Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Intensive Care Medicine 10/2006

01.10.2006 | Seminal Study in Intensive Care

Remembrance of weaning past: the seminal papers

verfasst von: Martin J. Tobin

Erschienen in: Intensive Care Medicine | Ausgabe 10/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The approach to ventilator weaning has changed considerably over the past 30 years. Change has resulted from research in three areas: pathophysiology, weaning-predictor testing, and weaning techniques. Physiology research illuminated the mechanisms of weaning failure. It also uncovered markers of weaning success. Through more reliable prediction, patients whose weaning would have been tedious in the 1970s are now weaned more rapidly. The weaning story offers several lessons in metascience: importance of creativity, the asking of heretical questions, serendipity, mental-set psychology, cross-fertilization, and the hazards of precocity. Weaning research also illustrates how Kuhnian normal (me-too) science dominates any field. Making the next quantum leap in weaning will depend on spending less time on normal science and more on the raising (and testing) of maverick ideas.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Kronick DA (1962) A history of scientific and technical periodicals: the origins and development of the scientific and technological press 1665–1790. Scarecrow Press, New York, pp 16–17 Kronick DA (1962) A history of scientific and technical periodicals: the origins and development of the scientific and technological press 1665–1790. Scarecrow Press, New York, pp 16–17
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Tremblay LN, Slutsky AS (2006) Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench to the bedside. Intensive Care Med 32:24–33PubMedCrossRef Tremblay LN, Slutsky AS (2006) Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench to the bedside. Intensive Care Med 32:24–33PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Garfield E (1998) From citation indexes to infometrics: is the tail now wagging the dog? Libri 48:67–80CrossRef Garfield E (1998) From citation indexes to infometrics: is the tail now wagging the dog? Libri 48:67–80CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson JD, Crick FH (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171:737–738PubMedCrossRef Watson JD, Crick FH (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171:737–738PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275PubMed Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kronick DA (1985) The literature of the life sciences: reading, writing, research. Philadelphia: ISI Press: 1, 66 Kronick DA (1985) The literature of the life sciences: reading, writing, research. Philadelphia: ISI Press: 1, 66
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Colice GL (2006) Historical perspective on the development of mechanical ventilation. In: Tobin MJ (ed) Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1–36 Colice GL (2006) Historical perspective on the development of mechanical ventilation. In: Tobin MJ (ed) Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1–36
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibsen B (1952) The anesthetist's viewpoint on the treatment of respiratory complications in poliomyelitis during the epidemic in Copenhagen. Proc R Soc Med 47:72–74 Ibsen B (1952) The anesthetist's viewpoint on the treatment of respiratory complications in poliomyelitis during the epidemic in Copenhagen. Proc R Soc Med 47:72–74
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bjork VO, Engstrom CG (1955) The treatment of ventilatory insufficiency after pulmonary resection with tracheostomy and prolonged artificial ventilation. J Thorac Surg 30:356–367PubMed Bjork VO, Engstrom CG (1955) The treatment of ventilatory insufficiency after pulmonary resection with tracheostomy and prolonged artificial ventilation. J Thorac Surg 30:356–367PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Nilsson E (1951) On treatment of barbiturate poisoning; a modified clinical aspect. Acta Med Scand Suppl 253:1–127PubMed Nilsson E (1951) On treatment of barbiturate poisoning; a modified clinical aspect. Acta Med Scand Suppl 253:1–127PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Pontoppidan H (2003) The development of respiratory care and the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU): a written oral history. In: Ritz RJ (ed) This is no humbug! Reminiscences from the Department of Anesthesia at the Massachusetts General Hospital – a history. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, pp 151–177 Pontoppidan H (2003) The development of respiratory care and the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU): a written oral history. In: Ritz RJ (ed) This is no humbug! Reminiscences from the Department of Anesthesia at the Massachusetts General Hospital – a history. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, pp 151–177
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bendixin HH, Egbert LD, Hedley-Whyte J, Laver MB, Pontoppidan H (1965) Respiratory Care. Mosby, St Louis, pp 149–150 Bendixin HH, Egbert LD, Hedley-Whyte J, Laver MB, Pontoppidan H (1965) Respiratory Care. Mosby, St Louis, pp 149–150
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison GA, Tonkin JP (1968) Prolonged (therapeutic) endotracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 40:241–249PubMed Harrison GA, Tonkin JP (1968) Prolonged (therapeutic) endotracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 40:241–249PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Berry PR, Pontoppidan H (1968) Oxygen consumption and blood gas exchange during controlled and spontaneous ventilation in patients with respiratory failure. Anesthesiology 29:177–178CrossRef Berry PR, Pontoppidan H (1968) Oxygen consumption and blood gas exchange during controlled and spontaneous ventilation in patients with respiratory failure. Anesthesiology 29:177–178CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Browne AGR, Pontoppidan H, Chiang H, Geffin B, Wilson R (1972) Physiological criteria for weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Abstracts of scientific papers, Annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, pp 69–70 Browne AGR, Pontoppidan H, Chiang H, Geffin B, Wilson R (1972) Physiological criteria for weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Abstracts of scientific papers, Annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, pp 69–70
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Sahn SA, Lakshminarayan S (1973) Bedside criteria for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 63:1002–1005PubMed Sahn SA, Lakshminarayan S (1973) Bedside criteria for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 63:1002–1005PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tahvanainen J, Salmenpera M, Nikki P (1983) Extubation criteria after weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure. Crit Care Med 11:702–707PubMedCrossRef Tahvanainen J, Salmenpera M, Nikki P (1983) Extubation criteria after weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure. Crit Care Med 11:702–707PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Egan DF (1977) Fundamentals of respiratory therapy. 3rd ed. Mosby, St Louis, pp 456–458 Egan DF (1977) Fundamentals of respiratory therapy. 3rd ed. Mosby, St Louis, pp 456–458
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Downs JB, Klein EF Jr, Desautels D, Modell JH, Kirby RR (1973) Intermittent mandatory ventilation: a new approach to weaning patients from mechanical ventilators. Chest 64:331–335PubMed Downs JB, Klein EF Jr, Desautels D, Modell JH, Kirby RR (1973) Intermittent mandatory ventilation: a new approach to weaning patients from mechanical ventilators. Chest 64:331–335PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Venus B, Smith RA, Mathru M (1987) National survey of methods and criteria used for weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 15:530–533PubMed Venus B, Smith RA, Mathru M (1987) National survey of methods and criteria used for weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 15:530–533PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lemaire F (1988) Weaning from mechanical ventilation. In: Ledingham I McA, editor. Recent advances in critical care medicine. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 15–30 Lemaire F (1988) Weaning from mechanical ventilation. In: Ledingham I McA, editor. Recent advances in critical care medicine. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 15–30
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Henning RJ, Shubin H, Weil MH (1977) The measurement of the work of breathing for the clinical assessment of ventilator dependence. Crit Care Med 5:264–268PubMed Henning RJ, Shubin H, Weil MH (1977) The measurement of the work of breathing for the clinical assessment of ventilator dependence. Crit Care Med 5:264–268PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen CA, Zagelbaum G, Gross D, Roussos C, Macklem PT (1982) Clinical manifestations of inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am J Med 73:308–316PubMedCrossRef Cohen CA, Zagelbaum G, Gross D, Roussos C, Macklem PT (1982) Clinical manifestations of inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am J Med 73:308–316PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Guenther SM, Perez W, Lodato RF, Mador MJ, Allen SJ, Dantzker DR (1987) Konno–Mead analysis of ribcage–abdominal motion during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:1320–1328PubMed Tobin MJ, Guenther SM, Perez W, Lodato RF, Mador MJ, Allen SJ, Dantzker DR (1987) Konno–Mead analysis of ribcage–abdominal motion during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:1320–1328PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, Lodato RF, Dantzker DR (1987) Does rib cage–abdominal paradox signify respiratory muscle fatigue? J Appl Physiol 63:851–860PubMed Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, Lodato RF, Dantzker DR (1987) Does rib cage–abdominal paradox signify respiratory muscle fatigue? J Appl Physiol 63:851–860PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, Semmes BJ, Mador MJ, Allen SJ, Lodato RF, Dantzker DR (1986) The pattern of breathing during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1111–1118PubMed Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, Semmes BJ, Mador MJ, Allen SJ, Lodato RF, Dantzker DR (1986) The pattern of breathing during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1111–1118PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert R, Auchincloss JH Jr, Peppi D, Ashutosh K (1974) The first few hours off a respirator. Chest 65:152–157PubMed Gilbert R, Auchincloss JH Jr, Peppi D, Ashutosh K (1974) The first few hours off a respirator. Chest 65:152–157PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Jubran A (2006) Weaning from mechanical ventilation. In: Tobin MJ (ed) Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. McGraw-Hill New York, pp 1185–1220 Tobin MJ, Jubran A (2006) Weaning from mechanical ventilation. In: Tobin MJ (ed) Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. McGraw-Hill New York, pp 1185–1220
