Background
Methods
Participants
Assessments
Body composition and body mass index
Arterial blood pressure
Statistical analysis
Causal framework
Results
Characteristics of the study group
Sex | N | Average | SD | SE | t | df | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Baseline | Girls | 17 | 14.12 | 1.65 | 0.40 | 4.852 | 78 | < 0.0001* |
Boys | 63 | 11.48 | 2.07 | 0.26 | ||||
Age After 10 months | Girls | 17 | 14.53 | 1.81 | 0.44 | 4.947 | 78 | < 0.0001* |
Boys | 63 | 11.78 | 2.09 | 0.26 |
The findings
Variables | T0 | T1 | p | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Min. | Max | Q1 | Q2 (Me) | Q3 | Average | SD | Min. | Max | Q1 | Q2 (Me) | Q3 | ||
Total (N = 80) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1596.94 | 273.01 | 1187.00 | 2639.00 | 1415.00 | 1549.00 | 1734.25 | 1625.38 | 253.26 | 1129.00 | 2682.00 | 1453.50 | 1597.00 | 1745.00 | 0.1520 |
Body height [cm] | 153.70 | 13.19 | 127.00 | 184.00 | 143.00 | 154.00 | 163.00 | 155.50 | 12.56 | 129.00 | 186.00 | 145.25 | 155.50 | 164.75 | < 0.0001* |
Body weight [kg] | 44.15 | 11.69 | 24.60 | 79.70 | 34.70 | 43.60 | 52.30 | 46.15 | 11.96 | 25.30 | 82.70 | 36.50 | 45.80 | 54.63 | < 0.0001* |
BMI [kg/m2] | 18.31 | 2.42 | 13.60 | 24.90 | 16.70 | 18.00 | 19.45 | 18.73 | 2.44 | 14.50 | 25.50 | 16.93 | 18.35 | 20.15 | < 0.0001* |
FM [%] | 19.80 | 4.72 | 12.90 | 34.50 | 16.55 | 19.10 | 22.78 | 20.22 | 4.54 | 13.50 | 33.90 | 16.83 | 19.30 | 22.45 | 0.0597 |
FFM [kg] | 35.24 | 9.07 | 19.60 | 61.20 | 28.70 | 34.40 | 39.90 | 36.64 | 9.14 | 20.30 | 63.50 | 30.20 | 36.10 | 41.15 | < 0.0001* |
TBW [kg] | 25.80 | 6.64 | 14.30 | 44.80 | 21.00 | 25.20 | 29.20 | 26.82 | 6.69 | 14.90 | 46.50 | 22.10 | 26.45 | 30.15 | < 0.0001* |
HC [cm] | 78.49 | 9.04 | 64.00 | 97.00 | 71.00 | 78.00 | 85.00 | 81.16 | 9.28 | 66.00 | 108.00 | 74.00 | 79.00 | 89.00 | < 0.0001* |
WC [cm] | 61.45 | 7.56 | 21.00 | 74.00 | 57.00 | 61.00 | 66.00 | 62.87 | 9.24 | 6.00 | 84.00 | 59.00 | 62.00 | 67.00 | 0.1520 |
SBP [mmHg] | 108.03 | 13.13 | 85.00 | 141.00 | 99.00 | 106.50 | 114.00 | 109.90 | 11.92 | 87.00 | 146.00 | 101.00 | 110.00 | 118.00 | 0.1597 |
DBP [mmHg] | 62.66 | 6.84 | 47.00 | 78.00 | 57.00 | 62.00 | 68.75 | 63.30 | 7.04 | 50.00 | 82.00 | 58.00 | 64.00 | 67.00 | 0.4540 |
AGE = 9–12 years (N = 50) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1518.86 | 193.22 | 1187.00 | 2054.00 | 1363.75 | 1500.50 | 1629.75 | 1536.56 | 187.84 | 1129.00 | 2083.00 | 1407.50 | 1536.50 | 1625.75 | 0.4117 |
Body height [cm] | 145.84 | 8.48 | 127.00 | 169.00 | 139.00 | 145.00 | 153.25 | 148.22 | 8.57 | 129.00 | 170.00 | 141.75 | 146.00 | 155.00 | < 0.0001* |
