Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports
Erschienen in: Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports 1/2013

01.03.2013 | Managing Breast Problems (K Amos, Section Editor)

Emerging Concepts in Breast Cancer Risk Prediction

verfasst von: Gretchen L. Gierach, Xiaohong R. Yang, Jonine D. Figueroa, Mark E. Sherman

Erschienen in: Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Developing improved methods for breast cancer risk prediction could facilitate the targeting of interventions to women at highest risk, thereby reducing mortality, while sparing low-risk women the costs and inconvenience of unnecessary testing and procedures. However, currently available risk assessment tools fall short of achieving accurate individual risk prediction, precluding implementation of this approach. Improving these tools will require the identification of new methods of assessing risk and increasing the accuracy of existing risk indicators. We review four emerging topics that may have importance for breast cancer risk assessment: etiological heterogeneity, genetic susceptibility, mammographic breast density, and assessment of breast involution.
Literatur
1.
• Cummings SR, Tice JA, Bauer S, Browner WS, Cuzick J, Ziv E, et al. Prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: approaches to estimating and reducing risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(6):384–98. Systematic review of literature on breast cancer risk prediction models and risks associated with elevated circulating estradiol levels and high mammographic breast density among postmenopausal women. Report argues for performing breast cancer risk assessment, considering chemoprevention for high-risk women, and encouraging lifestyle changes to reduce exposure to modifiable breast cancer risk factors.
2.
Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Rees CA, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406(6797):747–52.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(19):10869–74.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Curtis C, Shah SP, Chin SF, Turashvili G, Rueda OM, Dunning MJ, et al. The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature. 2012;486(7403):346–52.PubMed
5.
•• Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2012;490(7418):61-70. A comprehensive description of molecular alterations in a large set of breast cancers performed by the Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Provides a detailed analysis of molecular heterogeneity at the DNA, RNA, and protein level.
6.
Althuis MD, Fergenbaum JH, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Madigan MP, Sherman ME. Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(10):1558–68.PubMed
7.
Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Ursin G. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk according to joint estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8(4):R43.PubMedCrossRef
8.
9.
• Yang XR, Chang-Claude J, Goode EL, Couch FJ, Nevanlinna H, Milne RL, et al. Associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes: a pooled analysis from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(3):250–63. Presents a pooled analysis of associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes, defined by ER, PR, HER2, and basal markers, using data from up to 35,568 breast cancer cases from 34 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). The study concluded that reproductive factors and obesity are most clearly associated with hormone receptor-positive tumors and that triple-negative or basal-like tumors may have distinct etiology.
10.
Millikan RC, Newman B, Tse CK, Moorman PG, Conway K, Dressler LG, et al. Epidemiology of basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109(1):123–39.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, Dressler LG, Cowan D, Conway K, et al. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2492–502.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS. Basal-like breast cancer and the BRCA1 phenotype. Oncogene. 2006;25(43):5846–53.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Livasy CA, Karaca G, Nanda R, Tretiakova MS, Olopade OI, Moore DT, et al. Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(2):264–71.PubMedCrossRef
14.
• Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTiernan A, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Reproductive history and oral contraceptive use in relation to risk of triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(6):470–7. Assessed associations between reproductive and menstrual history, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, and subtype-specific breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women using data (2610 ER+ and 307 triple-negative) from the Women’s Health Initiative cohort. The major finding is that parity had opposite influences on risk of triple-negative vs. ER+ breast cancer. Menstrual history was associated with the risk of ER+ but not triple-negative breast cancers.
15.
Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Wise LA, Ambrosone CB, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L. Parity and lactation in relation to estrogen receptor negative breast cancer in African American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(9):1883–91.PubMedCrossRef
16.
• Ma H, Wang Y, Sullivan-Halley J, Weiss L, Marchbanks PA, Spirtas R, et al. Use of four biomarkers to evaluate the risk of breast cancer subtypes in the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study. Cancer Res. 2010;70(2):575–87. Evaluated the associations of oral contraceptive use and reproductive factors with breast cancer subtypes by ER, PR, HER2, and P53 status in a population-based case-control study. Parity and age at first birth were associated with the risk of luminal but not triple-negative cancers (N = 337). Oral contraceptive use before age 18 years among women aged 45-64 years was associated with an increased risk of triple-negative tumors but not of other subtypes.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002;360(9328):187-95.
18.
Bernier MO, Plu-Bureau G, Bossard N, Ayzac L, Thalabard JC. Breastfeeding and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of published studies. Hum Reprod Updat. 2000;6(4):374–86.CrossRef
19.
Gaudet MM, Press MF, Haile RW, Lynch CF, Glaser SL, Schildkraut J, et al. Risk factors by molecular subtypes of breast cancer across a population-based study of women 56 years or younger. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;130(2):587–97.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Stuebe AM, Willett WC, Xue F, Michels KB. Lactation and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a longitudinal study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(15):1364–71.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Salmena L, Lynch HT, Kim-Sing C, Foulkes WD, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(2):R42.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Ursin G, Longnecker MP, Haile RW, Greenland S. A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology. 1995;6(2):137–41.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Lahmann PH, Hoffmann K, Allen N, van Gils CH, Khaw KT, Tehard B, et al. Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 2004;111(5):762–71.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Brown KA, Simpson ER. Obesity and breast cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012;4:2515–24.CrossRef
