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04.01.2024 | Commentary

Re-examining What the Results of “a Measurement of Oxygen Level in Tissues” Really Mean

verfasst von: Harold M. Swartz, Ann Barry Flood

Erschienen in: Molecular Imaging and Biology

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Abstract

Within this special issue, many eminent investigators report on measurements of oxygen (O₂) levels in tissues. Given the complexities of spatial and temporal heterogeneities of O₂ in tissues and its many sources, this commentary draws attention to what such measurements do and do not actually assess regarding O₂ levels in tissues. Given this limitation, it also discusses how these results can be used most effectively. To provide a convenient mechanism to discuss these issues more fully, this analysis focuses on measurements using EPR oximetry, but these considerations apply to all other techniques. The nature of the delivery of O₂ to tissues and the mechanisms by which O₂ is consumed necessarily result in very different levels of O₂ within the volume of each voxel of a measurement. Better spatial resolution cannot fully resolve the problem because the variations include O₂ gradients within each cell. Improved resolution of the time-dependent variation in O₂ is also very challenging because O₂ levels within tissues can have fluctuations of O₂ levels in the range of milliseconds, while most methods require longer times to acquire the data from each voxel. Based on these issues, we argue that the values obtained inevitably are complex aggregates of averages of O₂ levels across space and time in the tissue. These complexities arise from the complex physiology of tissues and are compounded by the limitations of the technique and its ability to acquire data. However, one often can obtain very meaningful and useful results if these complexities and limitations are taken into account. We illustrate this, using results obtained with in vivo EPR oximetry, especially utilizing its capacity to make repeated measurements to follow changes in O₂ levels that occur with interventions and/or over time.

For simplicity, we omit details about how each sensor type was administered to the animal or subject, i.e., what the volumes administered and concentrations were needed for in vivo measurements of O₂. Although these are important pharmacological considerations (e.g., how to scale concentrations for human applications and whether this scaling would affect clearance, toxicity, etc. for applications in humans), this is beyond the scope of this discussion. See references for primary studies with such details.

For simplicity, we refer only to US regulations. There are parallel regulatory processes that are needed for approval for use in humans in each country. To date, trityls have been approved for limited investigational use only, but not for use in EPRI.

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Titel: Re-examining What the Results of “a Measurement of Oxygen Level in Tissues” Really Mean
verfasst von: Harold M. Swartz
Ann Barry Flood
Publikationsdatum: 04.01.2024
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Molecular Imaging and Biology
Print ISSN: 1536-1632
Elektronische ISSN: 1860-2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-023-01887-6

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Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

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