nach oben

Journal of NeuroVirology

Erschienen in:

01.02.2011

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the CNS and decreased dopamine availability: relationship with neuropsychological performance

verfasst von: Adarsh M. Kumar, Raymond L. Ownby, Drenna Waldrop-Valverde, Benny Fernandez, Mahendra Kumar

Erschienen in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Ausgabe 1/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with a wide range of neurological, cognitive, and behavioral problems. HIV-1 enters the brain soon after the initial infection and is distributed in varying concentrations in different regions with specific affinity to the subcortical regions, particularly the basal ganglia, causing neurodegeneration of dopaminergic regions and resulting in the decreased availability of dopamine (DA) in the CNS. Although there are numerous reports on HIV-1-associated neuropsychological (NP) impairment, there is a paucity of studies showing a direct relationship between the decreased availability of dopamine in different regions of postmortem brains of HIV-1-infected individuals and the level of performance in different NP functions during life. Dopamine is the key neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a regulatory role for motor and limbic functions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the decreased availability of dopamine found in the postmortem brain regions (fronto-cortical regions, basal ganglia, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra) of individuals with HIV/AIDS and the antemortem level of performance (assessed as T scores) in different NP functions. The relationship between HIV-1 RNA levels in different brain regions and the level of performance in different NP domains was also investigated. We found that although DA concentrations were 2–53% lower in the brain regions of HIV-1-infected, HAART-treated individuals, compared with HIV-negative controls, a 45% decrease in DA levels in the substantia nigra (SN) of HIV-1-infected individuals was significantly correlated with the low level of performance (T scores) in the speed of information processing, learning, memory, verbal fluency, and average T scores across domains. In case of homovanillic acid (HVA), the variable changes in different regions, including the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, caudate, and putamen (compared to that in the HIV-negative individuals), were significantly correlated with the level of performance (T scores) in motor functions, speed of information processing, and attention/working memory. HIVRNA levels in the frontal cortex, caudate, and GP were significantly inversely correlated with abstract/executive function, motor, learning, verbal fluency, and attention/working memory. No significant correlations were found between HIVRNA in other brain regions and NP performance. These findings suggest that the decreased availability of dopamine in the SN (the main site of DA synthesis in the CNS), and changes in the levels of HVA in different brain regions are, in part, related with the lower level of performance in some of the NP functions in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

American Academy of Neurology (AAN) AIDS Task Force Working Group (1991) Nomenclature and research definition for neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Neurology 41:778–785

Ances BM, Ellis RJ (2007) Dementia and neurocognitive disorders due to HIV-1 infection. Seminar Neurol 27(1):86–92CrossRef

Ances BM, Roc AC, Wang J, Korczykowski M, Okawa J, Stern J, Kim J, Wolf R, Lawler K, Kolson DL, Detre JA (2006) Caudate blood flow and volume are reduced in HIV+ neurocognitively impaired patients. Neurology 66:862–866CrossRefPubMed

Anderson E, Zink W, Xiong H, Gendelman HE (2002) HIV-1-associated dementia: a metabolic encephalopathy perpetrated by virus-infected and immune-competent mononuclear phagocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31(suppl 2):S43–S54PubMed

Arendt G, Hefter H, Elsing C, Strohmeyer G, Freund HJ (1990) Motor dysfunctions in HIV-1 infected patients without clinically detectable central nervous system deficit. J Neurol 237:362–368CrossRefPubMed

Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789–1799CrossRefPubMed

Aylward EH, Henderer JD, McArthur JC, Brettschneider PD, Harris GJ, Barta PE, Pearlson GD (1993) Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1 associated dementia: results from quantitative neuroimaging. Neurology 43:2099–2104PubMed

Aylward EH, Brettschneider PD, McArthur JC, Harris GJ, Schlaepfer TE, Henderer JD, Barta PE, Tien AY, Pearlson GD (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of gray matter volume reductions in HIV dementia. Am J Psychiatry 152:987–994PubMed

Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khalili K, Pestanner JP, Tawadros R, Pomerantz RJ (1996) Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the CNS of infected individuals: identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. AIDS 10:573–585CrossRefPubMed

Banks WA, Robinson SM, Wolf KM, Bess JW Jr, Arthur LO (2004) Binding, internalization, and membrane incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus -1 at the blood–brain barrier is differentially regulated. Neuroscience 128:143–153CrossRefPubMed

Becker JT, Sanchez J, Dew MA, Lopez OL, Dorst SK, Banks G (1997) Neuropsychological abnormalities among HIV-infected individuals in a community-based sample. Neuropsychology 11(4):592–601CrossRefPubMed

