leg spastic muscles. J Neurol Sci 232(1–2):51–57 Rousseaux M, Compere S, Launay MJ, Kozlowski O (2005) Variability and predictability of functional efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in leg spastic muscles. J Neurol Sci 232(1–2):51–57
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Rousseaux M, Buisset N, Daveluy W et al (2008) Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and neurotomy in patients with distal lower limb spasticity. Eur J Neurol 15(5):506–511PubMed Rousseaux M, Buisset N, Daveluy W et al (2008) Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and neurotomy in patients with distal lower limb spasticity. Eur J Neurol 15(5):506–511PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Rudman D, Hannah S (1998) An instrument evaluation framework: description and application to assessments of hand function. J Hand Ther 11(4):266–277PubMed Rudman D, Hannah S (1998) An instrument evaluation framework: description and application to assessments of hand function. J Hand Ther 11(4):266–277PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Rummel A, Eichner T, Weil T et al (2007) Identification of the protein receptor binding site of botulinum neurotoxins B and G proves the double-receptor concept. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(1):359–364PubMed Rummel A, Eichner T, Weil T et al (2007) Identification of the protein receptor binding site of botulinum neurotoxins B and G proves the double-receptor concept. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(1):359–364PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Runge M, Rehfeld G (2001) Geriatrische Rehabilitation im therapeutischen Team: 80 Tabellen. Thieme, Stuttgart Runge M, Rehfeld G (2001) Geriatrische Rehabilitation im therapeutischen Team: 80 Tabellen. Thieme, Stuttgart
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaari CM, Sanders I (1993) Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis. Muscle Nerve 16(9):964–969PubMed Shaari CM, Sanders I (1993) Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis. Muscle Nerve 16(9):964–969PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheean G (2006) Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: a benefit-risk assessment. Drug Saf 29(1):31–48PubMed Sheean G (2006) Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: a benefit-risk assessment. Drug Saf 29(1):31–48PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O’Brien CF et al (1996) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 46(5):1306–1310PubMed Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O’Brien CF et al (1996) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 46(5):1306–1310PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson DM, Gracies JM, Graham HK et al (2008) Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 70(19):1691–1698PubMed Simpson DM, Gracies JM, Graham HK et al (2008) Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 70(19):1691–1698PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Slawek J, Bogucki A, Reclawowicz D (2005) Botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke: an open-label study with individualised, flexible injection regimens. Neurol Sci 26(1):32–39PubMed Slawek J, Bogucki A, Reclawowicz D (2005) Botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke: an open-label study with individualised, flexible injection regimens. Neurol Sci 26(1):32–39PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith SJ, Ellis E, White S, Moore AP (2000) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury. Clin Rehabil 14(1):5–13PubMed Smith SJ, Ellis E, White S, Moore AP (2000) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury. Clin Rehabil 14(1):5–13PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH et al (1990) Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double-blind study. Ann Neurol 28(4):512–515PubMed Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH et al (1990) Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double-blind study. Ann Neurol 28(4):512–515PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Sommerfeld DK, Eek EU, Svensson AK et al (2004) Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke 35(1):134–139PubMed Sommerfeld DK, Eek EU, Svensson AK et al (2004) Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke 35(1):134–139PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Stoquart GG, Detrembleur C, Palumbo S et al (2008) Effect of botulinum toxin injection in the rectus femoris on stiff-knee gait in people with stroke: a prospective observational study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(1):56–61PubMed Stoquart GG, Detrembleur C, Palumbo S et al (2008) Effect of botulinum toxin injection in the rectus femoris on stiff-knee gait in people with stroke: a prospective observational study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(1):56–61PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Suputtitada A, Suwanwela NC (2005) The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity. Disabil Rehabil 27(4):176–184PubMed Suputtitada A, Suwanwela NC (2005) The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity. Disabil Rehabil 27(4):176–184PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Turkel CC, Bowen B, Liu J, Brin MF (2006) Pooled analysis of the safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(6):786–792PubMed Turkel CC, Bowen B, Liu J, Brin MF (2006) Pooled analysis of the safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(6):786–792PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner-Stokes L, Ward A (2002) Botulinum toxin in the management of spasticity in adults. Clin Med 2(2):128–130PubMed Turner-Stokes L, Ward A (2002) Botulinum toxin in the management of spasticity in adults. Clin Med 2(2):128–130PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuijk AA van, Geurts AC, Bevaart BJ, Limbeek J van (2002) Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med 34(2):51–61PubMed Kuijk AA van, Geurts AC, Bevaart BJ, Limbeek J van (2002) Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med 34(2):51–61PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Verplancke D, Snape S, Salisbury CF et al (2005) A randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin on lower limb spasticity following acute acquired severe brain injury. Clin Rehabil 19(2):117–125PubMed Verplancke D, Snape S, Salisbury CF et al (2005) A randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin on lower limb spasticity following acute acquired severe brain injury. Clin Rehabil 19(2):117–125PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Wade DT (1992) Stroke: rehabilitation and long-term care. Lancet 339(8796):791–793PubMed Wade DT (1992) Stroke: rehabilitation and long-term care. Lancet 339(8796):791–793PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallesch CW, Maes E, Lecomte P, Bartels C (1997) Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A injection in patients with spasticity following stroke: a German perspective. Eur J Neurol 4(Suppl 2):53–58 Wallesch CW, Maes E, Lecomte P, Bartels C (1997) Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A injection in patients with spasticity following stroke: a German perspective. Eur J Neurol 4(Suppl 2):53–58
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward A, Roberts G, Warner J, Gillard S (2005) Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. J Rehabil Med 37(4):252–257PubMed Ward A, Roberts G, Warner J, Gillard S (2005) Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. J Rehabil Med 37(4):252–257PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward AB, Aguilar M, De Beyl Z et al (2003) Use of botulinum toxin type A in management of adult spasticity – a European consensus statement. J Rehabil Med 35(2):98–99PubMed Ward AB, Aguilar M, De Beyl Z et al (2003) Use of botulinum toxin type A in management of adult spasticity – a European consensus statement. J Rehabil Med 35(2):98–99PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward AB (2008) Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 115(4):607–616PubMed Ward AB (2008) Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 115(4):607–616PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM et al (2002) Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin Rehabil 16(5):515–522PubMed Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM et al (2002) Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin Rehabil 16(5):515–522PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Winterholler MG, Heckmann JG, Hecht M, Erbguth FJ (2002) Recurrent trismus and stridor in an ALS patient: successful treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurology 58(3):502–503PubMed Winterholler MG, Heckmann JG, Hecht M, Erbguth FJ (2002) Recurrent trismus and stridor in an ALS patient: successful treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurology 58(3):502–503PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Wissel J, MUller J, Dressnandt J et al (2000) Management of spasticity associated pain with botulinum toxin A. J Pain Symptom Manage 20(1):44–49PubMed Wissel J, MUller J, Dressnandt J et al (2000) Management of spasticity associated pain with botulinum toxin A. J Pain Symptom Manage 20(1):44–49PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Wissel J, Benecke R, Erbguth F et al (2003) Konsensus-Statement zur fokalen Behandlung der Spastizität mit Botulinumtoxin. Neuropsychol Rehabil 9:242–243 Wissel J, Benecke R, Erbguth F et al (2003) Konsensus-Statement zur fokalen Behandlung der Spastizität mit Botulinumtoxin. Neuropsychol Rehabil 9:242–243
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P et al (2009) European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med 41(1):13–25PubMed Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P et al (2009) European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med 41(1):13–25PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Wissel J, Schelosky LD, Scott J et al (2010) Early development of spasticity following stroke: a prospective, observational trial. J Neurol 57(7):1067–1072 Wissel J, Schelosky LD, Scott J et al (2010) Early development of spasticity following stroke: a prospective, observational trial. J Neurol 57(7):1067–1072
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Woldag H, Hummelsheim H (2003) Is the reduction of spasticity by botulinum toxin a beneficial for the recovery of motor function of arm and hand in stroke patients? Eur Neurol 50(3):165–171PubMed Woldag H, Hummelsheim H (2003) Is the reduction of spasticity by botulinum toxin a beneficial for the recovery of motor function of arm and hand in stroke patients? Eur Neurol 50(3):165–171PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Yablon SA, Agana BT, Ivanhoe CB, Boake C (1996) Botulinum toxin in severe upper extremity spasticity among patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-labeled trial. Neurology 47(4):939–944PubMed Yablon SA, Agana BT, Ivanhoe CB, Boake C (1996) Botulinum toxin in severe upper extremity spasticity among patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-labeled trial. Neurology 47(4):939–944PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Yablon SA, Brashear A, Gordon MF et al (2007) Formation of neutralizing antibodies in patients receiving botulinum toxin type A for treatment of poststroke spasticity: a pooled-data analysis of three clinical trials. Clin Ther 29(4):683–690PubMed Yablon SA, Brashear A, Gordon MF et al (2007) Formation of neutralizing antibodies in patients receiving botulinum toxin type A for treatment of poststroke spasticity: a pooled-data analysis of three clinical trials. Clin Ther 29(4):683–690PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Yelnik AP, Colle FM, Bonan IV, Vicaut E (2007) Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular muscle: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(8):845–848PubMed Yelnik AP, Colle FM, Bonan IV, Vicaut E (2007) Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular muscle: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(8):845–848PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Young RR (1994) Spasticity: a review. Neurology 44(Suppl 9):12–20 Young RR (1994) Spasticity: a review. Neurology 44(Suppl 9):12–20
Metadaten
Titel
Botulinum-Neurotoxin in der Behandlung der Spastizität im Erwachsenenalter
Ein interdisziplinärer deutscher 10-Punkte-Konsensus 2010
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. J. Wissel
M. auf dem Brinke
M. Hecht
C. Herrmann
M. Huber
S. Mehnert
I. Reuter
A. Schramm
A. Stenner
C. van der Ven
M. Winterholler
A. Kupsch
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 4/2011
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-010-3172-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2011

Der Nervenarzt 4/2011 Zur Ausgabe

CME Weiterbildung · Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Muskuläre Kanalopathien

Mitteilungen der Schlaganfallgesellschaft

Mitteilungen der Schlaganfallgesellschaft

Mitteilungen der DGPPN

Mitteilungen der DGPPN 4/2011

Neu in den Fachgebieten Neurologie und Psychiatrie

Prämenstruelle Beschwerden mit Suizidrisiko assoziiert

04.06.2024 Suizidalität Nachrichten

Manche Frauen, die regelmäßig psychische und körperliche Symptome vor ihrer Menstruation erleben, haben ein deutlich erhöhtes Suizidrisiko. Jüngere Frauen sind besonders gefährdet.

Bei seelischem Stress sind Checkpoint-Hemmer weniger wirksam

03.06.2024 NSCLC Nachrichten

Wie stark Menschen mit fortgeschrittenem NSCLC von einer Therapie mit Immun-Checkpoint-Hemmern profitieren, hängt offenbar auch davon ab, wie sehr die Diagnose ihre psychische Verfassung erschüttert

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Demenz Nachrichten

Der Einsatz von Antipsychotika gegen psychische und Verhaltenssymptome in Zusammenhang mit Demenzerkrankungen erfordert eine sorgfältige Nutzen-Risiken-Abwägung. Neuen Erkenntnissen zufolge sind auf der Risikoseite weitere schwerwiegende Ereignisse zu berücksichtigen.

Schlaganfall: frühzeitige Blutdrucksenkung im Krankenwagen ohne Nutzen

31.05.2024 Apoplex Nachrichten

Der optimale Ansatz für die Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit akutem Schlaganfall ist noch nicht gefunden. Ob sich eine frühzeitige Therapie der Hypertonie noch während des Transports in die Klinik lohnt, hat jetzt eine Studie aus China untersucht.