Background
Methods
Study setting
Indicators | National | Amharra | Oromia | SNNP | Tigray |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic indicators
| |||||
Population* | 73,918,505 | 17,214,056 | 27,158,471 | 15,042,531 | 4,314,456 |
Proportion urban population* | 16% | 13% | 12% | 10% | 20% |
Proporiton of men who are engaged in agriculture | 73% | 80% | 77% | 77% | 71% |
Total fertility rate (per woman) | 4.8 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 |
Proportion of women who are literate | 38% | 36% | 38% | 31% | 45% |
Mortality rates
| |||||
Under-five mortality (per 1,000 live births) | 88 | 108 | 12 | 116 | 85 |
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) | 59 | 76 | 73 | 78 | 64 |
Neonatal mortality (per 1,000 live births) | 37 | 54 | 40 | 38 | 44 |
Maternal and child health services indicators
| |||||
Proportion of pregnant women receiving antental care from a skilled provider | 57% | 59% | 61% | 59% | 35% |
Proportion of deliveries at a skilled facility | 10% | 10% | 8% | 6% | 12% |
Proportion of women with a postnatal check up in first 2 days after birth | 7% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 13% |
Proportion of children (age 12–23 months) who received all basic vaccinations by twelve months | 24% | 26% | 16% | 24% | 59% |
Survey design and sampling
Data collection
Data entry and analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Description of the sample
Characteristic | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Region | ||
Amharra | 93/218 | 42.7% |
Oromia | 46/218 | 21.1% |
SNNP | 63/218 | 28.9% |
Tigray | 16/218 | 7.3% |
Age of child | ||
4 to 10 weeks | 55/218 | 25.2% |
11 to 20 weeks | 88/218 | 40.4% |
21 to 31 weeks | 75/218 | 34.4% |
Sex of child | ||
Male | 101/217 | 46.5% |
Female | 116/217 | 53.5% |
Status of the child | ||
Alive | 214/217 | 98.6% |
Dead | 3/217 | 1.4% |
Age of respondent (mother) | ||
15 to 19 | 10/218 | 4.6% |
20 to 29 | 126/218 | 57.8% |
30 to 39 | 76/218 | 34.9% |
40 or older | 6/218 | 2.8% |
Marital status | ||
Married | 200/218 | 91.7% |
Formerly married | 13/218 | 6.0% |
Never married | 5/218 | 2.3% |
Education | ||
None | 83/210 | 39.5% |
Grade 1 to 4 | 38/210 | 18.1% |
Grade 5 to 8 | 43/210 | 20.5% |
Grade 9 to 10 | 22/210 | 10.5% |
Higher than grade 10 | 24/210 | 11.4% |
Religion | ||
Orthodox | 93/218 | 42.7% |
Protestant | 50/218 | 22.9% |
Muslim | 74/218 | 33.9% |
Other | 1/218 | 0.5% |
Ethnicity | ||
Hadiya | 30/218 | 13.8% |
Oromo | 33/218 | 15.1% |
Amhara | 96/218 | 44.0% |
Tigre | 18/218 | 8.3% |
Gamo | 23/218 | 10.6% |
Wolayita | 12/218 | 5.5% |
Other | 6/218 | 2.8% |
Source of drinking water | ||
Piped water | 125/218 | 57.3% |
Well | 15/218 | 6.9% |
Spring water | 70/218 | 32.1% |
Surface water | 8/218 | 3.7% |
Type of toilet | ||
Ventilated improved latrine | 13/218 | 6.0% |
Pit latrine with slab | 40/218 | 18.4% |
Pit latrine with wood floor | 63/218 | 28.9% |
Open pit | 53/218 | 24.3% |
No facility/bush | 49/218 | 22.5% |
Asset ownership | ||
