Japanese Orthopaedic Association Hip Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ): a patient-based evaluation tool for hip-joint disease. The Subcommittee on Hip Disease Evaluation of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association
The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Hip Score is widely used in Japan, but this tool is designed to reflect the viewpoint of health-care providers rather than that of patients. In gauging the effect of medical therapies in addition to clinical results, it is necessary to assess quality of life (QOL) from the viewpoint of patients. However, there is no tool evaluating QOL for Japanese patients with hip-joint disease.
Methods
With the aim of more accurately classifying QOL for Japanese patients with hip-joint disease, we prepared a questionnaire with 58 items for the survey derived from 464 opinions obtained from approximately 100 Japanese patients with hip-joint disease and previously devised evaluation criteria. In the survey, we collected information on 501 cases, and 402 were subjected to factor analysis. From this, we formulated three categories—movement, mental, and pain—each comprising 7 items, for a total of 21 items to be used as evaluation criteria for hip-joint function.
Results
The Cronbach’s α coefficients for the three categories were 0.93, 0.93, and 0.95, respectively, indicating the high reliability of the evaluation criteria. The 21 items included some related to the Asian lifestyle, such as use of a Japanese-style toilet and rising from the floor, which are not included in other evaluation tools.
Conclusions
This self-administered questionnaire may become a useful tool in the evaluation of not only Japanese patients, but also of members of other ethnic groups who engage in deep flexion of the hip joint during daily activities.
Introduction
There are numerous medical evaluation tools for a variety of diseases, but in most cases, such tools are designed to reflect the viewpoint of health-care providers rather than that of patients. Evaluations focusing on hip-joint disease, such as the Harris Hip Score [1] and Merle d’ Aubigné and Postel score [2], are commonly used. In Japan, the criteria for hip-joint function proposed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA Hip Score) [3] are also widely used. However, it has been reported that the JOA Hip Score is a reliable system only for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip that is treated conservatively [4]. Moreover, such evaluations by health-care providers can be biased and affected by intraobserver and interobserver differences, producing disease-state assessment results that differ significantly from patients’ perceived severity of their disease. In gauging the effect of medical therapies in addition to clinical results, it is necessary to assess patients’ quality of life (QOL). Thus, in recent years, evaluation criteria that can serve as patient-focused outcome indices have been attracting increasing attention. Health-related QOL criteria represent patient-based outcome index criteria. The Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) [5] offers comprehensive criteria, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) [6] and Oxford Hip Score (OHS) [7] offer criteria specific to hip-joint disease. However, because these tools’ criteria do not take into account movements specific to the Asian lifestyle [8, 9], such as rising from the floor or squatting to use a Japanese-style toilet, they cannot be said to accurately evaluate the QOL of all patients [10‐13].
In recent years, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association has been working on a plan to establish patient-based, multifaceted, and science-based evaluation criteria for a variety of diseases. As a part of that effort, the Japanese Hip Society has been asked to prepare criteria specific to hip-joint disease that also incorporate movements common in Japanese daily life. In response to this request, the Japanese Hip Society established the Subcommittee on Hip Disease Evaluation of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association to draw up patient-based criteria specific to hip-joint disease with this consideration in mind. In this article, we describe the process of criteria creation, and consider the reliability and appropriateness of these final evaluation criteria. The complete hip-disease evaluation questionnaire and guide for mental-health-care providers are shown in the two appendixes to this article.
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Materials and methods
To prepare these patient-based evaluation criteria, we first interviewed patients during office visits occurring between July and September 2006 about any difficulties related to their hips. This interview was conducted by physicians or nurses with open question methods at eight university hospitals and six municipal hospitals in the whole of Japan. We analyzed and pooled patients’ comments for use in preparing a questionnaire. Furthermore, we considered some preexisting QOL criteria and some evaluation criteria, such as those from the SF-36, and included some items from such sources in the questionnaire item pool. We then compiled a self-administered questionnaire for the purpose of preparing criteria and used it in a survey conducted at 12 university hospitals and 5 municipal hospitals throughout Japan from December 2007 to August 2008. Permission to conduct the survey was obtained from the ethics committee of each institution, and all patients consented to participate after being given complete information about this survey.
In order to select questionnaire question items and prepare evaluation criteria, the obtained data were subjected to factor analysis. In the factor analysis, we first identified the number of factors by principal component analysis [14], and then conducted rotation with obtained number using the Quartimin method [15]. To verify the reliability of the completed questionnaire, we calculated the Cronbach’s α [16] for each factor using the items applied. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS (version 9.1; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Results
A total of 464 comments were obtained from about 100 patients during oral questioning from the interview. Overlapping opinions and those with similar content were grouped together, and a pool of 84 items was finalized. In addition, we added items based on previously devised evaluation criteria.