Body weight [kg] | 37.51 | 7.60 | 24.60 | 56.90 | 31.48 | 36.00 | 41.60 | 39.31 | 7.86 | 25.30 | 59.50 | 32.83 | 37.75 | 45.30 | < 0.0001* |
BMI [kg/m2] | 17.43 | 2.22 | 13.60 | 23.80 | 15.98 | 17.00 | 18.70 | 17.73 | 2.11 | 14.50 | 23.70 | 16.33 | 17.35 | 18.93 | < 0.0001* |
FM [%] | 19.26 | 3.85 | 13.60 | 33.40 | 16.78 | 18.55 | 20.53 | 19.31 | 3.46 | 13.50 | 32.70 | 16.90 | 18.90 | 20.85 | 0.7693 |
FFM [kg] | 30.12 | 5.25 | 19.60 | 42.30 | 25.68 | 29.65 | 33.95 | 31.58 | 5.57 | 20.30 | 45.10 | 26.53 | 31.40 | 35.68 | < 0.0001* |
TBW [kg] | 22.05 | 3.85 | 14.30 | 31.00 | 18.78 | 21.70 | 24.85 | 23.12 | 4.07 | 14.90 | 33.00 | 19.45 | 23.00 | 26.15 | < 0.0001* |
HC [cm] | 73.18 | 5.89 | 64.00 | 86.00 | 69.75 | 72.00 | 78.00 | 75.98 | 6.36 | 66.00 | 94.00 | 71.75 | 75.00 | 79.00 | < 0.0001* |
WC [cm] | 58.22 | 7.44 | 21.00 | 73.00 | 55.00 | 58.00 | 61.25 | 60.12 | 9.75 | 6.00 | 81.00 | 57.00 | 59.00 | 63.25 | 0.2132 |
SBP [mmHg] | 105.62 | 12.34 | 85.00 | 141.00 | 95.75 | 104.00 | 114.00 | 105.56 | 10.90 | 87.00 | 132.00 | 98.00 | 104.00 | 111.50 | 0.9661 |
DBP [mmHg] | 60.46 | 6.49 | 47.00 | 74.00 | 56.00 | 59.00 | 65.00 | 61.46 | 6.63 | 50.00 | 80.00 | 56.00 | 61.50 | 66.00 | 0.4001 |
AGE = 13–17 years (N = 30) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1727.07 | 334.56 | 1219.00 | 2639.00 | 1540.25 | 1673.00 | 1870.25 | 1773.40 | 280.78 | 1270.00 | 2682.00 | 1623.50 | 1713.50 | 1885.00 | 0.2417 |
Body height [cm] | 166.80 | 8.28 | 152.00 | 184.00 | 161.00 | 164.50 | 173.00 | 167.63 | 7.88 | 154.00 | 186.00 | 162.00 | 165.50 | 172.25 | 0.1485 |
Body weight [kg] | 55.22 | 8.47 | 42.70 | 79.70 | 49.40 | 53.45 | 59.38 | 57.56 | 8.38 | 45.20 | 82.70 | 51.33 | 55.75 | 62.28 | < 0.0001* |
BMI [kg/m2] | 19.78 | 2.03 | 17.00 | 24.90 | 18.70 | 19.15 | 20.70 | 20.41 | 2.02 | 17.40 | 25.50 | 18.70 | 20.10 | 21.50 | < 0.0001* |
FM [%] | 20.70 | 5.86 | 12.90 | 34.50 | 14.88 | 21.45 | 24.48 | 21.72 | 5.67 | 13.90 | 33.90 | 15.78 | 22.30 | 26.05 | 0.0461* |
FFM [kg] | 43.79 | 7.52 | 34.30 | 61.20 | 38.45 | 40.50 | 50.58 | 45.07 | 7.58 | 35.50 | 63.50 | 39.38 | 42.45 | 49.75 | < 0.0001* |
TBW [kg] | 32.06 | 5.51 | 25.10 | 44.80 | 28.13 | 29.65 | 37.03 | 32.99 | 5.55 | 26.00 | 46.50 | 28.80 | 31.05 | 36.40 | < 0.0001* |
HC [cm] | 87.33 | 5.89 | 75.00 | 97.00 | 82.75 | 88.00 | 92.00 | 90.10 | 6.21 | 78.00 | 108.00 | 85.50 | 90.00 | 94.00 | 0.0001 * |
WC [cm] | 66.83 | 3.79 | 61.00 | 74.00 | 64.00 | 66.00 | 70.00 | 67.62 | 5.88 | 58.00 | 84.00 | 63.00 | 68.00 | 71.50 | 0.4632 |
SBP [mmHg] | 112.03 | 13.63 | 91.00 | 139.00 | 101.00 | 110.00 | 121.75 | 117.38 | 9.80 | 100.00 | 146.00 | 112.00 | 116.00 | 123.50 | 0.0412 * |
DBP [mmHg] | 66.33 | 5.84 | 55.00 | 78.00 | 61.75 | 66.50 | 70.00 | 66.48 | 6.67 | 55.00 | 82.00 | 62.50 | 66.00 | 70.50 | 0.9571 |
