Brief overview of the new guidelines on cardiomyopathies
General aspects of arrhythmias in cardiomyopathies
A standardized pathway after initial presentation and the role of electrocardiography in cardiomyopathies
Atrial fibrillation in cardiomyopathies
Benefits of rhythm versus rate control in cardiomyopathies
Management of ventricular arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death in cardiomyopathies
Recommendations | Class |
---|---|
General recommendations | |
The use of validated SCD algorithms/scores as aids to the shared decision-making when offering ICD implantation, where available | |
Is recommended in patients aged ≥ 16 with HCM (see Table 2) | I |
Should be considered in patients with DCM, NDLVC, and ARVC | IIa |
If a patient with cardiomyopathy requires pacemaker implantation, comprehensive SCD risk stratification to evaluate the need for ICD implantation should be considered | IIa |
Choice of ICD | |
When an ICD is indicated, it is recommended to evaluate whether the patient could benefit from CRT | I |
Subcutaneous defibrillators should be considered as an alternative to transvenous defibrillators in patients with an indication for an ICD when pacing therapy for bradycardia, cardiac resynchronization, or antitachycardia pacing is not anticipated | IIa |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HVM) | |
It is recommended that the 5‑year risk of SCD be assessed at first evaluation and re-evaluated at 1‑ to 2‑year intervals or whenever there is a change in clinical status | IIa |
Implantation of an ICD should be considered in patients with an estimated 5‑year risk of sudden death of ≥ 6%, following detailed clinical assessment considering: (i) The lifelong risk of complications (ii) Competing mortality risk from the disease and comorbidities, AND (iii) The impact of ICD on lifestyle/socio-economic status/psychological health | IIa |
In patients with LV apical aneurysms, decisions about primary prevention ICD based on an assessment of risk using the HCM Risk-SCD or a validated pediatric risk-prediction (e.g., HCM Risk-Kids) tool and not solely on the presence of the aneurysm should be considered | IIa |
Dilated and non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy | |
An ICD should be considered to reduce the risk of SCD and all-cause mortality in patients with DCM/NDLVC, symptomatic heart failure, and LVEF ≤ 35% despite > 3 months of OMT | IIa |
The patient’s genotype should be considered in the estimation of SCD risk in DCM/NDLVC (see Table 2) | IIa |
An ICD should be considered in patients with DCM/NDLVC with a genotype associated with high SCD risk and LVEF > 35% in the presence of additional risk factors.b | IIa |
Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) | |
High-risk featuresc should be considered to aid individualized decision-making for ICD implantation in patients with ARVC | IIa |
The updated 2019 ARVC risk calculator should be considered to aid individualized decision-making for ICD implantation (see Table 2) | IIa |
Cardiomyopathy | Risk calculator | Parameters |
---|---|---|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) | HCM risk SCDa | Age |
Maximum LV wall thickness | ||
Left atrial size | ||
LVOT gradient | ||
Family history of SCD | ||
NSVT | ||
Unexplained syncope | ||
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) | ARVC riskb | Sex |
Syncope | ||
Number of inverted T‑waves | ||
Amount of PVC/24 h | ||
Non-sustained VA | ||
RVEF | ||
PES (patients without prior sustained VA) | ||
DCM/laminopathy (LMNA) | LMNA risk VTA calculatorc | Sex |
Non-missense LMNA mutation | ||
AV-Block | ||
Non-sustained VA | ||
LVEF | ||
DCM/phospholamban (PLN) | PLN risk calculatord | LVEF |
Amount of inferior or precordial leads with negative T‑waves | ||
Low-voltage ECG | ||
Amount of PVC/24 h |