Benedict RHB (1997) Brief visuospatial memory test-revised. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa

Benton AL, Hamsher KD, Sivan AB (1994) Multilingual aphasia examination, 3rd edn. AJA Associates, Iowa City

Berger JR, Arendt G (2000) HIV dementia: the role of basal ganglia and dopaminergic systems. J Psychopharmacol 14:214–221CrossRefPubMed

Berger JR, Kumar M, Kumar AM, Fernandez JB, Levin B (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid dopamine in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 8:67–71CrossRefPubMed

Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F (1973) Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson’s and Huntington: clinical and morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 20:415–455CrossRefPubMed

Bobardt MD, Salmon P, Wang L, Esko JD, Gabzuda D, Fiala M, Trono D, Van der Schueren B, David G, Gallay PA (2004) Contribution of proteoglycans to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 brain invasion. J Virol 78:6567–6584CrossRefPubMed

Borozoski TJ, Brown RM, Rosvold HE, Goldman PS (1979) Cognitive deficits caused by regional depletion of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Science 205:929–932CrossRef

Brabers NA, Nottet HS (2006) Role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1beta in HIV-associated dementia. Euro J Clin Invest 36:447–458CrossRef

Brack-Werner R (1999) Astrocytes: HIV cellular reservoirs and important participants in neuropathogenesis. AIDS 13(1):1–22CrossRefPubMed

Broder CC, Dimitrov DS (1996) HIV and the 7-transmembrane domain receptors. Pathobiology 64:172–179CrossRef

Butters N, Grant I, Haxby J, Judd LL, Martin A, McClelland J, Pequegnat W, Schacter D, Stover E (1990) Assessment of AIDS-related cognitive changes: recommendations of the NIMH workshop on neuropsychological assessment approaches. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 12:963–978CrossRefPubMed

Chang L, Ernst T, Leonido-Yee M, Witt M, Speck O, Walot I, Miller EN (1999) Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia. Neurology 53:782–789PubMed

Chang L, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Ernst T, Telang F, Logan J, Fowler JS (2008) Decreased brain dopamine transporters are related to cognitive deficits in HIV patients with or without cocaine abuse. NeuroImage 42(2):869–878CrossRefPubMed

Cummings JL (1993) Frontal–subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol 50:873–880PubMed

Dawes S, Suarez P, Casey CY, Cherner M, Marcotte TD, Letendre S, Grant I, Heaton RK, and the HNRC Group (2008) Variable patterns of neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 infection. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30(6):613–626CrossRefPubMed

D’Esposito M, Defre JA, Alsop DC, Shin RK, Atlas S, Grassman M (1995) The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature 378:279–181CrossRefPubMed

Di Rocco A, Bottiglieri T, Dorfman D, Werner P, Morrison C, Simpson D (2000) Decreased homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid correlates with impaired neuropsychological function in HIV-1 infected patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 23(4):190–194CrossRefPubMed

Ellis RJ, Hsia K, Spector SA, Nelson JA, Heaton RK, Wallace MR, Abramson I, Atkinson H, Grant I, McCutchan A, and the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 42(5):679–688CrossRefPubMed

Ellis RJ, Moore DJ, Childers MD, Letendre S, McCutchan JA, Wolfson T, Spector SA, Hsia K, Heaton RK, Grant I, for the HNRC Group (2002) Progression to neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus infection predicted by elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of human immunodeficiency virus RNA. Arch Neurol 59:923–928CrossRefPubMed

Enting RH, Hoetelmans RM, Lamge JM, Burger DM, Beijnen JH, Portegies P (1998) Antiretroviral drugs and the central nervous system. AIDS 12:1941–1955CrossRefPubMed

Everall IP, Heaton RK, Marcotte TD, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA, Atkinson JH, Grant I, Mallory M, Masliah E (1999) Cortical synaptic density is reduced in mild to moderate human immunodeficiency virus neurocognitive disorder. HNRC Group. HIV Neurobiological Research Center. Brain Pathol 9:209–217CrossRefPubMed

Fujimura RK, Goodkin K, Petito CK, Douyon R, Feaster DJ, Concha M, Shapshak P (1997) HIV-1 proviral DNA load across neuroanatomical regions of individuals with evidence for HIV-1 associated dementia. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndrome Hum Retrovirol 16:146–152

Gartner S (2000) HIV infection and dementia. Science 287(5453):602–604CrossRefPubMed

