Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Pneumologe 6/2010

01.11.2010 | Pneumonie | Leitthema

Pneumogene Sepsis

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. T. Welte

Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Pneumologie | Ausgabe 6/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Pneumonien sind der häufigste Grund für eine Sepsis und gehen mit einer hohen Letalität einher. Frühzeitige Diagnosestellung und Antibiotikatherapie sind entscheidende Faktoren für einen Therapieerfolg. Bei Patienten mit ambulant erworbener Pneumonie sind Pneumokokken der wesentliche Erreger; sie sollten mit einer Kombination aus β-Lactam- und Makrolidantibiotikum behandelt werden. Bei nosokomialen Pneumonien sind Staphylokokken, Enterobakterien und Pseudomonaden zu berücksichtigen, sodass eine möglichst breit wirksame, hoch dosierte antibiotische Therapie gewählt werden sollte. Die Rolle von Kombinationstherapien wird hier kontrovers diskutiert. Bei pneumogener MRSA (methicillinresistenter Staphylococcus aureus)-Sepsis stehen Glykopeptide und Linezolid als Therapieoption zu Verfügung.
Die Beatmungstherapie besteht in einer protektiven Strategie mit niedrigem Tidalvolumen (4–6 ml/kgKG) und moderatem positivem endexspiratorischem Druck (12–15 cm H2O). Alternative Beatmungsverfahren (Hochfrequenzoszillation, seitengetrennte Beatmung) und Lungenersatzverfahren (extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung oder „lung assist“) bieten neue Optionen, sollten jedoch Zentren mit Erfahrung vorbehalten bleiben.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Chevret S et al (2005) Systemic inflammatory response and progression to severe sepsis in critically ill infected patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171(5):461–468CrossRefPubMed Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Chevret S et al (2005) Systemic inflammatory response and progression to severe sepsis in critically ill infected patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171(5):461–468CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunkhorst FM (2006) Epidemiology, economy and practice – results of the German study on prevalence by the competence network sepsis (SepNet). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 41(1):43–44CrossRefPubMed Brunkhorst FM (2006) Epidemiology, economy and practice – results of the German study on prevalence by the competence network sepsis (SepNet). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 41(1):43–44CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Welte T, Marre R, Suttorp N (2004) Das Kompetenznetzwerk „Ambulant erworbene Pneumonie“ (CAPNETZ). Ein erster Zwischenbericht. Internist 45(4):393–401CrossRefPubMed Welte T, Marre R, Suttorp N (2004) Das Kompetenznetzwerk „Ambulant erworbene Pneumonie“ (CAPNETZ). Ein erster Zwischenbericht. Internist 45(4):393–401CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Zuschneid I, Schwab F, Geffers C et al (2007) Trends in ventilator-associated pneumonia rates within the German nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28(3):314–318CrossRefPubMed Zuschneid I, Schwab F, Geffers C et al (2007) Trends in ventilator-associated pneumonia rates within the German nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28(3):314–318CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Welte T, Marre R, Suttorp N (2006) Was gibt es Neues in der Behandlung der ambulant erworbenen Pneumonie. Med Klin 101:313–320CrossRef Welte T, Marre R, Suttorp N (2006) Was gibt es Neues in der Behandlung der ambulant erworbenen Pneumonie. Med Klin 101:313–320CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabregas N et al (1997) Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients. An immediate postmortem histologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156(2 Pt 1):583–590PubMed El-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabregas N et al (1997) Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients. An immediate postmortem histologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156(2 Pt 1):583–590PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Spriet I et al (2009) Significance of the isolation of Candida species from airway samples in critically ill patients: a prospective, autopsy study. Intensive Care Med 35(9):1526–1531CrossRefPubMed Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Spriet I et al (2009) Significance of the isolation of Candida species from airway samples in critically ill patients: a prospective, autopsy study. Intensive Care Med 35(9):1526–1531CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A et al (2004) Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(6):621–625CrossRefPubMed Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A et al (2004) Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(6):621–625CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C et al (2003) An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 37(2):230–237CrossRefPubMed Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C et al (2003) An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 37(2):230–237CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Lonks JR, Garau J, Gomez L et al (2002) Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 35(5):556–564CrossRefPubMed Lonks JR, Garau J, Gomez L et al (2002) Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 35(5):556–564CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodríguez-Baño J, Picón E, Gijón P et al (2010) Community-onset bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: risk factors and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 50(1):40–48CrossRefPubMed Rodríguez-Baño J, Picón E, Gijón P et al (2010) Community-onset bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: risk factors and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 50(1):40–48CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR et al (2010) Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 10(9):597–602CrossRefPubMed Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR et al (2010) Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 10(9):597–602CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Neuhauser MM, Weinstein RA, Rydman R et al (2003) Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacilli in US intensive care units: implications for fluoroquinolone use. JAMA 289(7):885–888CrossRefPubMed Neuhauser MM, Weinstein RA, Rydman R et al (2003) Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacilli in US intensive care units: implications for fluoroquinolone use. JAMA 289(7):885–888CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Grundmann H, Barwolff S, Tami A et al (2005) How many infections are caused by patient-to-patient transmission in intensive care units? Crit Care Med 33(5):946–951CrossRefPubMed Grundmann H, Barwolff S, Tami A et al (2005) How many infections are caused by patient-to-patient transmission in intensive care units? Crit Care Med 33(5):946–951CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N et al (1991) Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacterologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic „blind“ bronchoalveolar fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:1121–1129PubMed Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N et al (1991) Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacterologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic „blind“ bronchoalveolar fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:1121–1129PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Luyt CE, Combes A, Reynaud C (2008) Usefulness of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 34(8):1434–1440CrossRefPubMed Luyt CE, Combes A, Reynaud C (2008) Usefulness of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 34(8):1434–1440CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouadma L, Luyt CE, Tubach F et al (2010) Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients‘ exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375(9713):463–474CrossRefPubMed Bouadma L, Luyt CE, Tubach F et al (2010) Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients‘ exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375(9713):463–474CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M