Radio | 119/218 | 54.6% |
Television | 57/217 | 26.3% |
Landline phone | 13/218 | 6.0% |
Mobile phone | 124/218 | 56.9% |
Bicycle | 99/218 | 45.6% |
Watch | 79/218 | 36.2% |
Coverage of maternal and newborn health services
Indicator | Frequency | Weighted percentage |
---|---|---|
(Adjusted CI) | ||
Antenatal care
| ||
Proportion of RDWs who reported 1 or more ANC visits | 184/217 | 82.7% |
(77.3, 88.2) | ||
Proportion of RDWs who reported 4 or more ANC visits | 103/216 | 43.1% |
(33.8, 52.4) | ||
Proportion of RDWs who started ANC before 16 weeks | 51/132 | 23.5% |
(14.2, 32.8) | ||
Among women attending ANC, proportion receiving newborn care counseling | ||
Breastfeeding counseling | 92/184 | 50.0% |
(39.6, 55.2) | ||
Counseling on newborn danger signs | 39/184 | 19.6% |
(13.1, 26.1) | ||
Counseling on care of LBW baby | 29/184 | 13.9% |
(8.1, 19.6) | ||
Counseling on KMC positioning | 16/184 | 8.1% |
(4.1, 12.1) | ||
Delivery care
| ||
Proportion of RDWs delivering at a health facility | 78/218 | 28.8% |
(17.1, 40.4) | ||
Attendant at delivery* | ||
Health worker | 85/218 | 31.6% |
(19.3, 43.9) | ||
Traditional birth attendant | 63/218 | 31.7% |
(18.4, 45.0) | ||
Relative/friend | 79/218 | 40.1% |
(29.3, 50.8) | ||
Other | 31/218 | 16.6% |
(8.7, 24.6) | ||
Postnatal care
| ||
Proportion of RDWs who report a postnatal check by any health worker or volunteer community health worker in first week | 27/218 | 10.6% |
(5.3, 15.9) |
Newborn thermal care
Indicator | Overall | Home birth | Facility birth | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Weighted percentage | Frequency | Weighted percentage | Frequency | Weighted percentage | ||
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||
Thermal care
| |||||||
Proportion of newborns who were wiped/dried before delivery of the placenta* | 132/197 | 63.2% | 84/136 | 58.9% | 48/61 | 76.6% | 0.0124 |
(53.1, 73.3) | (48.5, 69.3) | (63.8, 89.4) | |||||
Proportion of newborns who were wrapped before delivery of the placenta* | 176/206 | 82.3% | 114/137 | 80.5% | 62/69 | 87.3% | 0.2004 |
(72.5, 92.1) | (69.8, 91.2) | (76.8, 97.8) | |||||
Placement of newborn immediately after delivery | |||||||
On the floor | 6/217 | 2.8% | 6/140 | 3.4% | 0/77 | 0% | 0.2273 |
(0.1, 5.5) | (0.1, 7.7) | ||||||
On the mother’s chest/belly | 20/217 | 7.7% | 3/140 | 2.1% | 17/77 | 21.5% | 0.000 |
(2.6, 12.7) | (0, 4.6) | (9.9, 33.1) | |||||
Beside the mother | 72/217 | 38.5% | 64/140 | 48.7% | 8/77 | 12.9% | 0.001 |
(29.3, 47.8) | (40.4, 57.1) | (2.8, 23.1) | |||||
With someone else | 50/217 | 21.9% | 43/140 | 27.0% | 7/77 | 9.2% | 0.0090 |
(14.8, 29.0) | (16.9, 37.2) | (2.3, 16.1) | |||||
On newborn bed/table | 37/217 | 12.6% | 5/140 | 2.3% | 32/77 | 38.3% | 0.000 |
(5.3, 19.8) | (0, 5.2) | (25.2, 51.4) | |||||
Other | 24/217 | 13.0% | 19/140 | 15.9% | 5/77 | 5.7% | 0.0240 |
(6.4, 19.6) | (7.6, 24.3) | (1.2, 10.2) | |||||
Don’t know | 8/217 | 3.5% | 0/140 | 0% | 8/77 | 12.3% | 0.0016 |
(0.2, 6.9) | (14.0, 23.3) | ||||||
