Background
Methods
Study design and population
Sample size and selection of study participants
Study variables
Data analysis
Results
Description of study participants
Characteristics |
n = 1,894 | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Religion | ||
Catholic | 423 | 22.3 |
Muslim | 320 | 16.9 |
Protestant | 823 | 43.5 |
Others | 328 | 17.3 |
Marital status | ||
Not married | 163 | 8.6 |
Married | 1731 | 91.4 |
Education | ||
None | 1177 | 62.1 |
Primary | 549 | 29.0 |
Post-primary | 168 | 8.9 |
Occupation | ||
Business | 96 | 5.1 |
Peasant | 1755 | 92.7 |
Salaried worker | 43 | 2.3 |
Age group | ||
15–19 | 281 | 14.8 |
20–24 | 634 | 33.5 |
25–29 | 415 | 21.9 |
30–34 | 292 | 15.4 |
35–39 | 194 | 10.2 |
40+ | 78 | 4.1 |
Gestational age at birth | ||
5–6Months | 21 | 1.1 |
7Months | 42 | 2.2 |
8Months | 271 | 14.3 |
9Months | 1560 | 82.4 |
Gravida | ||
One | 306 | 16.2 |
two | 296 | 15.6 |
Three | 284 | 15.0 |
Four | 221 | 11.7 |
Five and above | 787 | 41.6 |
Type of transport used to the facility | ||
Motorcycle | 1,245 | 65.7 |
Vehicle | 274 | 14.5 |
Others | 375 | 19.8 |
Had a history of newborn death | ||
No | 1,785 | 94.2 |
Yes | 109 | 5.8 |
Attended ANC Early a
| ||
No | 1,298 | 68.5 |
Yes | 596 | 31.5 |
Received VHT visits after delivery | ||
No | 1,364 | 72.0 |
Yes | 530 | 28.0 |
Received VHT visit while pregnant | ||
No | 1,218 | 64.3 |
Yes | 676 | 35.7 |
Saved money for maternal health services | ||
No | 1,848 | 97.6 |
Yes | 46 | 2.4 |
Newborn deathb
| ||
Alive | 1843 | 97.3 |
Died | 51 | 2.7 |
Delivered in the health facility | ||
No | 563 | 29.7 |
Yes | 1331 | 70.3 |
Attended at least 4 ANC visits | ||
No | 724 | 38.2 |
Yes | 1170 | 61.8 |
Low birth weightc
n = 1442 | ||
No | 1249 | 86.6 |
Yes | 193 | 13.4 |
Health facility utilization and newborn health outcomes
Maternal health utilization and newborn health predictors at bivariate level
Health facility delivery | ANC four-time attendance | Newborn death | Low birth weight | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Religion | ||||
Catholica
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Muslim | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 1.44 (0.68–3.05) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) |
Protestant | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) |
Others | 1.10 (0.85–1.44) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 1.86 (0.92–3.76) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) |
Marital status | ||||
No marrieda
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married | 0.95 (0.67–1.36) | 1.24 (0.90–1.72) | 0.65 (0.25–1.69) | 0.81 (0.58–1.12) |
Education | ||||
Nonea
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.25 (0.87–1.80) | 1.34 (0.96–1.88) | 1.48 (0.57–3.84) | 0.63 (0.44–0.90)* |
Post primary | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 0.34 (0.13–0.88)* | 0.75 (0.61–0.93)* |
Occupation | ||||
Businessa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Peasant | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 0.44 (0.18–1.06) | 1.27 (0.88–1.85) |
Salaried worker | 2.65 (1.11–6.33)* | 1.82 (0.91–3.64) | 2.33 (0.54–9.97) | 0.23 (0.09–0.59)* |
Age group | ||||
15–19a
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–24 | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 1.21 (0.98–1.51) | 0.61 (0.27–1.38) | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) |
25–29 | 0.91 (0.71–1.15) | 1.21 (0.97–1.52) | 0.62 (0.26–1.50) | 0.40 (0.25–0.64)* |
30–34 | 0.98 (0.74–1.28) | 1.01 (0.78–1.31) | 0.97 (0.40–2.33) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) |
35–39 | 1.41 (0.99–1.99) | 0.69 (0.51–0.93)* | 1.26 (0.49–3.25) | 1.04 (0.64–1.70) |
40+ | 0.79 (0.49–1.27) | 0.61 (0.38–0.95)* | 0.59 (0.08–4.36) | 1.04 (0.48–2.22) |
Had a history of newborn death | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 12.62 (6.49–24.57)* | 1.38 (0.93–2.04) |
Attended at least 4 ANC visits | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.42 (1.17–1.75)* | – | 0.83 (0.44–1.57) | 0.62 (0.45–0.84)* |
Attended ANC Early | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 3.27 (2.61–4.10)* | 0.54 (0.25–1.18) | 0.88 (0.64–1.24) |
Received VHT visit while pregnant | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.31 (1.06–1.61)* | 1.27 (1.05–1.55)* | – | 1.03 (0.76–1.42) |
Saved for money maternal health services | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
