Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Management of analgesia and sedation
Automated infrared pupillometry
Outcome assessment
Data processing and statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Patient number | 100 |
Female gender, n (%) | 67 (67) |
Age, years | 65 (53–74) |
APACHE II score | 22 (17–27) |
SOFA score | 12 (9–14) |
Primary ICU admission | |
Pneumonia | 24 (24) |
Peritonitis | 23 (23) |
Cardiovascular surgery | 11 (11) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11 (11) |
Hemorrhagic shock | 9 (9) |
Heart failure | 8 (8) |
Pancreatitis | 6 (6) |
Mediastinitis | 4 (4) |
Polytrauma | 3 (3) |
Medical admission, n (%) | 42 (42) |
Surgical admission, n (%) | 58 (58) |
Sepsis, n (%) | 76 (76) |
Duration of coma*, days | 5 (2–10) |
Duration of mechanical ventilation, days | 7 (5–14) |
ICU delirium**, n (%) | 57 (59) |
Days from ICU admission to delirium diagnosis | 8 (5–13) |
ICU length of stay, days | 13 (9–20) |
90-day mortality, n (%) | 10 (10) |
Associations between ICU delirium and quantitative pupillary variables
Variable | Delirium (N = 57) | No delirium (N = 40) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 66 (55–75) | 63 (53–73) | 0.48 |
Female gender, n (%) | 17 (30) | 16 (40) | 0.38 |
Medical admission, n (%) | 25 (44) | 16 (40) | 0.83 |
Sepsis, n (%) | 45 (79) | 29 (73) | 0.48 |
APACHE II score, n | 22 (17–28) | 20 (17–24) | 0.18 |
SOFA score, n | 12 (10–14) | 11 (8–12) | 0.01 |
Midazolam, mg/kg* | 3.0 (1.5–5.6) | 1.2 (0.2–4.0) | 0.02 |
Propofol, mg/kg* | 125.6 (24.9–238.4) | 94.4 (51.9–278.2) | 0.90 |
Fentanyl, μg/kg* | 109.2 (71.8–149.3) | 80.2 (44.1–131.3) | 0.09 |
Duration of coma, days | 7 (4–10) | 4 (1–6) | 0.003 |
Duration of mechanical ventilation, days | 10 (6–20) | 6 (4–8) | 0.003 |
ICU length of stay, days | 14 (11–25) | 10 (6–14) | 0.001 |
90-day mortality, n (%) | 3 (5) | 4 (10) | 0.44 |
Pupillometry variables | Delirium | No delirium | P value |
---|---|---|---|
DAY 3 | |||
Pupil size, mm | 2.4 (2.2–2.9) | 2.9 (2.3–3.4) | 0.137 |
Quantitative PLR, % pupil constriction | 20 (15–28) | 25 (19–31) | 0.012 |
Constriction velocity, mm/s | 1.7 (1.4–2.4) | 2.5 (1.7–2.8) | 0.017 |
DAY 4 | |||
Pupil size, mm | 2.7 (2.3–3.2) | 3.0 (2.5–4.0) | 0.045 |
Quantitative PLR, % pupil constriction | 21 (16–27) | 25 (20–33) | 0.007 |
Constriction velocity, mm/s | 1.7 (1.5–2.6) | 2.2 (2.0–3.2) | 0.014 |
DAY 5 | |||
Pupil size, mm | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | 3.8 (3.2–4.3) | 0.011 |
Quantitative PLR, % pupil constriction | 25 (17–32) | 31 (25–37) | 0.008 |
Constriction velocity, mm/s | 2.2 (1.5–3.1) | 3.5 (2.6–3.6) | 0.009 |
Reduced quantitative PLR at day 3 is a significant risk factor of ICU delirium
Variable | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Quantitative pupillary light reflex | 1.057 | 1.007–1.113 | 0.03 |
SOFA score | 1.140 | 0.981–1.337 | 0.09 |
Fentanyl dose | 1.005 | 0.999–1.013 | 0.14 |
Midazolam dose | 0.998 | 0.863–1.163 | 0.98 |