Proportion of newborns placed in skin-to-skin position at some point on the day of birth | 29/216 | 12.9% | 10/140 | 7.7% | 19/76 | 25.8% | 0.0036 |
(6.7, 19.0) | (1.8, 13.6) | (13.6, 38.1) | |||||
Proportion of newborns whose bathing was delayed at least 24 hours | 59/214 | 25.3% | 29/139 | 18.7% | 30/75 | 42.3% | 0.0071 |
(16.7, 33.9) | (10.1, 27.4) | (27.1, 57.5) | |||||
Cord care
| |||||||
Article used to tie the cord | |||||||
New string/thread | 106/217 | 45.8% | 65/140 | 41.8% | 41/77 | 55.8% | 0.2060 |
(30.2, 61.4) | (22.6, 61.0) | (41.1, 70.5) | |||||
String/thread | 22/217 | 8.3% | 10/140 | 6.1% | 12/77 | 13.8% | 0.1057 |
(3.8, 12.7) | (1.8, 10.4) | (3.9, 23.6) | |||||
Fiber from ensete plant | 34/217 | 22.3% | 34/140 | 31.3% | 0/77 | 0% | 0.0102 |
(6.7, 38.0) | (12.2, 50.4) | ||||||
Cord not tied | 12/217 | 5.8% | 12/140 | 8.1% | 0/77 | 0% | 0.2670 |
(0, 12.3) | (0, 17.2) | ||||||
Other | 44/217 | 27.8% | 43/140 | 37.9% | 1/77 | 2.6% | 0.0010 |
(11.3, 44.3) | (17.7, 58.0) | (0, 7.8) | |||||
Don’t know | 33/217 | 12.4% | 10/140 | 6.2% | 23/77 | 27.8% | 0.0004 |
(6.8, 17.9) | (1.3, 11.1) | (16.8, 38.9) | |||||
Instruments used to cut the cord | |||||||
New razor blade | 124/218 | 63.5% | 122/140 | 88.3% | 2/78 | 2.3% | 0.0000 |
(52.4, 74.6) | (83.4, 93.2) | (0, 5.7) | |||||
Previously used razor blade | 13/218 | 4.7% | 12/140 | 6.2% | 1/78 | 1.1% | 0.0747 |
(1.1, 8.3) | (1.0, 11.3) | (0, 3.3) | |||||
Scissors | 54/218 | 20.0% | 2/140 | 1.4% | 52/78 | 65.8% | 0.0000 |
(11.2, 28.7) | (0, 3.6) | (54.0, 77.6) | |||||
Other | 2/218 | 1.6% | 2/140 | 2.3% | 0/78 | 0% | 0.2778 |
(0, 5.2) | |||||||
(0, 3.8) | |||||||
Don’t know | 25/218 | 10.2% | 2/140 | 1.8% | 23/78 | 30.8% | 0.0000 |
(5.5, 14.8) | (0, 4.3) | (19.3, 42.2) | |||||
Applications to the cord immediately after cutting | |||||||
Nothing applied | 137/217 | 65.2% | 99/139 | 72.6% | 38/78 | 47.1% | 0.0286 |
(32.4, 61.8) | |||||||
(54.3, 76.1) | (58.4, 86.8) | ||||||
Butter applied | 36/217 | 16.9% | 31/139 | 21.0% | 5/78 | 7.0% | 0.0208 |
(8.2, 25.7) | (9.8, 32.1) | (0, 14.0) | |||||
Other substance applied | 8/217 | 3.0% | 3/139 | 1.9% | 5/78 | 5.7% | 0.2367 |
(0, 6.0) | (0, 4.6) | (0, 13.3) | |||||
Don’t know | 36/217 | 14.9% | 6/139 | 4.6% | 30/78 | 40.3% | 0.0000 |
(9.7, 20.0) | (1.3, 7.8) | (27.4, 53.2) | |||||
Nutrition
| |||||||
Proportion of newborns breastfed within the first hour | 113/218 | 52.1% | 69/140 | 50.2% | 44/78 | 56.7% | 0.3977 |
(43.3, 60.8) | (38.8, 61.6) | (46.2, 67.2) | |||||
Proportion of mothers who squeezed out and threw away the colostrum/first milk | 94/217 | 44.5% | 70/139 | 50.2% | 24/78 | 30.4% | 0.0160 |
(34.2, 54.8) | (38.0, 62.5) | (18.9, 41.8) | |||||
Proportion of newborns given something other than breast milk during the first 2 days | 30/217 | 12.4% | 18/139 | 11.9% | 12/78 | 13.8% | 0.6908 |
(7.6, 17.2) | (5.8, 17.9) | (6.3, 21.1) | |||||
Among newborns who were fed other foods/liquids during the first week, type of food given:** | |||||||
Plain water | 8/30 | 32.7% | 7/18 | 44.2% | 1/12 | 8.2% | 0.0571 |
(11.1, 54.3) | (18.8, 69.5) | (0, 26.0) | |||||
Sugar water | 8/30 | 25.1% | 4/18 | 21.4% | 4/12 | 33.0% | 0.5369 |
(8.4, 41.8) | (9.4, 41.8) | (1.2, 64.7) | |||||
Fresh butter | 4/30 | 14.2% | 4/18 | 20.9 | 0/12 | 0% | 0.1308 |
(0, 29.5) | (0.9, 9.5) | ||||||
Milk (other than breast milk) | 5/30 | 13.2% | 1/18 | 3.9% | 4/12 | 33.0% | 0.0265 |
(1.3, 25.1) | (0, 12.1) | (4.9, 61.2) | |||||
Other | 11/30 | 41.6% | 7/18 | 45.1% | 4/12 | 34.0% | 0.5325 |
(19.5, 63.6) | (14.6, 75.6) | (14.3, 53.8) |
Cord care
Breast feeding
Knowledge of newborn danger signs
Indicator | Frequency | Weighted percentage |
---|---|---|
(Adjusted CI) | ||
Knowledge about danger signs
| ||
Proportion of mothers who can name at least 3 newborn danger signs (out of 11 signs) | 66/218 | 29.3% |
(23.5, 35.0) | ||
Proportion of mother listing specific danger signs unprompted | ||
Convulsions | 28/218 | 12.7% |
(7.4, 18.0) | ||
Fever | 189/218 | 83.6% |
(76.2, 91.0) | ||
Poor feeding/suckling | 86/218 | 39.5% |
(30.8, 48.3) | ||
Difficult/fast breathing | 47/218 | 21.1% |
(16.4, 25.7) | ||
Baby feels cold | 20/218 | 8.5% |
(4.6, 12.3) | ||
Baby too small/born too early | 3/218 | 2.0% |
(0, 4.9) | ||
Redness/discharge at cord | 5/218 | 1.7% |
(0, 3.5) | ||
Eyes red/swollen/discharge | 21/218 | 10.3% |
(5.0, 15.6) | ||
Yellow palms/soles/eyes | 1/218 | 0.4% |
(0, 1.1) | ||
Lethargy | 8/218 | 3.5% |
(0.5, 6.5) | ||
Unconscious | 37/218 | 17.3% |
(11.4, 23.3) | ||
Reported newborn illness
| ||
Proportion of newborns reported to experience an illness | 36/217 | 15.2% |
(8.7, 21.7) | ||
Reported problems (from prompted list)1
| ||
Fever | 4/36 | 12.1% |
(0, 26.3) | ||
Unable to suckle/feed | 7/36 | 22.0% |
(7.9, 36.2) | ||
Difficult/fast breathing | 7/36 | 21.8% |
(7.4, 36.2) | ||
Diarrhea | 4/36 | 8.6% |
(0, 17.3) | ||
Convulsions | 3/36 | 7.0% |
(0, 15.6) | ||
Persistent vomiting | 10/36 | 30.6% |
(12.8, 48.4) | ||
Yellow palms/soles/eyes | 3/36 | 7.0% |
(0, 15.9) | ||
Lethargy | 4/36 | 9.1% |
(0, 19.4) | ||
Unconscious | 1/36 | 2.4% |
(0, 7.7) | ||
Red/discharging eyes | 2/36 | 4.3% |
(0, 10.4) | ||
Skin pustules | 2/36 | 4.8% |
(0, 12.5) | ||
Redness or puss around the cord | 0/36 | 0% |
Other | 15/35 | 45.3% |
(25.1, 65.6) | ||
Care seeking for newborn illness
| ||
Proportion of sick newborns taken to a government, private, or NGO health facility for treatment2
| 18/36 | 46.2% |
(21.1, 71.4) | ||
Sources of care sought for sick newborns1
| ||
Government health facility | 15/36 | 38.1% |
(14.0, 62.3) | ||
Private/NGO health facility | 4/36 | 10.2% |
(0, 22.7) | ||
Private pharmacy or other shop | 4/36 | 11.8% |
(1.3, 22.3) | ||
Traditional practitioner | 1/36 | 3.5% |
(0, 9.9) | ||
Among sick newborns who did not receive care outside the home, reason for not seeking care1
| ||
Expecting self resolution of illness | 10/14 | 70.2% |
(35.6, 100) | ||
Health facility too far/no transport | 5/14 | 41.7% |
(1.4, 82.0) | ||
Not customary to seek care outside home | 2/14 | 17.9% |
(0, 50.4) | ||
Other | 3/14 | 24.5% |
(0, 62.4) |