25.
Phipps AI, Malone KE, Porter PL, Daling JR, Li CI. Body size and risk of luminal, HER2-overexpressing, and triple-negative breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(8):2078–86.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Rosenberg LU, Einarsdottir K, Friman EI, Wedren S, Dickman PW, Hall P, et al. Risk factors for hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(12):2482–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Bao PP, Shu XO, Gao YT, Zheng Y, Cai H, Deming SL, et al. Association of hormone-related characteristics and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(6):661–71.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL, Weiss NS, Tang MT, Cushing-Haugen KL, et al. Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 2003;289(24):3254–63.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E, Brinton LA, Doody DR, Porter PL, et al. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(4):1157–66.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Phipps AI, Buist DS, Malone KE, Barlow WE, Porter PL, Kerlikowske K, et al. Family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives and triple-negative breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;126(3):671–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Lane DS, Aragaki AK, Rohan T, Yasmeen S, et al. Predicting risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women by hormone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(22):1695–705.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Pharoah PD, Day NE, Duffy S, Easton DF, Ponder BA. Family history and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 1997;71(5):800–9.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Chen S, Parmigiani G. Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(11):1329–33.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Mai PL, Malkin D, Garber JE, Schiffman JD, Weitzel JN, Strong LC, et al. Li-Fraumeni syndrome: report of a clinical research workshop and creation of a research consortium. Cancer Genet. 2012;205(10):479–87.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, Dahia PL, Wang SI, Zheng Z, et al. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet. 1997;16(1):64–7.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Hemel D, Domchek SM. Breast cancer predisposition syndromes. Hematol/Oncol Clin N Am. 2010;24(5):799–814.CrossRef
37.
Hemminki A. The molecular basis and clinical aspects of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999;55(5):735–50.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Schrader KA, Masciari S, Boyd N, Wiyrick S, Kaurah P, Senz J, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: association with lobular breast cancer. Familial Cancer. 2008;7(1):73–82.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Renwick A, Thompson D, Seal S, Kelly P, Chagtai T, Ahmed M, et al. ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat Genet. 2006;38(8):873–5.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Meijers-Heijboer H, van den Ouweland A, Klijn J, Wasielewski M, de Snoo A, Oldenburg R, et al. Low-penetrance susceptibility to breast cancer due to CHEK2(*)1100delC in noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Nat Genet. 2002;31(1):55–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Rahman N, Seal S, Thompson D, Kelly P, Renwick A, Elliott A, et al. PALB2, which encodes a BRCA2-interacting protein, is a breast cancer susceptibility gene. Nat Genet. 2007;39(2):165–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Seal S, Thompson D, Renwick A, Elliott A, Kelly P, Barfoot R, et al. Truncating mutations in the Fanconi anemia J gene BRIP1 are low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat Genet. 2006;38(11):1239–41.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Huzarski T, Cybulski C, Domagala W, Gronwald J, Byrski T, Szwiec M, et al. Pathology of breast cancer in women with constitutional CHEK2 mutations. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;90(2):187–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Nagel JH, Peeters JK, Smid M, Sieuwerts AM, Wasielewski M, de Weerd V, et al. Gene expression profiling assigns CHEK2 1100delC breast cancers to the luminal intrinsic subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;132(2):439–48.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Domagala P, Wokolorczyk D, Cybulski C, Huzarski T, Lubinski J, Domagala W. Different CHEK2 germline mutations are associated with distinct immunophenotypic molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;132(3):937–45.PubMedCrossRef
46.
• Mavaddat N, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Garcia-Closas M. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Mol Oncol. 2010;4(3):174–91. Review of genetic risk factors for breast cancer, addressing search for low penetrant common variants, BRCA1/2 mutations and positive family history. Manuscript summarizes relationships of genetic variants and breast cancer subtypes.
47.
Broeks A, Schmidt MK, Sherman ME, Couch FJ, Hopper JL, Dite GS, et al. Low penetrance breast cancer susceptibility loci are associated with specific breast tumor subtypes: findings from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(16):3289–303.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Figueroa JD, Garcia-Closas M, Humphreys M, Platte R, Hopper JL, Southey MC, et al. Associations of common variants at 1p11.2 and 14q24.1 (RAD51L1) with breast cancer risk and heterogeneity by tumor subtype: findings from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(23):4693–706.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Milne RL, Benitez J, Nevanlinna H, Heikkinen T, Aittomaki K, Blomqvist C, et al. Risk of estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer and single-nucleotide polymorphism 2q35-rs13387042. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(14):1012–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Haiman CA, Chen GK, Vachon CM, Canzian F, Dunning A, Millikan RC, et al. A common variant at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus is associated with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2011;43(12):1210–4.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Lambrechts D, Truong T, Justenhoven C, Humphreys MK, Wang J, Hopper JL, et al. 11q13 is a susceptibility locus for hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Hum Mutat. 