Nesfatin-1 plays a role in the regulation of emotional states like depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma nesfatin-1levels in Chinese patients with depression and healthy subjects, and to determine the possible association between the plasma nesfatin-1 level and the severity of depression.
Methods
A total of 103 depressive patients and 32 healthy subjects were assessed. According to HAMD-17scores, 51, 18, and 34 patients were enrolled in the mild depression, moderate depression, and severe depression groups, respectively. Plasma nesfatin-1 levels were determined by the ELISA method. Differences between groups were compared and associations between plasma nesfatin-1 and other variables were analyzed.
Results
The plasma nesfatin-1 was significantly positively correlated with HAMD-17 score (r = 0.651). Compared with healthy controls (8.11 ± 3.31 ng/mL), the plasma nesfatin-1 level significantly increased in patients with mild depression (11.17 ± 3.58 ng/mL), with moderate depression (16.33 ± 8.78 ng/mL), and with severe depression (27.65 ± 8.26 ng/mL) respectively. Plasma nesfatin-1 level (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.269) was an independent indicator for severe depression by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Conclusion
The plasma nesfatin-1 level is positively correlated with the severity of depression. Plasma nesfatin-1 level may be a potential indicator for depression severity.
Background
Depression is a state of low mood and demotivated condition that affects a person’s feelings, cognition, and behaviors. Major depressive disorder is the most common of serious psychiatric disorders and is recognized to be a high risk factor of suicide [1]. Thus, evaluating the severity of depression is crucial for treatment [2]. In patients diagnosed with depression, Hamilton Rating Scale for depression (HAMD) is a widely used, standardized, clinician administered questionnaire to assess and rate the severity of depression. However, there are no commonly accepted depression biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy or to evaluate severity ratings [3]. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression are not been fully elucidated, there have been increasing interests in associations between depression and changes in various biochemical pathways, including inflammatory, neurotrophic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis alterations [4, 5].
Nesfatin-1, a newly discovered hormone, was derived from nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). Some previous studies have reported that nesfatin-1 played a role in integrating feeding, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure [6, 7]. Furthermore, the nesfatin-1 role in the regulation of emotional states including anxiety and stress was also be found [8]. The plasma level and mRNA expression of nesfatin-1 were increased by acute stress in rats [9]. In fact, nesfatin-1 can activate the HPA axis, the hyperactivity of which is proposed to be among the causal factors for triggering depressive episodes [10]. Because of the dysfunction of the HPA axes, with the important role of nesfatin-1 in the pathophysiology of depression [11], we hypothesized that the plasma nesfatin-1 level may be associated with depression severity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the levels of plasma nesfatin-1 in Chinese patients with depression and healthy subjects, and to determine the possible association between the plasma nesfatin-1 level and the severity of depression.
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Methods
Study population
All subjects in the depressive group were recruited from the outpatient department of psychological consultation and treatment center, the Second People’s Hospital of Wuhu City from January 2016 to April 2017. The inclusion criteria were the following: a) HAMD-17scores > 7; b) meeting diagnostic criteria for depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders-Fourth Version. The exclusion criteria were the following: a) unstable psychiatric features; b) currently suffering from a severe medical condition; c) currently pregnant or lactating; d) presence of comorbid psychotic disorder, psychotic symptoms, psychoactive substance dependency or abuse, personality disorder, or mental retardation; e) received psychotropic medication within 2 weeks; f) had a history of bariatric surgery or any gastric disease; g) diagnosed of diabetes mellitus; h) FT3, FT4 or TSH was abnormal.
All subjects in the control group were recruited from the annual health examination of the Second People’s Hospital of Wuhu City. The inclusion criteria were the following: a) no mental disorders after being evaluated by psychiatrists; b) no family history of mental disorders and no history of taking psychiatric drugs; c) HAMD-17 scores ≤7. Exclusion criteria were the following: a) history of stroke or central nervous system disease; b) pregnant or lactating women.
The protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Second People’s Hospital of Wuhu City. All subjects signed written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Measurements
The body mass index (BMI) of all participants were calculated. All blood samples from a forearm vein were collected in the morning following one night of fasting by 5-mL tubes containing EDTA. All plasma samples were obtained after centrifugation (3000×g for 5 min at 4 °C) and stored at − 80 °C until the time of assay.
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The level of plasma nesfatin-1 was measured by ELISA kit from USCN Life Science Instruments (Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were assayed using an automatic electrochemistry luminescence immunoassay system (Roche Cobas E601, Mannheim, Germany). Fasting plasma glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by an automatic analyzer (Beckman AU5800, Tokyo, Japan) according to the standard techniques.
17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD-17) was examined for all subjects [12]. The severity of depressive symptom was classified by the following severity range for HAMD-17 score: mild depression (8–17), moderate depression (18–24), and severe depression (> 24) [13].
Statistical analysis
Distributions of data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation and were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA. The Chi-squared test was employed for percentages of variables. Relationships between plasma nesfatin-1 and other variables were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis and the independent relationships were determined by multivariate linear regression analysis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to validate the risk factors of depression severity. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off value of plasma nesfatin-1. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 13.0 software package, and R version 3.3.2 (http:///www.r-project.org/). Furthermore, P-values (two-sided) < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The study population was composed of 103 depressive patients (44 male, 59 female) and 32 healthy individuals (12 male, 20 female). Demographic variables and biochemical values of depressive group and control group are shown in Table 1. Differences between the groups were not statistically significant in terms of age, gender and BMI. Compared with the healthy controls, depressive patients had higher FBG, higher TG, higher TSH, and lower HDL-C (all P < 0.05). The mean plasma nesfatin-1 level in the depressive patients was 17.52 ± 9.79 ng/mL, whereas it was 8.11 ± 3.31 ng/mL in the healthy controls. Difference of mean plasma nesfatin-1 level between groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001, Table 1). The mean HAMD-17 scores were statistically higher in patients with depression than that in the control group (19.2 ± 8.4 in depressive group vs. 4.2 ± 0.9 in control group, P < 0.001).
Table 1
Comparison of mean values (or ratios) of study variables in depressive group and control group
Variables
Depressive group (n = 103)
Control group (n = 32)
P value
Age (years)
53.3 ± 9.9
51.8 ± 9.5
0.447
Gender (female/male)
59/44
20/12
0.601a
Duration of depression (years)
7.4 ± 4.9
–
BMI (kg/m2)
22.49 ± 3.25
22.32 ± 2.45
0.782
HAMD-17 score
19.2 ± 8.4
4.2 ± 0.9
< 0.001
FBG (mmol/L)
6.10 ± 1.25
4.86 ± 0.49
< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.78 ± 1.22
1.21 ± 0.54
0.012
TC (mmol/L)
4.61 ± 1.14
4.57 ± 0.92
0.845
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.23 ± 0.51
1.64 ± 0.47
< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.51 ± 0.83
2.39 ± 0.79
0.509
TSH (mIU/L)
2.81 ± 0.79
2.40 ± 0.61
0.009
FT3 (pmol/L)
4.55 ± 0.56
4.49 ± 0.58
0.615
FT4 (pmol/L)
12.22 ± 1.54
12.56 ± 1.68
0.847
Nesfatin-1 (ng/mL)
17.52 ± 9.79
8.11 ± 3.31
< 0.001
aCalculated by Chi-squared test
By Spearman correlation analysis, the plasma nesfatin-1 level was significantly correlated with age (r = − 0.287, P = 0.003), duration of depression (r = 0.302, P = 0.002), BMI (r = − 0.305, P = 0.002), FBG (r = − 0.287, P = 0.003), TC (r = 0.254, P = 0.010), HDL-C (r = 0.232, P = 0.019), TSH (r = 0.350, P < 0.001), and HAMD-17 score (r = 0.651, P < 0.001, Fig. 1) in the depressive patients. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that plasma nesfatin-1 level was negatively associated with age, whereas that was positively associated with duration of depression, HAMD-17score, and TSH (Table 2).
Fig. 1
Correlation between plasma nesfatin-1 levels and HAMD-17 scores (Linear Regression)
Table 2
Multivariate linear regression analysis between plasma nesfatin-1 (dependent variable) and clinical characteristics (independent variables)
β (95%confidence interval)
SE
P value
Age
−0.120 (− 0.238 to − 0.002)
0.059
0.047
Gender
0.459 (−1.981 to 2.900)
1.228
0.709
Duration of depression
0.507 (0.301 to 0.752)
0.114
< 0.001
BMI
0.174 (−0.226 to 0.574)
0.201
0.389
HAMD-17 score
0.715 (0.550 to 0880)
0.083
< 0.001
FBG
−0.886 (−1.842 to 0.070)
0.481
0.069
TG
0.583 (−0.309 to1.476)
0.449
0.198
TC
0.965 (−0.262 to 2.192)
0.617
0.122
HDL-C
1.957 (−0.454 to 4.368)
1.213
0.110
LDL-C
−1.336 (−3.097 to 0.425)
0.886
0.135
TSH
2.173 (0.718 to3.629)
0.732
0.004
FT3
−0.718 (−2.677 to 1.242)
0.986
0.469
FT4
−0.360 (−1.095 to 0.374)
0.370
0.332
×
The level of plasma nesfatin-1 in females (n = 59) was significantly higher than that in males (n = 44) (19.37 ± 10.05 vs. 15.04 ± 8.96, P = 0.023). Among 103 depressive patients, 51 patients (49.5%) had mild depression, 18 patients (17.5%) had moderate depression, and 34 patients (33.0%) had severe depression respectively. Figure 2 shows that a significant increased trend of the plasma nesfatin-1 level among mild depressive patients (11.17 ± 3.58 ng/mL) compared to moderate depressive patients (16.33 ± 8.78 ng/mL) (P = 0.005), and moderate depressive patients compared to severe depressive patients (27.65 ± 8.26 ng/mL) (P < 0.001).
Fig. 2
Plasma nesfatin-1 (mean ± SD) in the mild depression group, the moderate depression group, and the severe depression group
×
By multivariate logistic regression analysis, BMI (OR = 0.671, P = 0.017), plasma nesfatin-1 (OR = 1.269, P = 0.001) were the independent indicators for severe depression in the depressive patients (Fig. 3). Based on the ROC curve analysis, plasma nesfatin-1 cut-off point of 20.25 ng/mL showed 82.4% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity, and with the Area Under Curve (AUC) 0.903 (95% CI 0.835–0.971) was the optimal cut-off point for identification of severe depression (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3
Risk factors of severe depression nomogram. (Code of sex [1: male, 2: female]) (To use the nomogram, an individual patient’s value is located on each variable axis, and a line is drawn upward to determine the number of points received for each variable value. The sum of these numbers is located on the Total Points axis, and a line is drawn downward to the Risk of severe depression axes to determine the severe depression risk)
Fig. 4
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of plasma nesfatin-1 in identification of the patients with severe depression
×
×
Discussion
Recently, nesfatin-1 has been implicated in the regulation of anxiety and depression in humans [14, 15]. In this study, the plasma nesfatin-1 levels were measured in depressive patients and healthy controls in China. According to our results, the plasma nesfatin-1 level was significantly increased in depressive patients, most notably in patients with severe depression, compared to healthy controls. Our finding is in agreement with the previous report [16].
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There are some studies suggesting that serum nesfatin-1 levels were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to healthy subjects [17, 18]. Considering the effect of high blood sugar on nesfatin-1 level, we excluded patients with diabetes mellitus in our study. A positive correlation between plasma nesfatin-1and HDL-C in the depressive patients was observed in present study, and this relationship had been previously reported by Li et al. [19] in the diabetic patients. However, the mechanism and physiological significance of this relationship is unclear. Some studies indicate that thyroid dysfunction is associate with the mood disorders and particularly with depression [20, 21]. The symptomatic of depression could be improved through the levothyroxine replacement therapy [22]. In addition, the relationship between nesfatin-1 and thyroid function had been reported in previous literature [23]. Thus, the patients with abnormal TSH, FT3 and FT4 were excluded in our study. We also observed a statistically significant association between TSH and plasma nesfatin-1 by multivariate linear regression analysis.
In the present study, plasma nesfatin-1 was significantly correlated with HAMD-17 score, furthermore, we observed the level of plasma nesfatin-1 increased gradually from mild depression to moderate depression, and from moderate depression to severe depression. This increased trend suggests that plasma nesfatin-1 is associated with severity of depression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that plasma nesfatin-1 was an indicator for severe depression in our study population. In addition, the patients with severe depression could be identified with a sensitivity of 82.4% at specificity of 91.3% by plasma nesfatin-1 (cut-off value = 20.25 ng/mL). Therefore, the plasma nesfatin-1 level may be considered as a biomarker to identify Chinese patients who have severe depression.
Several limitations in this study should also be acknowledged. First, all subjects were collected from a single hospital. Second, the future studies are needed to identify the role of plasma nesfatin-1 in the progression of depression. Additionally, although all drugs had been discontinued at least 2 weeks before measurement of plasma nesfatin-1, the long-term effects of previous drugs on plasma nesfatin-1 remains unknown.
Conclusions
The level of plasma nesfatin-1 was positively correlated with depression severity. Plasma nesfatin-1 level may be a potential indicator for depression severity. Multicentric and longitudinal studies are clearly required to validate an association between plasma nesfatin-1 level and depression severity.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the patientsand controls who participated in this study. We thank Pr. Gang Feng for technical assistance.
Funding
This research was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program 863 (2014AA022304). The funding bodies did not participate in the design of the study, the collection of data, analysis of data, interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The de-identified datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All participants received an explanation of the study’s aims and provided a written indication of informed consent. Participation was voluntary. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Second People’s Hospital of Wuhu City. The study was designed and is being conducted according to the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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