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Chadha TS, Jenouri G, Birch SJ, Gazeroglu HB, Sackner MA (1983) Breathing patterns. 2. Diseased subjects. Chest 84:286–294PubMed Tobin MJ, Chadha TS, Jenouri G, Birch SJ, Gazeroglu HB, Sackner MA (1983) Breathing patterns. 2. Diseased subjects. Chest 84:286–294PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Jenouri G, Birch S, Lind B, Gonzalez H, Ahmed T, Sackner MA (1983) Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on breathing patterns of normal subjects and intubated patients with respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 11:859–867PubMed Tobin MJ, Jenouri G, Birch S, Lind B, Gonzalez H, Ahmed T, Sackner MA (1983) Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on breathing patterns of normal subjects and intubated patients with respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 11:859–867PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ (1988) State-of-the-art: Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1625–1642PubMed Tobin MJ (1988) State-of-the-art: Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1625–1642PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Marini JJ, Capps JS, Culver BH (1985) The inspiratory work of breathing during assisted mechanical ventilation. Chest 87:612–618PubMed Marini JJ, Capps JS, Culver BH (1985) The inspiratory work of breathing during assisted mechanical ventilation. Chest 87:612–618PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Marini JJ, Smith TC, Lamb VJ (1988) External work output and force generation during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation. Effect of machine assistance on breathing effort. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1169–1179PubMed Marini JJ, Smith TC, Lamb VJ (1988) External work output and force generation during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation. Effect of machine assistance on breathing effort. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1169–1179PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Brochard L, Pluskwa F, Lemaire F (1987) Improved efficacy of spontaneous breathing with inspiratory pressure support. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:411–415PubMed Brochard L, Pluskwa F, Lemaire F (1987) Improved efficacy of spontaneous breathing with inspiratory pressure support. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:411–415PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Brochard L, Harf A, Lorino H, Lemaire F (1989) Inspiratory pressure support prevents diaphragmatic fatigue during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:513–521PubMed Brochard L, Harf A, Lorino H, Lemaire F (1989) Inspiratory pressure support prevents diaphragmatic fatigue during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:513–521PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Herrera M, Blasco J, Venegas J, Barba R, Doblas A, Marquez E (1985) Mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) in acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 11:134–139PubMedCrossRef Herrera M, Blasco J, Venegas J, Barba R, Doblas A, Marquez E (1985) Mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) in acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 11:134–139PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sassoon CS, Te TT, Mahutte CK, Light RW (1987) Airway occlusion pressure. An important indicator for successful weaning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:107–113PubMed Sassoon CS, Te TT, Mahutte CK, Light RW (1987) Airway occlusion pressure. An important indicator for successful weaning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:107–113PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Montgomery AB, Holle RH, Neagley SR, Pierson DJ, Schoene RB (1987) Prediction of successful ventilator weaning using airway occlusion pressure and hypercapnic challenge. Chest 91:496–499PubMed Montgomery AB, Holle RH, Neagley SR, Pierson DJ, Schoene RB (1987) Prediction of successful ventilator weaning using airway occlusion pressure and hypercapnic challenge. Chest 91:496–499PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Milic-Emili J (1986) Is weaning an art or a science? Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1107–1108PubMed Milic-Emili J (1986) Is weaning an art or a science? Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1107–1108PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang KL, Tobin MJ (1991) A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 324:1445–1450PubMedCrossRef Yang KL, Tobin MJ (1991) A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 324:1445–1450PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Jubran A (2006) Variable performance of weaning-predictor tests: role of Bayes' theorem and spectrum and test-referral bias (submitted for publication) Tobin MJ, Jubran A (2006) Variable performance of weaning-predictor tests: role of Bayes' theorem and spectrum and test-referral bias (submitted for publication)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres A, Reyes A, Roca J, Wagner PD, Rodriguez-Roisin R (1989) Ventilation–perfusion mismatching in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during ventilator weaning. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:1246–1250PubMed Torres A, Reyes A, Roca J, Wagner PD, Rodriguez-Roisin R (1989) Ventilation–perfusion mismatching in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during ventilator weaning. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:1246–1250PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Beydon L, Cinotti L, Rekik N, Radermacher P, Adnot S, Meignan M, Harf A, Lemaire F (1991) Changes in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion associated with separation from mechanical ventilation in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesthesiology 75:730–738PubMedCrossRef Beydon L, Cinotti L, Rekik N, Radermacher P, Adnot S, Meignan M, Harf A, Lemaire F (1991) Changes in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion associated with separation from mechanical ventilation in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesthesiology 75:730–738PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D, Tobin MJ (1998) Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning from mechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1763–1769PubMed Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D, Tobin MJ (1998) Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning from mechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1763–1769PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates JH, Baconnier P, Milic-Emili J (1988) A theoretical analysis of interrupter technique for measuring respiratory mechanics. J Appl Physiol 64:2204–2214PubMed Bates JH, Baconnier P, Milic-Emili J (1988) A theoretical analysis of interrupter technique for measuring respiratory mechanics. J Appl Physiol 64:2204–2214PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Polese G, Rossi A, Appendini L, Brandi G, Bates JH, Brandolese R (1991) Partitioning of respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients. J Appl Physiol 71:2425–2433PubMed Polese G, Rossi A, Appendini L, Brandi G, Bates JH, Brandolese R (1991) Partitioning of respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients. J Appl Physiol 71:2425–2433PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerin C, Coussa ML, Eissa NT, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Matar N, Milic-Emili J (1993) Lung and chest wall mechanics in mechanically ventilated COPD patients. J Appl Physiol 74:1570–1580PubMed Guerin C, Coussa ML, Eissa NT, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Matar N, Milic-Emili J (1993) Lung and chest wall mechanics in mechanically ventilated COPD patients. J Appl Physiol 74:1570–1580PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Tantucci C, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Matar N, Milic-Emili J (1991) Flow resistance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in acute respiratory failure. Effects of flow and volume. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:384–389PubMed Tantucci C, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Matar N, Milic-Emili J (1991) Flow resistance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in acute respiratory failure. Effects of flow and volume. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:384–389PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Tobin MJ (1997) Passive mechanics of lung and chest wall in patients who failed or succeeded in trials of weaning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:916–921PubMed Jubran A, Tobin MJ (1997) Passive mechanics of lung and chest wall in patients who failed or succeeded in trials of weaning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:916–921PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Tobin MJ (1997) Pathophysiologic basis of acute respiratory distress in patients who fail a trial of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:906–915PubMed Jubran A, Tobin MJ (1997) Pathophysiologic basis of acute respiratory distress in patients who fail a trial of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:906–915PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Vassilakopoulos T, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C (1998) The tension–time index and the frequency/tidal volume ratio are the major pathophysiologic determinants of weaning failure and success. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:378–385PubMed Vassilakopoulos T, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C (1998) The tension–time index and the frequency/tidal volume ratio are the major pathophysiologic determinants of weaning failure and success. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:378–385PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstone JC, Green M, Moxham J (1994) Maximum relaxation rate of the diaphragm during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Thorax 49:54–60PubMedCrossRef Goldstone JC, Green M, Moxham J (1994) Maximum relaxation rate of the diaphragm during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Thorax 49:54–60PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Laghi F, Cattapan SE, Jubran A, Parthasarathy S, Warshawsky P, Choi YS, Tobin MJ (2003) Is weaning failure caused by low-frequency fatigue of the diaphragm? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:120–127PubMedCrossRef Laghi F, Cattapan SE, Jubran A, Parthasarathy S, Warshawsky P, Choi YS, Tobin MJ (2003) Is weaning failure caused by low-frequency fatigue of the diaphragm? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:120–127PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S, Conti G, Mancebo J, Rekik N, Gasparetto A, Lemaire F (1994) Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:896–903PubMed Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S, Conti G, Mancebo J, Rekik N, Gasparetto A, Lemaire F (1994) Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:896–903PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Krieger BP, Ershowsky PF, Becker DA, Gazeroglu HB (1989) Evaluation of conventional criteria for predicting successful weaning from mechanical ventilatory support in elderly patients. Crit Care Med 17:858–861PubMed Krieger BP, Ershowsky PF, Becker DA, Gazeroglu HB (1989) Evaluation of conventional criteria for predicting successful weaning from mechanical ventilatory support in elderly patients. Crit Care Med 17:858–861PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorens JB, Kaelin RM, Jolliet P, Chevrolet JC (1995) Influence of the quality of nursing on the duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 23:1807–1815PubMedCrossRef Thorens JB, Kaelin RM, Jolliet P, Chevrolet JC (1995) Influence of the quality of nursing on the duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 23:1807–1815PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Feinstein AR (1987) The intellectual crisis in clinical science: medaled models and muddled mettle. Perspect Biol Med 30:215–230PubMed Feinstein AR (1987) The intellectual crisis in clinical science: medaled models and muddled mettle. Perspect Biol Med 30:215–230PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, Alia I, Solsona JF, Valverdu I, Fernandez R, de La Cal MA, Benito S, Tomas R (1995) A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 332:345–350PubMedCrossRef Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, Alia I, Solsona JF, Valverdu I, Fernandez R, de La Cal MA, Benito S, Tomas R (1995) A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 332:345–350PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, Johnson MM, Browder RW, Bowton DL, Haponik EF (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335:1864–1869PubMedCrossRef Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, Johnson MM, Browder RW, Bowton DL, Haponik EF (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335:1864–1869PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziman J (2000) Real science: what it is, and what it means. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 182–245 Ziman J (2000) Real science: what it is, and what it means. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 182–245
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendel G (1866) Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on plant hybrids). Verhandl Naturforsch Ver Brunn, Bd IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandl:3–47 Mendel G (1866) Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on plant hybrids). Verhandl Naturforsch Ver Brunn, Bd IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandl:3–47
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Butterfield H (1949) The origins of modern science 1300–1800. Bell, London, p 1 Butterfield H (1949) The origins of modern science 1300–1800. Bell, London, p 1
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanenbaum SJ (1994) Knowing and acting in medical practice: the epistemological politics of outcomes research. J Health Politics, Policy and Law 19:27–44 Tanenbaum SJ (1994) Knowing and acting in medical practice: the epistemological politics of outcomes research. J Health Politics, Policy and Law 19:27–44
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions, 3rd edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 24 Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions, 3rd edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 24
Metadaten
Titel
Remembrance of weaning past: the seminal papers
verfasst von
Martin J. Tobin
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2006
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Intensive Care Medicine / Ausgabe 10/2006
Print ISSN: 0342-4642
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1238
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0338-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 10/2006

Intensive Care Medicine 10/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

28.04.2024 Schwindel Nachrichten

Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

23.04.2024 Appendizitis Nachrichten

Schmerzen im Unterbauch, aber sonst nicht viel, was auf eine Appendizitis hindeutete: Ein junger Mann hatte Glück, dass trotzdem eine Laparoskopie mit Appendektomie durchgeführt und der Wurmfortsatz histologisch untersucht wurde.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.