2012;33(7):1123–32.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Fletcher O, Johnson N, Orr N, Hosking FJ, Gibson LJ, Walker K, et al. Novel breast cancer susceptibility locus at 9q31.2: results of a genome-wide association study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(5):425–35.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Ghoussaini M, Fletcher O, Michailidou K, Turnbull C, Schmidt MK, Dicks E, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies three new breast cancer susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2012;44(3):312–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Antoniou AC, Wang X, Fredericksen ZS, McGuffog L, Tarrell R, Sinilnikova OM, et al. A locus on 19p13 modifies risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers and is associated with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer in the general population. Nat Genet. 2010;42(10):885–92.PubMedCrossRef
55.
• Park JH, Gail MH, Greene MH, Chatterjee N. Potential usefulness of single nucleotide polymorphisms to identify persons at high cancer risk: an evaluation of seven common cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2157–62. Study estimated the likely number and predictive strength of cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are yet to be discovered for seven common cancers, including breast cancer. The study concluded that even the most optimistic models had modest discriminatory accuracy, high false-positive rates, and low cancer-detection probabilities. Additional strong risk factors are needed to improve risk discrimination.
56.
Campa D, Kaaks R, Le Marchand L, Haiman CA, Travis RC, Berg CD, et al. Interactions between genetic variants and breast cancer risk factors in the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(16):1252–63.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Travis RC, Reeves GK, Green J, Bull D, Tipper SJ, Baker K, et al. Gene-environment interactions in 7610 women with breast cancer: prospective evidence from the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2010;375(9732):2143–51.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Milne RL, Gaudet MM, Spurdle AB, Fasching PA, Couch FJ, Benitez J, et al. Assessing interactions between the associations of common genetic susceptibility variants, reproductive history and body mass index with breast cancer risk in the breast cancer association consortium: a combined case-control study. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(6):R110.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Fasching PA, Pharoah PD, Cox A, Nevanlinna H, Bojesen SE, Karn T, et al. The role of genetic breast cancer susceptibility variants as prognostic factors. Human Mol Genet. 2012;21(17):3926–39.CrossRef
60.
Cunningham AP, Antoniou AC, Easton DF. Clinical software development for the Web: lessons learned from the BOADICEA project. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12(1):30.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Pharoah PD. Genetic susceptibility, predicting risk and preventing cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003;163:7–18. discussion 264-266.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Pharoah PD, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Ponder BA. Polygenes, risk prediction, and targeted prevention of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(26):2796–803.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Boyd NF, Lockwood GA, Byng JW, Tritchler DL, Yaffe MJ. Mammographic densities and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7(12):1133–44.PubMed
64.
Vachon C, van Gils C, Sellers T, Ghosh K, Pruthi S, Brandt K, et al. Mammographic density, breast cancer risk and risk prediction. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(6):217.
65.
Byrne C, Schairer C, Wolfe J, Parekh N, Salane M, Brinton LA, et al. Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(21):1622–9.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, Sun L, Stone J, Fishell E, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(3):227–36.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Kelemen LE, Sellers TA, Vachon CM. Can genes for mammographic density inform cancer aetiology? Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(10):812–23.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Boyd N, Martin L, Chavez S, Gunasekara A, Salleh A, Melnichouk O, et al. Breast-tissue composition and other risk factors for breast cancer in young women: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Oncology. 2009;10(6):569–80.
69.
Yaffe MJ. Mammographic density. Measurement of mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(3):209.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Ziv E, Tice J, Smith-Bindman R, Shepherd J, Cummings S, Kerlikowske K. Mammographic density and estrogen receptor status of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(12):2090–5.PubMed
71.
Ma H, Luo J, Press MF, Wang Y, Bernstein L, Ursin G. Is there a difference in the association between percent mammographic density and subtypes of breast cancer? Luminal A and triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(2):479–85.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Olsen AH, Bihrmann K, Jensen MB, Vejborg I, Lynge E. Breast density and outcome of mammography screening: a cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2009;100(7):1205–8.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Yaghjyan L, Colditz GA, Collins LC, Schnitt SJ, Rosner B, Vachon C, et al. Mammographic breast density and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women according to tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(15):1179–89.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Gierach GL, Loud JT, Chow CK, Prindiville SA, Eng-Wong J, Soballe PW, et al. Mammographic density does not differ between unaffected BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and women at low-to-average risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(1):245–55.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Mitchell G, et al. Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. Cancer Res 2006;66:1866–1872.
76.