Variables | T0 | T1 | p | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Min. | Max | Q1 | Q2 (Me) | Q3 | Average | SD | Min. | Max | Q1 | Q2 (Me) | Q3 | |||
Age = 9–12 years Girls (N = 1) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1221.00 | 1221.00 | 1221.00 | 1221.00 | 1221.00 | 1221.00 | 1381.00 | 1381.00 | 1381.00 | 1381.00 | 1381.00 | 1381.00 | 1381.00 | ||
Body height [cm] | 127.00 | 127.00 | 127.00 | 127.00 | 127.00 | 127.00 | 129.00 | 129.00 | 129.00 | 129.00 | 129.00 | 129.00 | 129.00 | ||
Body weight [kg] | 24.60 | 24.60 | 24.60 | 24.60 | 24.60 | 24.60 | 25.30 | 25.30 | 25.30 | 25.30 | 25.30 | 25.30 | 25.30 | ||
BMI [kg/m2] | 15.30 | 15.30 | 15.30 | 15.30 | 15.30 | 15.30 | 15.20 | 15.20 | 15.20 | 15.20 | 15.20 | 15.20 | 15.20 | ||
FM [%] | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 19.70 | 19.70 | 19.70 | 19.70 | 19.70 | 19.70 | 19.70 | ||
FFM [kg] | 19.60 | 19.60 | 19.60 | 19.60 | 19.60 | 19.60 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | 20.30 | ||
TBW [kg] | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 14.90 | 14.90 | 14.90 | 14.90 | 14.90 | 14.90 | 14.90 | ||
HC [cm] | 64.00 | 64.00 | 64.00 | 64.00 | 64.00 | 64.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | ||
WC [cm] | 54.00 | 54.00 | 54.00 | 54.00 | 54.00 | 54.00 | 57.00 | 57.00 | 57.00 | 57.00 | 57.00 | 57.00 | 57.00 | ||
SBP [mmHg] | 111.00 | 111.00 | 111.00 | 111.00 | 111.00 | 111.00 | 105.00 | 105.00 | 105.00 | 105.00 | 105.00 | 105.00 | 105.00 | ||
DBP [mmHg] | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 69.00 | 58.00 | 58.00 | 58.00 | 58.00 | 58.00 | 58.00 | 58.00 | ||
Age = 13–17 years Girls (N = 16) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1533.38 | 210.35 | 1219.00 | 1858.00 | 1316.75 | 1588.00 | 1670.75 | 1629.75 | 170.81 | 1270.00 | 1985.00 | 1507.00 | 1666.00 | 1717.75 | 0.0548 |
Body height [cm] | 164.81 | 6.65 | 154.00 | 181.00 | 161.25 | 163.00 | 168.00 | 164.69 | 5.38 | 154.00 | 177.00 | 162.00 | 165.00 | 166.75 | 0.8969 |
Body weight [kg] | 53.29 | 4.89 | 44.10 | 63.40 | 50.58 | 52.30 | 56.48 | 55.38 | 5.11 | 47.30 | 66.20 | 51.58 | 54.55 | 57.70 | 0.0001* |
BMI [kg/m2] | 19.64 | 1.70 | 17.00 | 23.90 | 18.50 | 19.25 | 20.63 | 20.41 | 1.79 | 17.60 | 24.30 | 18.78 | 20.25 | 21.38 | 0.0246* |
FM [%] | 24.73 | 4.70 | 12.90 | 34.50 | 22.80 | 24.30 | 28.20 | 26.22 | 3.35 | 21.80 | 33.90 | 22.93 | 26.00 | 28.70 | 0.1065 |
FFM [kg] | 40.09 | 4.28 | 34.30 | 51.20 | 37.23 | 39.30 | 42.63 | 40.80 | 3.61 | 35.50 | 47.50 | 38.40 | 39.70 | 44.03 | 0.0875 |
TBW [kg] | 29.35 | 3.14 | 25.10 | 37.50 | 27.23 | 28.80 | 31.18 | 29.86 | 2.65 | 26.00 | 34.80 | 28.13 | 29.05 | 32.23 | 0.0916 |