We then created a questionnaire comprising 58 items for the survey (Table 1). Excluding the category of “pain,” which was an unnumbered item, five response categories were adopted (“strongly agree,” “agree,” “uncertain,” “disagree,” “strongly disagree”) for each item on the answer sheet. For some of the items, the questions were asked twice, one time for the left hip joint and another time for the right hip joint. To assess pain, a visual analog scale was also adopted. In this survey, we collected information for 501 cases. Regarding the replies to the questions concerning laterality of hip-joint involvement, we proposed a solution that was based on the following criteria:
Table 1
Questions used in a survey
Item no.
Question
Pain
How severe is your hip-joint pain?a
1
Even when I am at rest, my hip is painful
2
My hip is painful when I sit in a chair
3
My hip is painful when I sit down on a sofa or other low place
4
My hip is painful when I stand still
5
I feel pain in my hip when I start to move
6
I feel pain when I move my hips
7
Because of pain in my hip joint, it is difficult for me to move
8
Because of pain in my hip joint, I can’t do things energetically
9
I sometimes feel decreased muscle strength in my legs
10
I sometimes find it a burden to walk the usual distance that I need to cover
11
When I walk, I need one cane
12
When I walk, I need two canes
13
It is difficult for me to walk up a slope
14
It is difficult for me to walk down a slope
15
It is difficult to walk in places where there is a difference in levels
16
It is difficult for me to climb up stairs
17
It is difficult for me to climb down stairs
18
When I am walking, it is difficult to nimbly avoid obstacles
19
It is difficult to walk straight
20
It is sometimes difficult to walk without swaying my shoulders
21
I feel a difference in the length between my left and right legs
22
Standing is onerous
23
It is difficult for me to sit in a chair
24
It is difficult for me to sit in or rise from a chair
25
It is difficult for me to get up from the floor and tatami
26
It is difficult for me to sit seiza style (with legs bent under me)
27
It is difficult for me to squat
28
It is difficult for me to use a Japanese-style toilet
29
It is difficult to use a Western-style toilet
30
It is difficult to get in and out of a bathtub
31
It is difficult to change my trousers and underpants
32
It is difficult to cut my toenails
33
It is difficult to put on my socks
34
Because of hip-joint disease, it is difficult to select suitable shoes and clothes
35
It is difficult to work standing up
36
It is difficult to work with heavy loads [using a vacuum cleaner, lifting/putting down a futon (heavy quilt)]
37
It is difficult to accomplish daily tasks
38
Because of hip-joint pain, I occasionally can’t sleep
39
It is difficult to do simple shopping for daily items
40
It is difficult for me to get in and out of cars
41
Because of hip-joint disease, it is difficult to use previously used means of transportation
42
Because of hip-joint disease, it is difficult for me to take advantage of public transportation such as buses and trains
43
Because of hip-joint disease, it is difficult for me to continue with hobbies and work previously engaged in
44
Because of hip-joint pain, it has become difficult for me to go out
45
Because of hip-joint disease, I have become self-conscious about my manner of walking
46
Because of hip-joint disease, I sometimes feel that things don’t go as well as they should
47
Because of hip-joint disease, I sometimes get irritated or feel nervous
48
Because of hip-joint disease, I feel dispirited and avoid going out
49
Because of hip-joint disease, I feel anxiety about my livelihood/daily life
50
Because of hip-joint disease, I sometimes feel that life is inconvenient
51
Because of hip-joint disease, I feel dissatisfied with my health
52
My hip-joint condition deeply affects my well-being
53
Because of hip-joint disease, I sometimes feel down
54
Because of hip-joint disease, it is difficult to actively undertake various things
55
Because of hip-joint disease, I notice how others look at me
56
Because of hip-joint pain, sometimes participation in local events and neighborhood relationships does not go smoothly for me
57
Because of hip-joint disease, I sometimes quarrel with people
aVisual analog scale
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Criterion 1: The more problematic hip joint is counted.
Criterion 2: When problems are present bilaterally in the hips, the more painful hip joint is counted.
Criterion 3: In cases in which no decision can be made on the basis of criteria 1 and 2, the more severely affected side is counted for each item.
Patients who were diagnosed “no problem” with respect to the bilateral joint in criterion 1 were excluded from the analysis.
With the exception of the visual analog scale for pain, each item was given 0–4 points in increasing order, starting from “strongly agree.” With regard to the visual analog scale for pain, the length from the left side of the scale recorded by the respondent was divided into five stages and given 0–4 points for increasing levels of pain, so as to be consistent with the form of the replies to the other questions.
The scores obtained for these 58 items that could be rounded off were considered items for analysis, and the persons who replied to all of these items were considered targets for analysis. These amounted to 402 cases (Table 2).
Table 2
Summary demographic data for questionnaire respondents
No. of targeted cases
No. of excluded cases
Total no.