Maskarinec G, Woolcott CG, Kolonel LN. Mammographic density as a predictor of breast cancer outcome. Future Oncol. 2010;6(3):351–4.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Cuzick J, Warwick J, Pinney E, Duffy SW, Cawthorn S, Howell A, et al. Tamoxifen-induced reduction in mammographic density and breast cancer risk reduction: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(9):744–52.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Kim J, Han W, Moon HG, Ahn SK, Shin HC, You JM, et al. Breast density change as a predictive surrogate for response to adjuvant endocrine therapy in hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(4):R102.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Boyd NF, Melnichouk O, Martin LJ, Hislop G, Chiarelli AM, Yaffe MJ, et al. Mammographic density, response to hormones, and breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):2985–92.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Barlow WE, White E, Ballard-Barbash R, Vacek PM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Carney PA, et al. Prospective breast cancer risk prediction model for women undergoing screening mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(17):1204–14.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Tice JA, Cummings SR, Ziv E, Kerlikowske K. Mammographic breast density and the Gail model for breast cancer risk prediction in a screening population. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;94(2):115–22.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Chen J, Pee D, Ayyagari R, Graubard B, Schairer C, Byrne C, et al. Projecting absolute invasive breast cancer risk in white women with a model that includes mammographic density. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(17):1215–26.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Cecchini R, Costantino JP, Cauley JA, Cronin WM, Wickerham DL, Bandos H, Weissfeld JL, Wolmark N. Baseline mammographic breast density and the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women participating in the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012;5(11): 1321–9.
84.
Tice JA, Cummings SR, Smith-Bindman R, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Kerlikowske K. Using clinical factors and mammographic breast density to estimate breast cancer risk: development and validation of a new predictive model. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(5):337–47.PubMed
85.
Ciatto S, Houssami N, Apruzzese A, Bassetti E, Brancato B, Carozzi F, et al. Categorizing breast mammographic density: intra- and interobserver reproducibility of BI-RADS density categories. Breast. 2005;14(4):269–75.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Kerlikowske K, Grady D, Barclay J, Frankel SD, Ominsky SH, Sickles EA, et al. Variability and accuracy in mammographic interpretation using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(23):1801–9.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Shepherd JA, Kerlikowske K, Ma L, Duewer F, Fan B, Wang J, et al. Volume of mammographic density and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(7):1473–82.PubMedCrossRef
88.
• Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Bronskill M, Yaffe MJ, Duric N, Minkin S. Breast tissue composition and susceptibility to breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(16):1224–37. A comprehensive overview of the relationship between mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk, including a summary of the biologic plausibility for the association. The potential for improvements in risk prediction with alternative imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound tomography also is discussed.
89.
Sherman ME, Figueroa JD, Henry JE, Clare SE, Rufenbarger C, Storniolo AM. The Susan G. Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center: a unique resource for defining the "molecular histology" of the breast. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012;5(4):528–35.CrossRef
90.
Hutson SW, Cowen PN, Bird CC. Morphometric studies of age related changes in normal human breast and their significance for evolution of mammary cancer. J Clin Pathol. 1985;38(3):281–7.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Cowan DF. Involution of the breast in women aged 50 to 104 years: a histopathological study of 102 cases. Surg Pathol. 1989;2:323–33.
92.
Henson DE, Tarone RE. Involution and the etiology of breast cancer. Cancer. 1994;74(1 Suppl):424–9.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Milanese TR, Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, Vierkant RA, Maloney SD, et al. Age-related lobular involution and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(22):1600–7.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Baer HJ, Collins LC, Connolly JL, Colditz GA, Schnitt SJ, Tamimi RM. Lobule type and subsequent breast cancer risk: results from the Nurses' Health Studies. Cancer. 2009;115(7):1404–11.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Ghosh K, Hartmann LC, Reynolds C, Visscher DW, Brandt KR, Vierkant RA, et al. Association between mammographic density and age-related lobular involution of the breast. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(13):2207–12.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Vierkant RA, Hartmann LC, Pankratz VS, Anderson SS, Radisky D, Frost MH, et al. Lobular involution: localized phenomenon or field effect? Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;117(1):193–6.PubMedCrossRef
97.
• Ghosh K, Vachon CM, Pankratz VS, Vierkant RA, Anderson SS, Brandt KR, et al. Independent association of lobular involution and mammographic breast density with breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(22):1716–23. Evaluates whether terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution, mammographic density, and other factors predict development of breast cancer in a cohort of 2,666 women who underwent a benign breast biopsy and were followed for an average of 13 years. Compared with women with complete TDLU involution and nondense breasts, women with no TDLU involution and dense breast had a fourfold increased risk of developing breast cancer.
98.
Yang XR, Figueroa JD, Falk RT, Zhang H, Pfeiffer RM, Hewitt SM, et al. Analysis of terminal duct lobular unit involution in luminal A and basal breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(2):R64.PubMedCrossRef
99.
McKian KP, Reynolds CA, Visscher DW, Nassar A, Radisky DC, Vierkant RA, et al. Novel breast tissue feature strongly associated with risk of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(35):5893–8.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Khan SA, Rogers MA, Obando JA, Tamsen A. Estrogen receptor expression of benign breast epithelium and its association with breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1994;54(4):993–7.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Emerging Concepts in Breast Cancer Risk Prediction
verfasst von
Gretchen L. Gierach
Xiaohong R. Yang
Jonine D. Figueroa
Mark E. Sherman
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2013
Verlag
Current Science Inc.
Erschienen in
Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports / Ausgabe 1/2013
Elektronische ISSN: 2161-3303
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13669-012-0034-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Gynecologic Cancer: Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Corpus Neoplasms (H. Katabuchi, Section Editor)

