Cancers have a multifactorial etiology a part of which is genetic. Recent data indicate that expression of the tight junction claudin proteins is involved in the etiology and progression of cancer.
Methods
To explore the correlations of the tight junction proteins claudin-2,-6, and −11 in the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of gastric cancer, 40 gastric cancer tissues and 28 samples of non-neoplastic tissues adjacent to the tumors were examined for expression of claudin-2,-6, and −11 by streptavidin-perosidase immunohistochemical staining method.
Results
The positive expression rates of claudin-2 in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were 25% and 68% respectively (P < 0.001). The positive expression rates of claudin-6 in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were 55% and 79% respectively (P = 0.045 < 0.05). In contrast, the positive expression rates of claudin-11 in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer adjacent tissues were 80% and 46% (P = 0.004 < 0.01). Thus in our study, the expression of claudin-2, and claudin-6 was down regulated in gastric cancer tissue while the expression of claudin-11 was up regulated. Correlations between claudin expression and clinical behavior were not observed.
Conclusion
Our study provides the first evidence that claudin-2,-6, and −11 protein expression varies between human gastric cancers and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1746-1596-8-133) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Zhe Lin, Xiaowei Zhang contributed equally to this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
CQ carried out part of experiments, participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. XZ, ZL and ZL carried out most of experiments, and helped draft the manuscript. QL, LW, MW, YL, YL and YL assisted with the experiments, and helped to edit the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Introduction
The progression of cancer is accompanied by multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations that have potential as markers for early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention[1]. Gastric cancer has become the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide accounting for almost 10% of newly diagnosed cancers[2]. Generally, early diagnosis of gastric cancer is difficult because patients tend to be asymptomatic until the tumors have reached an aggressive stage[3]. Accordingly, identification of specific early genetic markers of gastric tumorigenesis becomes significant. It has been reported that the endothelial lipase protein is a promising urinary biomarker for diagnosis of gastric cancer and is potentially applicable to general screening for cancer with high sensitivity and specificity[4]. Decreased Plakophilins (PKP2 and PKP3) may be early prognostic markers and loss of PKP3 expression during gastric carcinoma progression may indicate an invasive phenotype[5]. Moreover, the up regulation of differentiated embryonic chondrocyte-expressed gene 1 may play an important role in hypoxia regulation and cell proliferation in gastric cancer[6]. The detection of Ezrin expression can be used as a marker for early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma[7].
Tight junctions (TJs) are components of epithelial and endothelial cells that participate in the formation of intercellular junctional complexes. Tight junctions contribute to epithelial cell permeability, maintenance of cell polarity, and barrier function[8, 9]. The claudin protein family is involved in formation of tight junctions (TJs), and consists of approximately 27 members, which are expressed with a tissue-specific distribution[10]. Malignant cells frequently display structural and functional disruption of the tight junctions[11]. Recently, the abnormal expression of members of the claudin protein family has been reported to participate in tumorigenesis[12]. For instance, claudin-3 and claudin-4 have been found to be regularly elevated in ovarian, breast, prostate and pancreatic tumors[13]. This observation suggests that alterations in claudin expression may occur as a common phenomenon related to human tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Moreover, claudin-4 has been reported to be highly unregulated in gastric cancer, with an association between the up-regulation of claudin-4 and lymph node metastasis[14]. Claudin-6 protein is significantly down-regulated in breast invasive ductal carcinomas and is an important correlate with lymphatic metastasis[15]. Together such observations suggest that claudin protein expression may be related to the survival and invasion of cancer cells and may have significant clinical relevance. However, to our knowledge, the exact expression patterns of the claudin protein family in gastric cancer have not been defined.
Anzeige
It has been reported that claudin-18 expression has been shown to have prognostic value in gastric cancer[16] and claudin-3,-4 and-7 expression are similarly elevated in gastric cancer[17]. Resnick et al. have determined that claudin-1,-3, and-4 and ZO-1 are strongly expressed in most gastric intestinal-type adenocarcinomas[18]. Strong expression of claudin-5 was associated with higher cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric cancer[19]. In summary, in gastric cancer, claudin protein expression has been demonstrated to be of great importance and a relevant area for further study. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the expression of claudin-2,-6, and −11 in gastric carcinoma and adjacent tissue which have been less well studied. We used immunohistochemical staining, and correlated the expression of these proteins with tumor differentiation and stage. One goal was to explore the feasibility of using claudin-2, -6, and −11 as potential prognostic markers.
Materials and methods
Patients
Paraffin blocks from forty specimens of gastric cancer and twenty-eight specimens ofhistologically normal tissue adjacent to the neoplasms were collected from patients being treated at the Second Hospital of Jilin University during the period between March 2011 and June 2011. The patients 'medical records were reviewed to determine their age and gender. Sections of the primary tumor were analyzed to identify the histological grade, and the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastasis. There were 31 men and 9 women with average age of 63 years. Eleven tumors had well differentiated histological appearance, another twenty-seven tumors were of moderately and poor differentiated. Whereas the remaining 2 cases were mucinous cyst-adenocarcinoma. For the use of these clinical materials for research purposes, prior patient’s consent and approval from the Institute Research Ethics Committee was obtained. All the cancer cases were classified and graded according to the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system for gastric cancer.
Materials
Rabbit antihuman claudin-2 antibody (BS1066), rabbit antihuman claudin-6 antibody (BS3107), rabbit antihuman claudin-11 antibody (BS1056) were purchased from Bioworld Technology (USA) and an streptavidin-perosidase immunohistochemistry reagent kit were purchased from Maixin Biology (Fujian, China).
Immunohistochemistry
The sections were dewaxed by heating at 55°C for 30 min and subjected to two 15 min washes with xylene. Then, the sections were rehydrated by a series of 5 min washes in ethanol. The sections were placed into an enamel cylinder containing 10 mmol/L sodium citrate (pH 6.0), heated by gas cooker at 95°C for 5 min for antigen unmasking, and then were treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 30 min to inactivate endogenous peroxidase activity. After being incubated with fetal bovine serum for 30 min and sections were then incubated at 4°C overnight with rabbit anti-human claudin-2 antibody, rabbit antihuman claudin-6 antibody, or rabbit antihuman claudin-11 antibody diluted 1:400, 1:300, and 1:400 respectively. The sections were then washed with PBS and incubated for 30 min with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody at 37°C. The substrate, 3′3-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride, dissolved in steamed water, was added to visualize the positive expression. Negative control sections were immunostained as described above, but incubated with PBS instead of a primary antibody.
Anzeige
Criteria for the positive claudin-2,-6 and-11 expression in tissue
The cells positively expressing claudin-2, -6, and-11 were identified by brown staining of their cytoplasm or cell membrane after reaction with claudin-2, -6, or −11 antibody. The claudin-2,-6,-11 positive tissues were quantified based on the percentage of positive cells which were serially counted in one microscopic field. The cell counting was repeated in five randomly-selected microscopic fields at × 400 magnification. The claudin-2 negative groups were defined as a field with level less than 20% (of the tumor cells); positive groups had more than 20% positive cells. The claudin-6 negative group had less than 15% stained cells and the positive group more than 15%. The claudin-11 negative group contained less than 30% positive cells and the positive group, more greater than 30%.
Statistical analysis
The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test was used to determine the prognostic significance value for disease progression of each factor alone, using a P-value < 0.05 for statistically significant associations. All the data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 statistical software.
Results
Population and tumor characteristics
The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. Negative nodes were found in 15 cases; a total of 25 patients had positive metastatic nodes.
Table 1
Expression of CLDN2, CLDN6, CLDN11 and clinicopathological characteristics in gastric cancer patients
Item
n
CLDN2(+)
CLDN2(-)
P
n
CLDN6(+)
CLDN6(-)
P
n
CLDN11(+)
CLDN11(-)
P
Gastric cancer tissue
40
10
30
<0.001
40
22
18
0.045
40
32
8
0.004
Adjacent tissue
28
19
9
28
22
6
28
13
15
Gender
Male
31
9
22
0.404*
31
18
13
0.705*
31
26
5
0.645*
Female
9
1
8
9
4
5
9
7
2
Age (year)
≤60
17
4
13
1.000*
17
8
9
0.385
17
15
2
0.677*
>60
23
6
17
23
14
9
23
18
5
Histological grade
Well -differentiated
11
3
8
1.000*
11
6
5
1.000*
11
9
2
1.000*
Moderately and poor differentiated
27
7
20
27
15
12
27
21
6
Lymph node metastasis
+
25
7
18
0.715*
25
14
11
0.870
25
19
6
0.224*
-
15
3
12
15
8
7
15
14
1
* No statistical significance.
The expression of claudin-2 and claudin-6 was reduced in gastric cancer
In our study, claudin-2 expression was evaluated in the cytoplasm or membranes of 40 gastric cancers tissues and 28 specimens containing gastric tissue adjacent to the carcinoma. Positive expression of claudin-2 protein was found in 25.0% (10/40) of gastric carcinoma tissues and in 67.8% (19/28) of adjacent tissues (Table 1). The expression of claudin-2 in gastric cancer tissues was significantly lower than in adjacent tissues (The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, P < 0.001) (Figure 1A,B). As shown in Table 1 the expression of claudin-2 was not correlated with age (P =1.000), sex (P =0.404), histological grade (P = 1.000), or lymph node metastasis (P = 0.715).