Age (years)
56.1 ± 14.0
64.4 ± 12.2
57.7 ± 14.1
Sex (%)
Men
78 (20.3)
12 (12.5)
90 (18.8)
Women
306 (79.7)
84 (87.5)
390 (81.3)
Not noted
18
3
21
Condition (%)
Degenerative osteoarthritis of the hip
300 (75.2)
73 (74.5)
373 (75.1)
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head
61 (15.3)
8 (8.2)
69 (13.9)
No problem
0 (0.0)
5 (5.1)
5 (1.0)
Other conditions
38 (9.5)
12 (12.2)
50 (10.1)
Not noted
3
1
4
Total
402
99
501
The values of age were mean ± standard deviation. The values of sex and condition were number and percentage. The excluded patients were those who did not completely answer the questionnaire for the survey
To investigate the number of categories, we performed principal component analysis. There were six principal components with eigenvalues exceeding 1, and the cumulative percentage of the six principal components was 72.2% (Table 3). A screeplot was prepared from these results, and the number of categories was decided to be three (Fig. 1).
Table 3
Results of principal component analysis
Principal component
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Eigenvalue
32.03
3.62
2.14
1.52
1.33
1.23
Percent total variance
55.22
6.25
3.69
2.62
2.29
2.13
Cumulative percent
55.22
61.47
65.17
67.79
70.08
72.20
Fig. 1
Screeplot. Prin comp principal component
×
Factor analysis was conducted using the Quartimin method with three categories. Although a few items with low commonality were seen in the prior communality estimates (minimum value, 0.404), we performed the analysis using all of the items, and Table 4 shows the factor pattern and the factor structure of main items that strongly associated with each item.
Table 4
Results of category analysis
Factors
Items
Factor pattern
Factor structure
First category
13
0.628
0.825
14
0.618
0.790
15
0.669
0.856
16
0.659
0.848
17
0.685
0.821
18
0.636
0.841
25
0.778
0.858
27
0.900
0.821
28
0.871
0.765
30
0.725
0.794
31
0.684
0.805
32
0.828
0.772
33
0.756
0.788
36
0.640
0.828
Second category
45
0.610
0.753
46
0.592
0.818
47
0.770
0.809
48
0.737
0.842
49
0.794
0.824
50
0.624
0.847
51
0.811
0.851
52
0.709
0.761
53
0.651
0.787
54
0.795
0.833
55
0.768
0.772
56
0.847
0.759
Third category
01
0.935
0.875
02
0.933
0.854
03
0.798
0.818
04
0.752
0.821
05
0.771
0.870
06
0.824
0.887
07
0.833
0.904
08
0.748
0.878
38
0.725
0.786
Pain
0.791
0.846
In view of the results of analysis of these categories, we selected question items, in consultation with clinicians, regarding each factor and considered the naming of the categories. In this way, as shown in Table 5, items were adopted for each category, and category names of “movement,” “mental,” and “pain” were selected. The final communality estimates of the applied items showed a maximum value of 0.825 and minimum value of 0.584. Using the items applied to the respective categories, Cronbach’s α values were calculated (Table 6). In addition, the correlation coefficient between the categories of “movement” and “mental” was calculated to be 0.66; that between “movement” and “pain,” 0.57; and that between “mental” and “pain,” 0.69.
Table 5
Items adopted as evaluation criteria
Categories and items for each
Content
Movement
16 + 17
It is difficult for me to climb up and down stairs
25
It is difficult for me to get up from the floor and tatami
27
It is difficult for me to squat
28
It is difficult for me to use a Japanese-style toilet
30
It is difficult to get in and out of a bathtub
32
It is difficult to cut my toenails
33
It is difficult to put on my socks
Mental
47
Because of hip-joint disease, I sometimes get irritated or feel nervous
48
Because of hip-joint disease, I feel dispirited and avoid going out
49
Because of hip-joint disease, I feel anxiety about my livelihood/daily life
51
Because of hip-joint disease, I feel dissatisfied with my health
52
My hip-joint condition deeply affects my well-being
54
Because of hip-joint disease, it is difficult for me to actively undertake various things
56
Because of hip-joint pain, sometimes participation in local events and neighborhood relationships does not go smoothly for me
Pain
1
Even when I am at rest, my hip is painful
2
My hip is painful when I sit in a chair
5
I feel pain in my hip when I start to move
7
Because of pain in my hip joint, it is difficult for me to move
8
Because of pain in my hip joint, I can’t do things energetically
38
Because of hip-joint pain, I occasionally can’t sleep
Pain
How severe is your hip-joint pain? (visual analog scale)
Table 6
Reliability of each category
Categories
Cronbach’s α coefficients
Movement
0.93
Mental
0.93
Pain
0.95
Discussion
When preparing evaluation criteria, an important first step is the creation of an item pool that will form the basis of questions from which the criteria will be decided on. Because in the present criteria, a patient-based evaluation was the main element, we questioned patients face-to-face, focusing on their own hip joint and related difficulties in daily life and then creating an item pool from patients’ opinions.