Yes | 1.77 (1.18–2.64)* | 1.04 (0.71–1.40) | – | – |
Gravida | ||||
Onea
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Two | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.98 (0.70–1.36) | 1.15 (0.50–2.62) | 1.1 (0.85–1.43) |
Three | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) | 0.81 (0.31–2.08) | 0.8 (0.61–1.05) |
Four | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 1.31 (0.91–1.89) | 0.84 (0.30–2.38) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) |
Five and above | 0.72 (0.53–0.97)* | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) | 0.75 (0.39–1.45) | 1.1 (0.91–1.33) |
Gestational age at birth | ||||
5–6Months | – | – | 12.01 (3.85–37.47)* | – |
7Monthsa
| – | – | 1.00 | – |
8Months | – | – | 0.66 (0.23–1.87) | – |
9Mmonths | – | – | 0.43 (0.22–0.85)* | – |
Type of Transport used to the health facility | ||||
Motorcyclea
| – | – | 1.00 | – |
Vehicle | – | – | 2.07 (1.09–3.94)* | – |
foot/bicycle | – | – | 1.25 (0.65–2.42) | – |
Low birth weight | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 5.56 (2.70–11.44) | – | ||
Delivered in the health facility | ||||
Noa
| – | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | – | – | 1.28 (0.62–2.63) | – |
Received VHT visits after delivery | ||||
Noa
| – | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | – | – | 0.45 (0.2–1.07) | – |
Baby experienced danger signs | ||||
Noa
| – | – | 1.00 | |
Yes | – | – | 0.87 (0.45–1.68) | |
Mother experienced danger signs | ||||
Noa
| – | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | – | – | 1.22 (0.65–2.29) | – |
The interrelationship between health facility utilization and newborn health outcomes
Newborn Outcome indicators | Facility utilization indicators | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Newborn death (Y1) | Low birth weight (Y2) | Health facility delivery (Y3) | ANC 4 time attendance (Y4) | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
Delivered in the health facility | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | – | – | – |
Yes | 0.47 (0.19–1.26) | – | – | – |
Attended at least 4 ANC visits | ||||
Noa
| – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
Yes | – | 0.62 (0.45–0.85)**
| 1.43 (1.16–1.75)**
| – |
Age group | ||||
15–19a
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
20–24 | 0.24 (0.08–0.73)*
| 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) | |
25–29 | 0.20 (0.05–0.86)*
| 0.93 (0.66–1.30) | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | |
30–35 | 0.34 (0.10–1.17) | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | |
34–59 | 0.40 (0.11–1.42) | 1.27 (0.86–1.86) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | |
Attended ANC Early | ||||
Noa
| – | – | – | 1.00 |
Yes | – | – | – | 2.04 (1.79–2.34)**
|
Received VHT visit while pregnant | ||||
Noa
| – | – | – | 1.00 |
Yes | – | – | – | 1.14 (1.01–1.30)* |
Marital status | ||||
Not Marrieda
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married | 0.77 (0.23–2.60) | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) | 0.94 [0.65,1.36] | 1.15 [0.93–1.41] |
Education Level | ||||
Nonea
| – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | – | 0.75 (0.38–1.45) | 1.15 (0.76–1.72) | 1.18 (0.92–1.50) |
Post primary | – | 0.68 (0.46–0.98)*
| 1.29 (1.02–1.63)*
| 1.11 (0.97–1.27) |
Occupation | ||||
Businessa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Peasant | 0.54 (0.11–2.65) | 0.85 (0.40–1.79) | 1.26 (0.80–1.97) | 1.14 (0.87–1.49) |
Salaried worker | 0.42 (0.04–4.60) | 1.07 (0.29–3.88) | 2.84 (1.03–7.80)*
| 1.50 (0.88–2.53) |
Had a history of newborn death | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
Yes | 12.64 (5.31–30.10) **
| 1.33 (0.72–2.47) | – | – |
Gravida | ||||
Onea
| – | 1.00 | – | – |
two | – | 0.91 (0.53–1.54) | – | – |
Three | – | 0.49 (0.26–0.94)*
| – | – |
Four | – | 0.65 (0.31–1.37) | – | – |
Five and above | – | 0.79 (0.39–1.60) | – | – |
Type of Transport used to the facility | ||||
Motorcyclea
| 1.00 | – | – | – |
Vehicle | 0.79 (0.20–3.16) | – | – | – |
Foot/bicycle | 1.40 (0.49–3.93) | – | – | – |
Low Birth Weight | ||||
Noa
| 1.00 | – | – | – |
Yes | 3.51 (1.48–8.37)**
| – | – | – |
Saved money for maternal health services | ||||
Noa
| – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | – | – | 1.72 (1.14–2.58) **
| 0.92 (0.74–1.14) |