Giovanni DG (2010) Editorial. Dopamine interaction with other neurotransmitter systems: relevance in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders. CNS Neurosci Therapeutics 16:125–126CrossRef

Grahn JA, Parkinson JA, Owen AM (2009) The role of basal ganglia in learning and memory: neuropsychological studies. Behav Res 199:53–60CrossRef

Grant I, Martin A (1994) Neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV infection. In: Grant I, Martin A (eds) Neuropsychology of HIV infection. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 3–20

Gronwall DMA (1977) Paced auditory serial addition task; a measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills 44:367–373PubMed

Heaton RK, Grant I, Mathews CG (1991) Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: demographic corrections. Research findings and clinical applications. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa

Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay CG, Curtis G (1993) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) manual-revised and expanded. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa

Heaton RK, Grant I, Butters N, White DA, Kirson D, Atkinson JH, McCutchan JA, Taylor MJ, Kelly MD, Ellis RJ (1995) The HNRC 500—neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. J Intl Neuropsychol Soc 1:231–251CrossRef

Heyes MP, Brew BJ, Martin A, Price RW, Salazar AM, Sidtis JJ, Yergey JA, Mouradian MM, Sadler AE, Keilp J, Rubinow D, Markey SP (1991) Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection: relationship to clinical and neurological status. Ann Neurol 29(2):202–209CrossRefPubMed

Ho D, Rota TR, Schooley RT, Kaplan JC, Allan JD, Groopman JE, Resnick L, Felsenstein D, Andrew CA, Hirsch MS (1985) Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 313(24):1493–1497CrossRefPubMed

Hollander H, Golden J, Mendelson T, Cortland D (1985) Extra pyramidal symptoms in AIDS patients given low-dose metoclopramide or chlorpromazine [letter]. Lancet 2:1186CrossRefPubMed

Hornykiewicz O (1973) Dopamine in the basal ganglia: its role and therapeutic implications (including the clinical use of l-DOPA). Br Med Bull 29:172–178PubMed

Hornykiewicz O (1998) Biochemical aspects of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 51(supplement 2):S2–S9PubMed

Hriso E, Kuhn T, Masdeu JC, Grundman M (1991) Extrapyramidal symptoms due to dopamine-blocking agents in patients with AIDS encephalopathy. Am J Psychiatry 148:1558–1561PubMed

Itoh K, Mehraein P, Weis S (2000) Neuronal damage of the substantia nigra in HIV-infected brains. Acta Neuropathol 99:376–384CrossRefPubMed

Kaul M, Lipton SA (2006) Mechanisms of neuronal injury and death in HIV-1 associated dementia. Curr HIV Res 4:307–318CrossRefPubMed

Kim RB, Fromm MF, Wandel C, Leake B, Wood JJ, Roden DM (1998) The drug transporter p-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Clin Invest 101:289–294CrossRefPubMed

Kolson DL, Lavie E, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1998) The effect of human immunodeficiency virus in the CNS. Adv Virus Res 50:1–47CrossRefPubMed

Kramer-Hammerle S, Rothenaigner I, Wolf H, Bell JE, Brack-Werner R (2005) Cells of the nervous system as targets and reservoirs of the human immunodeficiency virus. Virus Res 111(2):194–213CrossRefPubMed

Kumar AM, Borodowsky I, Fernandez B, Gonzalez L, Kumar M (2007) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels in different regions of human brain: quantification using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J NeuroVirol 13:210–224CrossRefPubMed

Kumar AM, Fernandez JB, Singer EJ, Commins D, Waldrop-Valverde D, Ownby RL, Kumar M (2009) Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in the central nervous system leads to decreased dopamine in different regions of postmortem human brains. J NeuroVirol 15:257–274CrossRefPubMed

Larsson M, Hagberg L, Forsman A, Norkrans G (1991) Cerebrospinal fluid catecholamines metabolites in HIV-1 infected patients. J Neurosci Res 28:406–409CrossRefPubMed

Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E, Best B, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Simpson D, Grant I, Ellis RJ (2008) Validation of the CNS penetration—effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 65:65–70CrossRefPubMed

Luciana M, Collins P, Depue RA (1998) Opposing roles for dopamine and serotonin in the modulation of human spatial working memory function. Cerebral Cortex 8:218–226CrossRefPubMed

Marra CM, Zhao Y, Clifford DB, Letendre S, Evans S, Henry K, Ellid RJ, Rodriguez B, Coombs RW, Schiffito G, McArthur JC, Robertson K, AIDS Clinical Trials Group 736 Study Team (2009) Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance. AIDS 23(14):1909–1910CrossRef