et al (2000) I nvasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 132(8):621–630PubMed Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M et al (2000) I nvasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 132(8):621–630PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz M, Torres A, Ewig S et al (2000) Noninvasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162(1):119–125PubMed Ruiz M, Torres A, Ewig S et al (2000) Noninvasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162(1):119–125PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Maskell NA, Gleeson FV, Darby M et al (2004) Diagnostically significant variations in pleural fluid pH in loculated parapneumonic effusions. Chest 126:2022–2024CrossRefPubMed Maskell NA, Gleeson FV, Darby M et al (2004) Diagnostically significant variations in pleural fluid pH in loculated parapneumonic effusions. Chest 126:2022–2024CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Valles J, Rello J, Ochagavia A et al (2003) Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival. Chest 123(5):1615–1624CrossRefPubMed Valles J, Rello J, Ochagavia A et al (2003) Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival. Chest 123(5):1615–1624CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y et al (2009) Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136(5):1237–1248CrossRefPubMed Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y et al (2009) Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136(5):1237–1248CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005) Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171(4):388–416CrossRef American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005) Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171(4):388–416CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandiumenge A, Diaz E, Bodi M, Rello J (2003) Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A patient-based approach based on the ten rules of „The Tarragona Strategy“. Intensive Care Med 29(6):876–883PubMed Sandiumenge A, Diaz E, Bodi M, Rello J (2003) Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A patient-based approach based on the ten rules of „The Tarragona Strategy“. Intensive Care Med 29(6):876–883PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Waterer GW et al (2009) Impact of macrolide therapy on mortality for patients with severe sepsis due to pneumonia. Eur Respir J 33(1):153–159CrossRefPubMed Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Waterer GW et al (2009) Impact of macrolide therapy on mortality for patients with severe sepsis due to pneumonia. Eur Respir J 33(1):153–159CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A et al (2010) Combination antibiotic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 36(4):612–620CrossRefPubMed Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A et al (2010) Combination antibiotic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 36(4):612–620CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Snijders D, Daniels JM, Graaff CS de et al (2010) Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181(9):975–982CrossRefPubMed Snijders D, Daniels JM, Graaff CS de et al (2010) Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181(9):975–982CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ewig S, Birkner N, Strauss R et al (2009) New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388 406 patients. Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme in healthcare quality. Thorax 64(12):1062–1069CrossRefPubMed Ewig S, Birkner N, Strauss R et al (2009) New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388 406 patients. Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme in healthcare quality. Thorax 64(12):1062–1069CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Geffers C et al (2009) Early- and late-onset pneumonia: is this still a useful classification? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(7):2714–2718CrossRefPubMed Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Geffers C et al (2009) Early- and late-onset pneumonia: is this still a useful classification? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(7):2714–2718CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2004) Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 328(7441):668CrossRefPubMed Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2004) Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 328(7441):668CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamot E, Boffi El, Amari E et al (2003) Effectiveness of combination antimicrobial therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47(9):2756–2764CrossRefPubMed Chamot E, Boffi El, Amari E et al (2003) Effectiveness of combination antimicrobial therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47(9):2756–2764CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin CM, Priestap F, Fisher H et al (2009) A prospective, observational registry of patients with severe sepsis: the Canadian Sepsis Treatment and Response Registry. Crit Care Med 37(1):81–88CrossRefPubMed Martin CM, Priestap F, Fisher H et al (2009) A prospective, observational registry of patients with severe sepsis: the Canadian Sepsis Treatment and Response Registry. Crit Care Med 37(1):81–88CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Kasiakou SK et al (2006) Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of colistin monotherapy vs. colistin-meropenem combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 12(12):1227–1230CrossRefPubMed Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Kasiakou SK et al (2006) Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of colistin monotherapy vs. colistin-meropenem combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 12(12):1227–1230CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Palmer LB, Smaldone GC, Chen JJ et al (2008) Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 36(7):2008–2013CrossRefPubMed Palmer LB, Smaldone GC, Chen JJ et al (2008) Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 36(7):2008–2013CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Jung YJ, Koh Y, Hong SB et al (2010) Effect of vancomycin plus rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Crit Care Med 38(1):175–180CrossRefPubMed Jung YJ, Koh Y, Hong SB et al (2010) Effect of vancomycin plus rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Crit Care Med 38(1):175–180CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342(18):1301–1308CrossRef The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342(18):1301–1308CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim CM, Jung H, Koh Y et al (2003) Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient. Crit Care Med 31(2):411–418CrossRefPubMed Lim CM, Jung H, Koh Y et al (2003) Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient. Crit Care Med 31(2):411–418CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M et al (2003) Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(12):1438–1444CrossRefPubMed Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M et al (2003) Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(12):1438–1444CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG et al (2010) Prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of sepsis. First revision of the S2 k Guidelines of the German Sepsis Society (DSG) and the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive and Emergency Care Medicine (DIVI). Anaesthesist 59(4):347–370CrossRefPubMed Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG et al (2010) Prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of sepsis. First revision of the S2 k Guidelines of the German Sepsis Society (DSG) and the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive and Emergency Care Medicine (DIVI). Anaesthesist 59(4):347–370CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Pneumogene Sepsis
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. T. Welte
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Zeitschrift für Pneumologie / Ausgabe 6/2010
Print ISSN: 2731-7404
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7412
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-010-0413-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2010