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Because all of the participants in our study are Japanese, we collected numerous opinions related to deep flexion and rotation of the hip joint associated with motions common in daily Japanese life, such as rising from the floor and using a Japanese-style toilet, and these were reflected in the final evaluation criteria. These items represent areas that could not be assessed in the WOMAC [10, 11, 13] and OHS [12], and thus have the important feature of including Asian lifestyle patterns. Notably, almost all of the questions finally adopted in the criteria were obtained by the initial oral questioning. From the viewpoint of patient-centered evaluation, the completed criteria can thus be considered to be fully appropriate.
The questionnaire used for the survey for the preparation of criteria consisted of 58 questions. Actually, we would have preferred to have used all of the items in the item pool as questions, but taking information bias into account, we decided that some of the items should not be adopted in the survey. When adopting items for this purpose, we placed special weight on the frequency with which items were raised during oral questioning, with items raised by multiple patients adopted whenever possible.
In the survey, we collected information for 501 cases, with the target participants amounting to 402 of these. Almost all of the 99 dropouts had inadequate replies; this occurred most frequently in persons of advancing age. In preparing the questionnaire, we used the large type character for easy reading and illustrated the sample replies, in addition to the number of questions, in order to take into consideration information bias. However, the burden of completing the survey might have been considerable in the elderly. The completed questionnaire was thus shortened to only 21 items and should be employed with care with elderly patients. The “seiza” is one of the common postures in Japan. However, this item was not included in the final 21 items. In the factor analysis results, seiza was not strongly associated as compared to other items. Squatting for a Japanese-style toilet requires more range of motion of the hip joint than “seiza” [8, 9, 13]. Therefore, the items of getting up from the floor and using a Japanese-style toilet will be available for including the seiza item.
In the factor analysis, the number of categories adopted was three, but we similarly investigated the scenario of adopting four or five categories. In each of these scenarios, the categories used here were expressed, whereas in the case of the remaining categories, we could not supply an appropriate interpretation and so decided against their adoption. In the selection of questions to make up the evaluation criteria, items 16 and 17 in the “movement” category were consolidated. For this reason, when calculating the Cronbach’s α coefficients and the correlation coefficients between each pair of categories, we adopted the lower of the scores for items 16 and 17.
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Cronbach’s α coefficients reflect the reliability of the evaluation criteria according to the adopted questions, and a Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.70 was considered to indicate that a scale had internal-consistency reliability [17, 18]. In each case, the Cronbach’s α values were high, confirming sufficient reliability for these criteria. A self-administered patient-based questionnaire for hip-joint disease, the Japanese Hip-Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ), was established through this process (Appendix 1). A guide for mental-health-care providers using the JHEQ was also developed (Appendix 2).
Because the JHEQ takes into account facets of the Asian lifestyle, it may help improve the assessment of QOL for Asian patients. At the same time, the JHEQ can also be useful in Western populations for evaluating patients who frequently engage in deep flexion of the hip joint. The JHEQ also makes possible preoperative and postoperative evaluation of factors that formerly were not be assessed. For example, after total hip arthroplasty it will now be possible to assess mental aspects such as anxiety associated with clinical events such as dislocation and reimplantation. Similarly, these criteria may facilitate investigations into differences in patient-based evaluations in those undergoing joint-preserving surgery with osteotomy and arthroscopy as compared with total hip arthroplasty. Issues still to be resolved include the fact that no comparison has yet been performed with evaluation criteria already in use. Additional studies are required to compare the JHEQ with the JOA Hip Score, the Harris Hip Score, the SF-36, and the WOMAC.
The Japanese Orthopedic Association Hip Disease Evaluation Questionnaire and guidelines, which are provided in the Appendix, were written originally in Japanese. After translation into English by qualified specialists, they were then back-translated into Japanese to confirm the accuracy of the English translation.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Miss Kaoru Fujimori (Graduate School of Medical Science Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University) for editing the patients' opinions. Katharine O’Moore-Klopf, ELS (East Setauket, NY, USA) provided English-language editing of this article. Mieko Onuki, MMS (Edit, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), and Lee Seaman (Seaman Medical, Inc., Washington, USA) provided back-translation into Japanese to confirm the accuracy of the English translation. This study was supported by the project of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association funded by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association and the Japanese Hip Society.
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Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest related to this research has been declared by the authors.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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Japanese Orthopaedic Association Hip Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ): a patient-based evaluation tool for hip-joint disease. The Subcommittee on Hip Disease Evaluation of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association
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