Masliah E, Achim CL, Ge N, DeTeresa R, Terry RD, Wiley CA (1992) Spectrum of HIV associated neocortical damage. Ann Neurol 32:85–93CrossRef

Masliah E, Heaton RK, Marcotte TD, Ellis RJ, Wiley CA, Mallroy M, Achim CL, McCutcan JA, Nelson JA, Atkinson JH, Grant I (1997) Dendritic injury is a pathological substrate for human immunodeficiency virus related cognitive disorders. HNRC Group. The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Ann Neurol 42:963–972CrossRefPubMed

Mathews CG, Klove H (1964) Instruction manual for adult neuropsychology test battery. University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison

McArthur JC (2004) HIV dementia: an evolving disease. J Neuroimmnol 157:3–10CrossRef

McArthur J, Mclernen DR, Cronin MF, Nance-Sproson TE, Saah AJ, Clair MS, Lanier ER (1997) Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Ann Neurol 42(5):689–698CrossRefPubMed

McClernon DR, Lanier R, Gartner S, Feaser P, Pardo CA, St Claire M, Liao Q, McArthur JC (2001) HIV in the brain: RNA levels and patterns of zidovudine resistance. Neurology 57:1396–1401PubMed

Mirsattari SM, Power C, Nath A (1998) Parkinsonism with HIV infection. Mov Disord 13:684–689CrossRefPubMed

Moore DJ, Masliah E, Rippeth JD, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ, Achim CL, Marcotte TD, Heaton RK, Grant R, and the HNRC Group (2005) Cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration is associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment. AIDS 20:879–887CrossRef

Morgello S, Gelman BB, Kozlowski PB, Vinters HV, Masliah E, Cornford M, Cavert W, Marra C, Grant I, Singer EJ (2001) The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium: a new paradigm in brain banking with an emphasis on infectious diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 27:326–335CrossRefPubMed

Nath A (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia. J Infect Dis 186(Suppl 2):S193–S198CrossRefPubMed

Nath A, Geiger J (1998) Neurobiological aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection: neurotoxic mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 54:19–33CrossRefPubMed

Nath A, Jones M, Maragos W, Booz R, Mactutus C, Bell J, Hauser K, Mattson M (2000) Neurotoxicity and dysfunction of dopaminergic systems associated with AIDS dementia. J Psychopharmacol 14(3):222–228CrossRefPubMed

Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW (1986) The AIDS dementia complex: clinical features. Ann Neurol 19:517–524CrossRefPubMed

Nieoullon A (2002) Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention. Prog Neurobiol 67:53–83CrossRefPubMed

Nottet HS, Pesidsky Y, Sasseville VG, Nukuma AN, Bock P, Zhai QH, Sharer LR, McComb RD, Swindells S, Soderland C, Gendelman HE (1996) Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1 infected monocytes in to the brain. J Immunol 156:1284–1295PubMed

Obermann M, Kuper M, Kastrup O, Yaldizli O, Esser S, Thiermann J, Koutsilieri E, Arendt G, Diener HC, Maschke M (2009) Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity and CSF dopamine depletion in HIV. J Neurol 256:948–953CrossRefPubMed

Owen AM, Doyon J, Petrides M, Evans AC (1996) Planning and spatial working memory: a positron emission tomography study in humans. Eur J Neurosci 8:353–364CrossRefPubMed

Peavy G, Jacobs D, Salmon DP (1994) Verbal memory performance of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence of subcortical dysfunction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16:508–523CrossRefPubMed

Pomara N, Crandall DT, Choi SJ, Johnson G, Lim KO (2001) White matter abnormalities in HIV-1 infection: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res 106:15–24CrossRefPubMed

Previc FH (1999) Dopamine and origin of human intelligence. Brain Cognition 41:299–350CrossRef

Rajput AH, Sitte HH, Rajput A, Fenton ME, Pifi C, Hornykiewicz O (2008) Globus pallidus dopamine and Parkinson motor subtypes: clinical and brain biochemical correlations. Neurology 17(16 pt 2):1403–1410CrossRef

Reger M, Welsh R, Razani J, Martin DJ, Boon KB (2002) A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological sequelae of HIV-1 infection. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8:410–424CrossRefPubMed

Resnick L, Berger JR, Shapshak P, Tourtellote WW (1988) Early penetration of the blood brain–barrier by HIV. Neurology 38:9–14PubMed

Reyes MG, Faraldi F, Senseng CS, Flowers C, Fariello R (1991) Nigral degeneration in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol 82:39–44CrossRefPubMed

Robertson KR, Smurzynski M, Parsons TD, Wu K, Bosch RJ, McArthur JC, Collier AC, Evans SR, Ellis RJ (2007) The prevalence and incidence of neurocognitive impairment in the HAART era. AIDS 21:1915–1921CrossRefPubMed

Sacktor N (2002) The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurological disease in era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J NeuroVirol 8(Suppl 2):115–121CrossRefPubMed

Sacktor N, McDermott MP, Marder K, Schiffito G, Selnes OA, McArthur JC, Stern Y, Albert S, Palumbo D, Kieburtz A, De Marcaida JA, Cohen B, Epstein L (2002) HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy. J NeuroVirol 8:136–142CrossRefPubMed

Sardar AM, Czudek C, Reynolds GP (1996) Dopamine deficits in the brain: the neurochemical basis of Parkinsonian symptoms in AIDS. Neuroreport 7:910–912CrossRefPubMed

Schrager LK, D’Souza MP (1998) Cellular and anatomical reservoirs of HIV-1 in patients receiving potent antiretroviral combination therapy. JAMA 280:67–71CrossRefPubMed

Tracey I, Carr CA, Guimaraes AR, Worth JL, Navia BA, Gonzalez RG (1996) Brain choline-containing compounds are elevated in HIV-positive patients before the onset of AIDS dementia complex. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neurology 46(3):783–788PubMed

Tracey I, Hamberg LM, Guimaraes AR, Hunter G, Chang I, Navia BA, Gonzalez RG (1998) Increased cerebral blood volume in HIV-positive patients detected by functional MRI. Neurology 50:1821–1826PubMed

Van Kammen DP, Van Kammen WB, Mann LS, Seppala T, Linnoila M (1986) Dopamine metabolism in cerebrospinal fluid of drug free schizophrenic patients with and without cortical atrophy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:978–983PubMed

Walsh FX, Stevens JT, Langlais PJ, Bird ED (1982) Dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations in striatal and limbic regions of human brain. Ann Neurol 12:52–55CrossRefPubMed

Wang GJ, Chang L, Volkow ND, Telang F, Logan J, Ernst T, Fowler JS (2004) Decreased brain dopaminergic transporters in HIV-associated dementia patients. Brain 127:2452–2458CrossRefPubMed

Wechsler D (1997) The Wechsler adult intelligent scale-III edition. Psychological Corp, New York

Wiley CA, Soontornniyomkji V, Radhakrishnan L, Masliah E, Mellors J, Herman SA, Dalley P, Achim CL (1998) Distribution of brain HIV load in AIDS. Brain Pathol 8:277–284CrossRefPubMed

Wilk S, Stanley M (1978) Dopamine metabolites in human brain tissue. J Neural Transm 39:281–290

Wilkie FI, Goodkin K, van Zulien MH, Tyll MD, Lecusay R, Edwin T (2000) Cognitive effects of HIV-1 infection. CNS Spectrum 5(5):33–51

Woods SP, Moore DJ, Weber E, Grant I (2009) Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychol Rev 19:152–168CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the CNS and decreased dopamine availability: relationship with neuropsychological performance
verfasst von: Adarsh M. Kumar
Raymond L. Ownby
Drenna Waldrop-Valverde
Benny Fernandez
Mahendra Kumar
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2011
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of NeuroVirology / Ausgabe 1/2011
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Elektronische ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-010-0003-4

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Schutz der Synapsen bei Alzheimer

29.05.2024 Morbus Alzheimer Nachrichten

Mit einem Neurotrophin-Rezeptor-Modulator lässt sich möglicherweise eine bestehende Alzheimerdemenz etwas abschwächen: Erste Phase-2-Daten deuten auf einen verbesserten Synapsenschutz.

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Ein hohes soziales Niveau ist mit die beste Versicherung gegen eine Demenz. Noch geringer ist das Demenzrisiko für Menschen, die sozial aufsteigen: Sie gewinnen fast zwei demenzfreie Lebensjahre. Umgekehrt steigt die Demenzgefahr beim sozialen Abstieg.

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2011

Changing pattern and pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction with HIV infection in the era of antiretroviral therapy

Chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with cerebral metabolite patterns in HIV-infected individuals

CD4 and MHC class 1 down-modulation activities of nef alleles from brain- and lymphoid tissue-derived primary HIV-1 isolates

Genetic and functional heterogeneity of CNS-derived tat alleles from patients with HIV-associated dementia

Initiation of HAART during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection rapidly controls virus replication in the CNS by enhancing immune activity and preserving protective immune responses