Hereditary Endometrial Cancer: Lynch Syndrome

Managing Breast Problems (K Amos, Section Editor)

Current Considerations for Breast Reconstruction in Breast Cancer Patients

Gynecological Cancer: Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Corpus Neoplasms (H Katabuchi, Section Editor)

The Modern Surgical Strategy for Endometrial Cancer: Laparoscopic Surgery

Gynecological Cancer: Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Corpus Neoplasms (H Katabuchi, Section Editor)

The Clinical Management of Endometrial Cancer in Young Women

Gynecological Cancer: Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Corpus Neoplasms (H Katabuchi, Section Editor)

Endometrial Cancer Stem Cells: Are They a Possible Therapeutic Target?

Managing Breast Problems (K Amos, Section Editor)

The Management of Breast Symptoms in the Pregnant and Lactating Patient

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

26.04.2024 Hirsutismus Nachrichten

Laser- und Lichtbehandlungen können bei Frauen mit polyzystischem Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) den übermäßigen Haarwuchs verringern und das Wohlbefinden verbessern – bei alleiniger Anwendung oder in Kombination mit Medikamenten.

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

23.04.2024 Medikamente in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit Nachrichten

Müssen sich Schwangere einer Krebstherapie unterziehen, rufen Immuncheckpointinhibitoren offenbar nicht mehr unerwünschte Wirkungen hervor als andere Mittel gegen Krebs.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Durch die Häufung nach der COVID-19-Pandemie sind Infektionen mit dem Respiratorischen Synzytial-Virus (RSV) in den Fokus gerückt. Fachgesellschaften empfehlen eine Impfung inzwischen nicht nur für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder.

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise