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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 12/2014

01.12.2014 | Leitthema

Maligne Hyperthermie

verfasst von: PD Dr. T. Metterlein, F. Schuster, B.M. Graf, M. Anetseder

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 12/2014

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Zusammenfassung

Die maligne Hyperthermie (MH) ist eine seltene hereditäre, meist subklinische Myopathie. Triggersubstanzen wie volatile Anästhetika und das depolarisierende Muskelrelaxans Succinylcholin können bei prädisponierten Patienten eine potenziell letale Stoffwechselsteigerung auslösen. Ursächlich hierfür ist eine Dysregulation des myoplasmatischen Kalzium(Ca)-Haushalts. Mutationen im Dihydropyridin-Ryanodin-Rezeptorkomplex im Zusammenspiel mit den Triggersubstanzen sind für eine unkontrollierte Ca-Freisetzung aus dem sarkoplasmatischen Retikulum verantwortlich. Diese führt zur Aktivierung des kontraktilen Apparats und einer massiven Steigerung des zellulären Energieumsatzes. Das Erschöpfen der zellulären Energiereserven endet im lokalen Muskelzelluntergang mit konsekutivem Herz-Kreislauf-Versagen. Das klinische Bild einer MH-Episode ist sehr variabel. Hypoxie, Hyperkapnie und Herzrhythmusstörungen sind frühe Symptome, während der namensgebende Temperaturanstieg oft erst später auftritt. Entscheidend für den Verlauf einer MH-Episode ist die frühzeitige gezielte Therapie. Nach Einführung des Hydantoinderivats Dantrolen konnte die vormals hohe Letalität fulminanter MH-Verläufe auf weit unter 10 % gesenkt werden. Eine MH-Veranlagung kann mithilfe des invasiven In-vitro-Kontrakturtests (IVCT) oder der Mutationsanalyse nachgewiesen werden. Weniger aufwendige Diagnoseverfahren befinden sich in Entwicklung.
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Metadaten
Titel
Maligne Hyperthermie
verfasst von
PD Dr. T. Metterlein
F. Schuster
B.M. Graf
M. Anetseder
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 12/2014
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-014-2392-x

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