Introduction
Animal models
Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | Additional transgenic mouse models | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients | Animal models | Patients | Animal models | |||||||||||
Pharmacological | Transgenic | Obesity/type 2 diabetes | Diet-induced ± low-dose STZ | Transgenic | ||||||||||
STZ | OVE26 | NOD | Akita | HFD/HSD | HFD + low-dose STZ | ob/ob | db/db | ZF/ZDF | GK | MHC-PPARα | CIRKO | |||
Fatty acid oxidation | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ [153] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ [208] | ↑ [73] | ↓ [14] | ||||
Glucose oxidation | ↓ | ↓ | =/↓ | =/↓ | ↓ [219] | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ [83] | ↓ [73] | ↓ [26] | ||||
Cardiac efficiency | =/↓ | = [34] | ↓ [153] | = [27] | ↓ [28] | ↓ | = [228] | |||||||
Mitochondrial function | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | = | ↓ [28] | ↓ [29] | ↓ [26] | ||||||
Mitochondrial content | ↑ | ↑ | = [141] | ↑ [25] | ↑ [29] | ↑ [26] | ||||||||
Ca2+ dynamics | ↓ | ↓ [226] | ↓ [116] | ↓ [102] | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ [58] | ↓ [73] | ||||||
Oxidative stress | ↑ | ↑ | = [34] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ [120] | ↑ [29] | =/↑ | ↑ [172] | ↑ [72] | ↑ [26] | ||
Triglycerides/lipotoxicity | = [90] | ↑ [72] | ↑ [64] | ↑ | ↑ | =/↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ [72] | = [14] | |||
RAAS activation | ↑ | ↑ [77] | ||||||||||||
Inflammation | ↑ | ↑ [210] | ↑ [64] | ↑ [38] | ↑ | ↑ [100] | ||||||||
AGE | ↑ | ↑ [149] | ↑ [193] | ↑ [147] | ↑ [7] | |||||||||
ER stress | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||
Autophagy | ↓ [231] | ↓ [221] | =/↑ | ↓/=/↑ | ||||||||||
Cell death | ↑ [46] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ [10] | ↑ [10] | ↑ [232] | ||||||||
Fibrosis | ↑ | ↑ [210] | = [12] | ↑ | ↑ | = | ↑ [232] | = [73] | = [14] | |||||
Contractile function | ↓/=/↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | =/↓ | ↓ [132] | ↓/=/↑ | =/↓ | ↓ | ↓ [98] | ↓ [73] | =/↓ |
Cardiac size | =/↑ | ↓ | ↑ [210] | ↓ [150] | ↓ | ↑ [62] | =/↑ | ↑ | =/↑ | = | ↑ [54] | ↑ [61] | ↑ [73] | ↓ [14] |