Figure 1
Immunohistochemical demonstration of claudin protein expression in human gastric cancer and adjacent tissue. Claudins were expressed in the cell cytoplasm and membrane. (A), claudin-2 was highly expressed in epithelial cells adjacent to gastric cancer but was expressed at low levels in cancer tissue itself (B). (C), the strong expression of claudin-6 in tissue adjacent to human gastric cancer compared to low expression of claudin-6 in human gastric cancer tissue (D). (E), low claudin-11 expression was detected in tissue adjacent to human gastric cancer compared with high claudin-11 expression in human gastric cancer tissue (F) (400×).
×
Positive expression of claudin-6 protein was found in 55.0% (22/40) of gastric cancer tissues and in 78.6% (22/28) of adjacent tissues (Table 1). The expression rate of claudin-6 in gastric cancer tissues was lower than the rate in adjacent tissues (The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, P =0.045 < 0.05) (Figure 1C,D). As shown in Table 1, the expression of claudin-6 was also not correlated with age (P =0.385), sex (P =0. 705), histological grade (P = 1.000), or lymph node metastasis (P = 0.870).
The expression of claudin-11 was increased in gastric cancer
The cytoplasmic staining of claudin-11 was strong in gastric cancer tissues and weak in adjacent tissues. Claudin-11 was expressed in 80.0% (32/40) of gastric cancer tissues. Cells were positive for claudin-11 in 46.4% (13/28) of tissues adjacent to the cancer. We conclude that claudin-11 expression is significantly higher (Figure 1E,F) in gastric cancer samples than in histologically normal gastric tissue. (The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, x2 = 8.293, P < 0.01). The expression of claudin-11 was not correlated with age (P =0.677), sex (P =0. 645), histological grade (P = 1.000), or lymph node metastasis (P = 0.224).
Claudin-2 and claudin-6 may be concurrently expressed in gastric cancer
We investigated the correlation between claudin-2, claudin-6 and claudin-11 expression using The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test. Although we did not find a correlation between claudin-11 and claudin-2 (The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, φ = 0.168, P = 0.405) or with claudin-6 (The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, φ = 0.176, P = 0.430), we found that the expression of claudin-2 was positively correlated with the expression of claudin-6 (The Chi-square test/Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, φ =0.376, P = 0.028). The detailed results of the analysis are described in Tables 2 and3.
Table 2
Correlation between the expression of claudin-6 and claudin-2
Item
CLDN2(+)
CLDN2(-)
φ*
P
CLDN11(+)
CLDN11(-)
φ*
P
CLDN6(+)
8
11
0.376
0.028*
19
3
0.176
0.430
CLDN6(-)
2
19
13
5
*φ Phi coefficient.
Table 3
Correlation between the expression of claudin-2 and claudin-11
Item
CLDN11(+)
CLDN11(-)
φ*
P
CLDN2(+)
10
1
0.168
0.405
CLDN2(-)
22
7
*φ Phi coefficient.
Discussion
Currently, the disruption of claudins expression is regarded as one of the mechanisms responsible for loss of cell adhesion, altered polarity, poor differentiation and increased invasive potential of neoplastic cells[20‐23]. Although the normal ratio of claudins protein has a role in maintaining the structure and function of tight junctions in epithelial cells[24], the mechanisms by which claudin expression and destruction of tight junctions induce tumor formation and the effect of these changes on tumor progression have not been studied in detail. It has been postulated that both abnormal up-regulation and down-regulation of claudin proteins would cause the structural and functional disruption of tight junctions, for instance, destruction of tight junction integrity, alteration of intercellular space, and weakening of tight junction cohesion[25]. In addition, the alteration of claudins protein expression can regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis through a series of signal transduction pathways, thus, playing an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis[26, 27]. Claudin-4 has been shown to activate MMP-2 and claudin-4 expression has been significantly associated with MMP-9 expression, indicating that claudin-mediated increased cancer cell invasion result from activation of MMP proteins[28]. Phosphorylation of claudin-3 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and claudin-4 by Ephrin Type-A Receptor 2 can modulate cell-to-cell contact[29, 30]. Claudin-1 is involved in the β-catenin- T-cell Factor/ Lymphoid Enhancing Factor signaling pathway, and increased expression of claudin-1 may be a component of colorectal tumorigenesis[31]. It has been reported that Claudin-7 unlike other claudins, has both structural and regulatory functions and may be related to cell differentiation[32]. Alteration of claudin expression may affect permeability at tight junction, possibly increasing the diffusion of nutrients and other extracellular growth factors to promote cancer cell growth, survival and motility in gastric cancer[33]. In brief, claudin proteins may participate in regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis directly and indirectly[34].