HC [cm] | 89.06 | 4.73 | 80.00 | 97.00 | 85.25 | 89.00 | 92.00 | 90.67 | 4.81 | 81.00 | 100.00 | 88.00 | 90.00 | 95.00 | 0.0215* |
WC [cm] | 66.50 | 3.85 | 61.00 | 74.00 | 63.25 | 65.50 | 69.75 | 66.27 | 4.04 | 61.00 | 73.00 | 63.00 | 64.00 | 69.00 | 0.5191 |
SBP [mmHg] | 108.19 | 11.87 | 91.00 | 139.00 | 99.25 | 107.50 | 112.75 | 116.80 | 7.66 | 102.00 | 131.00 | 113.00 | 115.00 | 123.00 | 0.0370* |
DBP [mmHg] | 66.50 | 4.89 | 59.00 | 77.00 | 62.50 | 65.50 | 69.00 | 68.60 | 7.14 | 56.00 | 82.00 | 63.00 | 67.00 | 74.00 | 0.2390 |
Age = 9–12 years Boys (N = 49) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1524.94 | 190.33 | 1187.00 | 2054.00 | 1369.50 | 1501.00 | 1631.50 | 1539.73 | 188.43 | 1129.00 | 2083.00 | 1419.00 | 1537.00 | 1631.50 | 0.4970 |
Body height [cm] | 146.22 | 8.11 | 133.00 | 169.00 | 139.00 | 145.00 | 153.50 | 148.61 | 8.20 | 135.00 | 170.00 | 142.00 | 146.00 | 155.00 | 0.0000* |
Body weight [kg] | 37.77 | 7.44 | 24.80 | 56.90 | 31.85 | 36.20 | 42.10 | 39.60 | 7.67 | 27.20 | 59.50 | 33.10 | 37.80 | 45.40 | 0.0000* |
BMI [kg/m2] | 17.47 | 2.22 | 13.60 | 23.80 | 16.05 | 17.00 | 18.70 | 17.78 | 2.10 | 14.50 | 23.70 | 16.40 | 17.40 | 18.95 | 0.0000* |
FM [%] | 19.24 | 3.89 | 13.60 | 33.40 | 16.75 | 18.50 | 20.55 | 19.30 | 3.50 | 13.50 | 32.70 | 16.90 | 18.50 | 20.90 | 0.7155 |
FFM [kg] | 30.33 | 5.08 | 20.60 | 42.30 | 25.90 | 30.00 | 34.00 | 31.81 | 5.38 | 22.30 | 45.10 | 26.65 | 31.40 | 35.75 | 0.0000* |
TBW [kg] | 22.21 | 3.72 | 15.10 | 31.00 | 18.95 | 22.00 | 24.90 | 23.29 | 3.94 | 16.30 | 33.00 | 19.50 | 23.00 | 26.20 | 0.0000* |
HC [cm] | 73.37 | 5.80 | 64.00 | 86.00 | 70.00 | 72.00 | 78.00 | 76.12 | 6.35 | 66.00 | 94.00 | 72.00 | 75.00 | 79.00 | 0.0001 |
WC [cm] | 58.31 | 7.49 | 21.00 | 73.00 | 55.00 | 58.00 | 61.50 | 60.18 | 9.84 | 6.00 | 81.00 | 57.00 | 59.00 | 63.50 | 0.2280 |
SBP [mmHg] | 105.51 | 12.44 | 85.00 | 141.00 | 95.50 | 104.00 | 114.00 | 105.57 | 11.02 | 87.00 | 132.00 | 98.00 | 103.00 | 112.00 | 0.9660 |
DBP [mmHg] | 60.29 | 6.44 | 47.00 | 74.00 | 56.00 | 59.00 | 65.00 | 61.53 | 6.68 | 50.00 | 80.00 | 56.00 | 62.00 | 66.00 | 0.2951 |
Age = 13–17 years old Boys (N = 14) | |||||||||||||||
REE [kcal] | 1948.43 | 315.75 | 1582.00 | 2639.00 | 1717.25 | 1843.50 | 2240.00 | 1937.57 | 296.29 | 1606.00 | 2682.00 | 1744.50 | 1869.00 | 2179.50 | 0.8645 |
Body height [cm] | 169.07 | 9.57 | 152.00 | 184.00 | 160.25 | 170.00 | 177.25 | 171.00 | 9.06 | 156.00 | 186.00 | 163.25 | 171.50 | 179.25 | 0.0002* |
Body weight [kg] | 57.42 | 11.08 | 42.70 | 79.70 | 47.50 | 56.80 | 65.70 | 60.05 | 10.68 | 45.20 | 82.70 | 50.85 | 59.55 | 68.35 | 0.0000* |
BMI [kg/m2] | 19.94 | 2.40 | 17.10 | 24.90 | 18.50 | 19.05 | 21.25 | 20.41 | 2.32 | 17.40 | 25.50 | 18.70 | 19.60 | 21.85 | 0.0006* |
FM [%] | 16.11 | 2.89 | 13.40 | 23.20 | 13.75 | 15.20 | 18.40 | 16.59 | 2.35 | 13.90 | 23.20 | 15.15 | 15.75 | 17.55 | 0.1653 |
FFM [kg] | 48.01 | 8.31 | 35.70 | 61.20 | 40.00 | 48.45 | 55.23 | 49.96 | 8.06 | 38.30 | 63.50 | 42.68 | 50.00 | 57.25 | 0.0000* |
TBW [kg] | 35.15 | 6.08 | 26.10 | 44.80 | 29.33 | 35.45 | 40.40 | 36.56 | 5.91 | 28.00 | 46.50 | 31.23 | 36.60 | 41.93 | 0.0000* |
HC [cm] | 85.36 | 6.62 | 75.00 | 97.00 | 80.75 | 84.00 | 89.50 | 89.50 | 7.57 | 78.00 | 108.00 | 84.00 | 88.00 | 93.75 | 0.0018* |
WC [cm] | 67.21 | 3.83 | 61.00 | 74.00 | 65.00 | 66.00 | 71.00 | 69.07 | 7.25 | 58.00 | 84.00 | 63.50 | 69.50 | 75.25 | 0.3548 |
SBP [mmHg] | 116.43 | 14.59 | 96.00 | 138.00 | 101.00 | 113.00 | 130.00 | 118.00 | 11.96 | 100.00 | 146.00 | 109.50 | 119.00 | 126.25 | 0.5853 |
DBP [mmHg] | 66.14 | 6.97 | 55.00 | 78.00 | 59.75 | 67.50 | 71.25 | 64.21 | 5.49 | 55.00 | 74.00 | 60.75 | 64.50 | 68.50 | 0.3376 |
Sex | Girls | Boys | Total | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | ||
Differences between T0 and T1 | |||||||
REE | 100.12 | 179.87 | 9.10 | 171.05 | 28.44 | 175.84 | 0.0577 |
Age [years] | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.3958 |
Body height [cm] | 0.00 | 3.71 | 2.29 | 1.11 | 1.80 | 2.15 | 0.0001* |
Body weight [kg] | 2.01 | 1.54 | 2.01 | 1.00 | 2.01 | 1.13 | 0.9988 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 0.72 | 1.22 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.70 | 0.0470* |
FM [%] | 1.37 | 3.41 | 0.16 | 1.21 | 0.41 | 1.94 | 0.0208* |
FFM [kg] | 0.71 | 1.50 | 1.58 | 0.80 | 1.40 | 1.04 | 0.0017* |
TBW [kg] | 0.52 | 1.10 | 1.16 | 0.58 | 1.02 | 0.76 | 0.0017* |
HC [cm] | 1.75 | 2.38 | 3.06 | 4.33 | 2.80 | 4.03 | 0.2472 |
WC [cm] | −0.13 | 2.06 | 1.87 | 10.03 | 1.47 | 9.03 | 0.4327 |
SBP [mmHg] | 7.19 | 13.56 | 0.40 | 10.05 | 1.77 | 11.10 | 0.0279* |
DBP [mmHg] | 1.13 | 6.71 | 0.54 | 8.08 | 0.66 | 7.78 | 0.7902 |
Model | Non-Standardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE (B) | β | ||||
Girls (T0) | FFM [kg] | 21.825 | 4.656 | 0.650 | 4.687 | 0.0003* |
DBP [mmHg] | 26.158 | 6.321 | 0.574 | 4.138 | 0.0010* | |
Boys (T0) | TBW [kg] | 46.443 | 6.131 | 1.133 | 7.575 | 0.0000* |
Age [years] | −42.168 | 20.492 | −0.308 | −2.058 | 0.0440* | |
Girls (T1) | Body height [cm] | 8.692 | 4.036 | 0.499 | 2.153 | 0.0492* |
Boys (T1) | TBW [kg] | 32.110 | 2.978 | 0.839 | 10.782 | 0.0000* |
DBP [mmHg] | −8.339 | 3.254 | −0.199 | −2.563 | 0.0129* | |
Girls (difference between T0 and T1) | Body height [cm] - difference | 34.147 | 9.252 | 0.702 | 3.691 | 0.0024* |
Boys (difference between T0 and T1) | No significant predictors for REE |