Introduction
Overview of HMGB1
The biological structure of HMGB1
Posttranslational modification of HMGB1
Acetylation
Methylation
Phosphorylation
ADP-ribosylation
Glycosylation
Ubiquitination
Oxidation
The release mechanism of HMGB1
Extracellular HMGB1 receptors and signaling pathways
RAGE
TLRs
CXCR4
TIM-3
The role of HMGB1 in bone marrow
HMGB1 and hematopoietic stem cells
HMGB1 and the inflammatory bone marrow microenvironment
The role of HMGB1 in hematopoietic malignancies
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Tumor | Sources of HMGB1 | Cellular function | Interactors and pathways | Inhibitors | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDS | DCs | Interacts with T cells to mediate DCs | RAGE | NR | [88] |
Plasma and BM | Impairs the ability of macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells | TLR4 | TLR4 inhibitors | [52] | |
BM | Modulates the innate immune system and inhibits apoptosis | TLRs and NF-κB pathways | HMGB1 siRNAs and sivelestat | [99] | |
AML | APL cell line NB4 | Mediates autophagy and affects the degradation of PML-RARα | ROS, p62/SQSTM and PML-RARα | NAC | [101] |
APL | Enhances inflammation and promotes ATRA/ATO-induced DS | MEK/ERK pathways | NR | [103] | |
MEL cells | Promotes MEL cells differentiation | NR | NR | [106] | |
NR | Stimulates AML cells proliferation and angiogenesis | TNF-α and Tim-3 | NR | [69] | |
AML cells | Represses apoptosis and promotes autophagy and therapeutic resistance | Beclin-1/PI3KC3, Atg5-Atg12-Atg16 | MiR-34a, MiR-181b3, MiR-142-3p | ||
THP cells | Promotes migration | MCP-1 and Mcl-1 | GL | [111] | |
Mammalian cells | Reduces adhesion | RAGE | NR | [112] | |
Extracellular | Prevents necroptosis | NF-κB pathway | NR | [114] | |
MPN | CML cells | Promotes proliferation | COX-2, Akt/surviving and Akt/ID3 pathways | Cordycepin | [115] |
Cytoplasmic | Decreases CML cells sensitivity to anticancer drugs | JNK, ERK and Beclin-1 | NR | [119] | |
CML cells | Inhibits apoptosis | Bax, Bcl-2 and ROS | HMGB1 knockdown | [115] | |
ALL | ALL cells | Promotes inflammation | TNF-α and MAPK | NR | [122] |
Upregulates autophagy and chemoresistance | Ulk1-Atg13-FIP200 complex and Beclin1 | NR | [123] | ||
T- and B-ALL cells | NR | NR | MiR-181a | [124] | |
Pyroptosis cells | Induces cytokine release and CRS | IL-6 and GSDME | NR | [125] | |
CLL | CLL cells | Differentiates monocytes into NLCs | RAGE/TLR9 | NR | [127] |
CTCL | Peripheral blood | Promotes Th2 polarization and angiogenesis | IL-4, IL-10, IL-19 and angiogenin | NR | [130] |
Extracellular | Stimulates DLBCL cell proliferation | Src/ERK pathway | EP | [137] | |
ALCLs | Extracellular | Promotes the proliferation and metastasis of lymphoid cells. | NR | GL | [139] |
MM | Extracellular | Promotes drug resistance, DNA damage repair and autophagy | NR | NR | [143] |
Nucleus and cytosol | Promotes autophagy and inhibits apoptosis | ubiquitination | LncRNA MALAT-1 | [29] | |
MM bortezomib-resistant cells | Degrades HMGB1 protein and inhibits autophagy | MEK/ERK pathway | Lycorine | [30] | |
Apoptotic MM cells | Fosters an immunogenic microenvironment and promotes antitumor immunity | NR | NR | ||
Extracellular | Acts as a thrombosis-related biomarker | NR | NR |
The potential clinical applications of HMGB1
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
HMGB1 and chemoresistance in hematopoietic malignancies
Autophagy
Apoptosis inhibition
Senescence
The therapeutic strategies to inhibit HMGB1 in cancer
Compound | Type of studies | Biological function | References |
---|---|---|---|
HMGB1-neutralizing antibody | In vitro | Inhibits HMGB1-induced autophagy and increases the sensitivity of leukemia cells to chemotherapy | [175] |
mAb (2G7) | In vivo | Improves arthritis, LN and drug-induced liver injury | |
s-RAGE | In vivo | Blocks the HMGB1-RAGE signaling pathway | [179] |
HMGB1 A-box | In vitro | Inhibits the proinflammatory actions of the B-box | [5] |
TAT-HMGB1A | In vitro | Reduces secretion of endogenous HMGB1 protein | [180] |
GL | In vitro, in vivo | Suppresses HMGB1 phosphorylation and secretion via PKC/CaMKIV | [181] |
EP | In vitro, in vivo | Inhibits HMGB1 secretion by inducing HO-1 via PI3k/Akt and Nrf2 pathways; reverses the HMGB1-induced senescent phenotype of BM-MSCs; reduces RAGE expression and NF-κB/STAT3 pathway activation | |
quercetin | In vitro | Promotes apoptosis by attenuating the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE and suppressing the activation of NF-κB | [186] |
ICM | In vitro | Inhibits HMGB1 nucleoplasmic translocation and autophagy by enhancing the interaction between Beclin-1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF216 | [187] |
sLPC | In vivo | Suppresses HMGB1 phosphorylation and extracellular release | [188] |
P5779 | In vitro, in vivo | Interrupts disulfide-HMGB1/MD-2 binding; suppresses HMGB1-induced TNF release | [189] |
rTM | In vitro, in vivo | Decreases serum HMGB1 levels and improves SIRS in hematological malignancies; improves DIC in AML; inhibits HMGB1 protein secretion and inhibits I-κB phosphorylation |