Anzeige
Recently, claudin-2 has been reported selective up-regulated in colorectal cancer and may be useful as tumor markers and targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer[35]. Nevertheless, claudin-2 protein expression was significantly down-regulated in tumors compared with corresponding normal breast tissue. Down-regulation of claudin-2 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in breast carcinomas by Western blot analysis, and with high clinical stage by immunohistochemistry[36]. Similarly, claudin-2 were selective down-regulated in gastric cancer compared with corresponding cancer adjacent tissues in our present data. However, the association between claudin-2 protein expression with high clinical stage and lymph node metastasis has not been observed.
We cloned putative mammary cancer suppressor (mes) gene claudin-6 in mammary epithelial cells purified from Cop rat that extremely resistant to mammary cancer reduced by a variety of carcinogen. We have also reported that up-regulation of claudin-6 may induce apoptosis and decrease clone formation, invasiveness and migration of MCF-7 in vitro[37]. Epigenetic silencing of claudin-6 promoted anchorage-independent growth, cellular invasiveness and transendothelial migration of breast carcinoma cells, accompanied by an increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity[38]. It is reported that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is associated with the effect of claudin-6 in breast cancer[39]. Recent gene expression microarray analyses have indicated that claudin-6 is specifically expressed in atypical teratoid rhomboid tumors (AT/RTs), suggesting a role as a positive diagnostic marker of AT/RTs[40]. On the contrary, in the present study we found that claudin-6 protein wan expressed at low levels in gastric carcinoma tissues but highly expressed in histologically normal adjacent tissues.
Claudin-11, an oligodendrocyte protein, has been shown to interact with α1-integrin and to regulate the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocytes in culture[41]. Loss of claudin-11 may be considered to be putative indicators of recurrence and more aggressive behavior of meningiomas[42]. Accordingly, the overexpression of claudin-11 would decreases the invasive potential of bladder cancer cells in vitro[43]. However, in our present work the cytoplasmic staining of claudin-11 was strong in gastric cancer tissues and weak in adjacent tissues, reveals that claudin-11 may be a positive diagnostic marker in gastric cancer which was different with claudin-2 and claudin-6. In addition, recent data reveals that claudin-16 and claudin-19 interact and form a tight junction complex generated cation selectivity of the TJ in a synergistic manner[44].
Our present data observes that claudin-2 and claudin-6 were both down-regulated and may be concurrently expressed in gastric cancer, reveals that claudin-2 and claudin-6 may act as synergistic tumor suppressors in gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the correlations between claudin-11 expression with claudin-2 and claudin-6 expression have not been observed.
Anzeige
Conclusion
The present work infers that the expression altered of claudin-2, claudin-6, and claudin-11 between human gastric cancers and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues and does not correlate with their clinical behavior. In addition, claudin-2 and claudin-6 may be concurrently expressed in gastric cancer. However, the specific mechanism responsible for these observations needs to be addressed in the future.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Code: 81172499) and Science and Technology Development Plan of the Office of Science and Technology Project in Jilin Province (Code: 201115113). We would like to thank Zhongmin Li from Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, for help in data analysis; the authors thank Dr William Orr, Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Canada, for help with this manuscript.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
CQ carried out part of experiments, participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. XZ, ZL and ZL carried out most of experiments, and helped draft the manuscript. QL, LW, MW, YL, YL and YL assisted with the experiments, and helped to edit the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Um auch an kleinen Gewebeproben zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten ist eine strenge Qualitätskontrolle in jedem Schritt des Arbeitsablaufs erforderlich. Eine nicht ordnungsgemäße Prüfung oder Behandlung des …
Die vergleichende experimentelle Pathologie („comparative experimental pathology“) ist ein Fachbereich an der Schnittstelle von Human- und Veterinärmedizin. Sie widmet sich der vergleichenden Erforschung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden von …
Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren (GIST) stellen seit über 20 Jahren ein Paradigma für die zielgerichtete Therapie mit Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren dar. Eine elementare Voraussetzung für eine mögliche neoadjuvante oder adjuvante Behandlung bei …
Aufgrund des erheblichen technologischen Fortschritts in der molekularen und genetischen Diagnostik sowie zunehmender Erkenntnisse über die molekulare Pathogenese von Krankheiten hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ein grundlegender …
