Background
Methods
Data sources and searches
Study selection
Data extraction and quality assessment
Data synthesis and analysis
Results
Study | Design, no. of patients (location) | Clinical setting | Definition of circulatory failure | US protocol | US Physician | Reference standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagheri-Hariri et al. [40] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 25 patients (Iran) | Emergency department | SBP < 90 mmHg or shock indexa > 1.0 with clinical hypoperfusion symptoms | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart/IVC, jugular veins, thoracic and abdominal cavities, lungs/deep veins, aorta)b | Emergency physicians with credentials for the emergency department ultrasound | Clinical diagnosis using all medical information |
Ghane et al. [33] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 77 patients (Iran) | Emergency department | SBP < 100 mmHg or shock indexa > 1.0 | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart/IVC, jugular veins, thoracic and abdominal cavities, lungs/deep veins, aorta) b | An emergency physician with five years of experience with more than 200 ultrasonographic exams per year | Clinical diagnosis after admission to the medical units (internal medicine, cardiology, or surgery) by board-certified specialists |
Shokoohi et al. [43] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 118 patients (USA) | Emergency department | SBP < 90 mmHg after an initial fluid resuscitation (> 1L of normal saline) | Multi-organ POCUS (no order specified: heart, IVC, thoracic and abdominal cavities, and lung) | An ultrasound-trained attending physician (including ultrasound fellows) with extensive experience in emergency and critical care ultrasound | Clinical diagnosis by chart review by two board-certified intensivists, blinded to the results of POCUS |
Agmy et al. [41] | Unknown, one center, 63 patients (Egypt) | Intensive care unit | Circulatory shock patients (definition was unknown) | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart and lung)c | Unclear | Clinical diagnosis using all medical information |
Nazerian et al. [35] | Prospective Cohort, two center, 105 patients (Italy) | Emergency department | SBP < 90 mmHg or a drop of SBP > 40 mmHg for more than 15 min, with signs of end-organ hypoperfusion (cold extremities, UO < 30 mL/h, altered mental status, profound asthenia with fatigue and malaise, or respiratory distress), with suspected PE | Multi-organ POCUS (no order specified: heart and deep veins) | Sonographers with more than 2 years’ experience in cardiac and venous US on critically ill patients | Clinical diagnosis by an expert in PE who independently reviewed all the available clinical and imaging data including multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography |
Elbaih et al. [38] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 100 patients (Egypt) | Emergency department | Unstable polytrauma patients (definition of unstable was unknown) | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart/IVC, jugular veins, thoracic and abdominal cavities, lungs/deep veins, aorta)b | Unclear | Clinical diagnosis using all medical information |
Tesfaye et al. [42] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 93 patients (Ethiopia) | Emergency department | Hypotension (definition of hypotension was unknown) | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart/IVC, jugular veins, thoracic and abdominal cavities, lungs/deep veins, aorta)b | Unclear | Clinical diagnosis after full evaluation |
Daley et al. [37] | Prospective Cohort, six centers, 136 patients (USA) | Emergency department | Tachycardia and/or hypotension with suspected PE (definition of tachycardia and hypotension was unknown) | Heart including the measurement of TAPSEd | Emergency physicians or study investigators (including medical students) trained in FOCUS | Computed tomography angiography |
Rahulkumar et al. [36] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 97 patients (India) | Emergency department | SBP < 90 mmHg and shock indexa > 1.0 | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart/IVC, jugular veins, thoracic and abdominal cavities, lungs/deep veins, aorta) b | An emergency physician expert in emergency medicine ultrasound | Clinical diagnosis using all medical information by the consultants of medicine or surgery department |
Javali et al. [39] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 100 patients (India) | Emergency department | SBP < 90 mmHg and shock index a > 1 with the presence of at least one of the following signs or symptoms of hypoperfusion unresponsiveness, altered mental status, syncope, respiratory distress, generalized fatigue, severe chest pain or abdominal pain | Multi-organ POCUS (no order specified: heart, lung, free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, aorta, IVC, and femoral vein) | A trained emergency physician (unclear regarding ultrasound experience) | Clinical diagnosis after admission to the medical units (internal medicine, cardiology, or surgery) by board-certified specialists, blind to the diagnoses in the emergency department |
Keefer et al. [32] | Prospective Cohort, six centers, 135 patients (North America and South Africa) | Emergency department | Sustained SBP < 100 mmHg or shock indexa > 1.0 | Multi-organ POCUS (observed in order: heart/IVC, jugular veins, thoracic and abdominal cavities, lungs/deep veins, aorta) b | POCUS-trained emergency physicians | Clinical diagnosis by chart review by two clinicians, blinded to the initial sonographer, and point-of-care ultrasonography findings and diagnosis |
Zieleskiewicz et al. [34] | Prospective Cohort, one center, 83 patients (France) | General ward | MAP < 65 mmHg or HR < 40 bpm or HR > 120 bpm or UO < 50 ml/4 h | Multi-organ POCUS (no order specified: heart, IVC, lung, thoracic cavity, and the deep veins if required) | ICU physicians trained in ultrasound | Clinical diagnosis by chart review including physical examinations and blood and imaging tests by two physicians blinded of the initial diagnoses made at the bedside |
Study | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | |
Bagheri-Hariri et al. [40] | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Ghane et al. [33] | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Shokoohi et al. [43] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Agmy et al. [41] | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low |
Nazerian et al. [35] | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Elbaih et al. [38] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Tesfaye et al. [42] | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low |
Daley et al. [37] | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Rahulkumar et al. [36] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Javali et al. [39] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Keefer et al. [32] | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Zieleskiewicz et al. [34] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Shock type | No. of patients (study) | Sensitivity | Specificity | Area under the ROC curve | Positive likelihood ratio | Negative likelihood ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obstructive | 810 (9) | 0.82 (0.68–0.91) | 0.98 (0.92–0.99) | 0.95 (0.78–0.97) | 40 (11–105) | 0.20 (0.10–0.33) |
Cardiogenic | 828 (9) | 0.78 (0.56–0.91) | 0.96 (0.92–0.98) | 0.96 (0.86–0.97) | 19 (7.1–40) | 0.24 (0.09–0.47) |
Hypovolemic | 688 (9) | 0.90 (0.84–0.94) | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | 0.96 (0.87–0.96) | 12 (7.3–18) | 0.11 (0.07–0.17) |
Distributive | 594 (8) | 0.79 (0.71–0.85) | 0.96 (0.91–0.98) | 0.86 (0.75–0.96) | 23 (9.3–49) | 0.22 (0.16–0.30) |
Mixed | 291 (4) | 0.80 (0.61–0.91) | 0.96 (0.89–0.99) | 0.95 (0.76–0.97) | 20 (7.9–49) | 0.21 (0.10–0.40) |