Der Pneumologe 6/2010 Zur Ausgabe

CME Weiterbildung · Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Langzeitsauerstofftherapie

Einführung zum Thema

Pneumologische Intensivmedizin

Passend zum Thema

ANZEIGE

IPD-Fallzahlen & Pneumokokken-Impfung bei Kindern in Deutschland

Das Niveau der postpandemischen Fallzahlen für invasive Pneumokokken-Erkrankungen (IPD) ist aus Sicht des Referenz-Zentrums für Streptokokken in Aachen alarmierend [1]. Wie sich die monatlichen IPD-Fallzahlen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen von Juli 2015 bis März 2023 entwickelt haben, lesen Sie hier.

ANZEIGE

HPV-Impfung: Auch für junge Erwachsene sinnvoll und wichtig

Auch nach dem 18. Lebensjahr kann eine HPV-Impfung sinnvoll und wichtig sein. Viele gesetzliche Krankenkassen übernehmen die Kosten auch zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt noch.

ANZEIGE

Impfstoffe – Krankheiten vorbeugen, bevor sie entstehen

Seit mehr als 130 Jahren entwickelt und produziert MSD Impfstoffe für alle Altersgruppen. Hier finden Sie nützliche Informationen und Praxismaterialien rund um das Thema Impfen.

MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH