Background
Methods
Clinical examination
Collection of whole and parotid saliva
Sialochemical analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical findings
pSS (n = 20) | Healthy controls (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60 ± 15 | 56 ± 13 | 0.437a
|
Duration of disease (years)* | 6 ± 7 | 0 | NA |
Duration of symptoms (years) | 10 ± 7 | 0 | NA |
Xerogenic medicines (yes/no)†
| 7/13 | 0/20 | NA |
Smokers (yes/no)§
| 5/15 | 0/20 | NA |
Cigarettes per day (smokers only)§
| 7 (2–20) | 0 | NA |
Tooth brushing (times per day) | 3 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 0.001a
|
Dental floss and/or toothpicks daily (yes/no) | 16/4 | 15/5 | 1.000b
|
Dental visits per year (number) | 3 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 0.001a
|
Oral dryness (score 0/1/2/3) | 0/3/4/13 | 20/0/0/0 | <0.001b
|
pSS (n = 20) | Healthy controls (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
No. of teeth | 22 (6–28) | 28 (0–28) | 0.011a
|
DMFS* | 83.0 (25–140) | 43.0 (10–140) | 0.001a
|
Distribution of D/M/FS | 23/745/1020 | 14/305/662 | <0.001b
|
Subjects with dentures (yes/no) | 4/16 | 7/13 | 0.480c
|
Distribution of PI (no. of 0/1/2/3 scores) | 245/179/54/2 | 244/152/60/0 | 0.272b
|
Distribution of GI (no. of 0/1/2/3 scores) | 346/116/16/2 | 330/95/31/0 | 0.034b
|
Probing pocket depth (PPD, mm) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.523a
|
Salivary flow and composition
UWS | SWS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pSS | Healthy controls | P-value | pSS | Healthy controls | P-value | |
Flow rate (ml/min) | 0.02 (0.00–0.23) (n = 20) | 0.39 (0.06–1.10) (n = 20) | <0.001 | 0.14 (0.01–1.66) (n = 20) | 1.40 (0.54–2.82) (n = 20) | <0.001 |
Na+ (mM) | 12.0 (8.0–47.0) (n = 11) | 8.0 (4.5–17.0) (n = 20) | 0.008 | 16.0 (8.0–59.0) (n = 12) | 10.3 (5.5–30.0) (n = 20) | 0.020 |
K+ (mM) | 22.2 (5.1–48.0) (n = 11) | 21.9 (6.8–33.4) (n = 20) | 0.536 | 21.6 (15.2–34.6) (n = 12) | 22.0 (11.5–26.5) (n = 20) | 0.533 |
Total calcium (mM) | 2.0 (1.3–3.2) (n = 7) | 1.7 (0.5–2.8) (n = 19) | 0.285 | 1.3 (0.7–1.9) (n = 12) | 1.3 (0.8–2.5) (n = 20) | 0.558 |
Cl- (mM) | 25.8 (16.0–62.0) (n = 10) | 18.3 (5.2–26.0) (n = 19) | 0.003 | 22.6 (13.5–58.6) (n = 11) | 16.1 (10.5–28.6) (n = 20) | 0.037 |
Total phosphate (mM) | 6.0 (1.2–15.0) (n = 9) | 6.8 (2.4–11.7) (n = 19) | 0.961 | 4.4 (2.4–8.5) (n = 11) | 4.1 (1.6–11.5) (n = 20) | 0.606 |
Total protein (mg/ml) | 3.00 (1.52–8.84) (n = 8) | 3.29 (1.36–6.25) (n = 19) | 0.560 | 3.50 (0.421–8.93) (n = 12) | 3.04 (1.23–5.54) (n = 20) | 0.491 |
Total protein output (mg/min) | 0.210 (0.06–0.80) (n = 8) | 1.09 (0.50–2.38) (n = 19) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.11–4.33) (n = 12) | 3.88 (2.35–8.06) (n = 20) | <0.001 |
Amylase activity (μkat/l) | 365 (0–4500) (n = 10) | 980 (0–8940) (n = 19) | 0.155 | 1490 (0–4080) (n = 12) | 2280 (0–5890) (n = 20) | 0.199 |
UPS | SPS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pSS | Healthy controls | P-value | pSS | Healthy controls | P-value | |
Flow rate (ml/min/gland) | 0.00* (0.00–0.04) (n = 20) | 0.04 (0.00–0.13) (n = 20) | <0.001 | 0.10 (0.00–0.87) (n = 20) | 0.72 (0.17–1.57) (n = 20) | <0.001 |
pH | 5.5 (4.9–6.2) (n = 7) | 6.1 (5.4–6.6) (n = 14) | 0.008 | 6.8 (5.3–7.6) (n = 13) | 7.1 (6.8–8.0) (n = 19) | 0.020 |
PCO2 (KPa) | 2.5 (2.1–4.8) (n = 7) | 3.3 (0.5–7.9) (n = 14) | 0.455 | 3.5 (1.4–7.5) (n = 13) | 5.5 (0.3–10.0) (n = 19) | 0.021 |
Na+ (mM) | 7.0 (0.0–111.0) (n = 9) | 0.0 (0.0–8.5) (n = 19) | 0.002 | 15.5 (3.5–93.0) (n = 15) | 7.5 (0.0–65.0) (n = 20) | 0.034 |
K+ (mM) | 24.5 (4.5–52.5) (n = 9) | 29.0 (17.5–62.0) (n = 19) | 0.209 | 26.5 (12.0–53.0) (n = 15) | 23.0 (18.0–40.0) (n = 20) | 0.689 |
Total calcium (mM) | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) (n = 9) | 1.0 (0.6–4.1) (n = 16) | 0.887 | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) (n = 13) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) (n = 20) | 0.008 |
Cl- (mM) | 22.5 (5.0–100.5) (n = 9) | 19.0 (12.0–43.0) (n = 19) | 0.588 | 27.0 (12.5–94.0) (n = 14) | 15.5 (9.0–59.0) (n = 20) | 0.037 |
Bicarbonate (mM) | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) (n = 8) | 0.8 (0.1–3.5) (n = 14) | 0.017 | 3.6 (0.1–26.8) (n = 12) | 11.3 (3.8–43.9) (n = 19) | 0.025 |
Total phosphate (mM) | 5.6 (2.3–15.0) (n = 7) | 9.3 (4.1–18.9) (n = 16) | 0.066 | 6.1 (2.1–8.2) (n = 11) | 5.2 (3.2–16.9) (n = 20) | 0.577 |
Total protein (mg/ml) | 1.11 (0.47–8.97) (n = 9) | 2.02 (0.64–5.34) (n = 18) | 0.316 | 1.33 (0.62–6.66) (n = 14) | 1.60 (0.84–4.19) (n = 20) | 0.589 |
Total protein output (mg/min) | 0 (0–0.18) (n = 9) | 0.07 (0–0.30) (n = 18) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0–1.38) (n = 14) | 1.30 (0.29–5.42) (n = 20) | <0.001 |
Amylase activity (μkat/l) | 7760 (3700–21200) (n = 7) | 5815 (1670–27140) (n = 18) | 0.193 | 5220 (560–17240) (n = 13) | 5520 (710–14710) (n = 20) | 0.624 |
β(mmol H+/l. pH unit) | 1.2 (0.1–2.9) (n = 7) | 4.0 (2.3–8.9) (n = 13) | <0.001 | 4.4 (0.5–6.7) (n = 10) | 5.2 (0.7–10.1) (n = 19) | 0.171 |
DSHAP
| 1.4 (0.2–3.6) (n = 9) | 3.1 (2.5–10.4) (n = 16) | 0.001 | 7.3 (0.6–21.4) (n = 13) | 10.0 (4.5–22.0) (n = 19) | 0.372 |
Critical pH | 5.4 (5.1–6.2) (n = 7) | 5.3 (5.0–5.5) (n = 16) | 0.413 | 5.5 (5.2–6.2) (n = 11) | 5.7 (5.2–5.8) (n = 19) | 0.611 |
Determinants of DMFS
Estimate for DMFS | SD for DMFS estimate | Adjusted R-squared | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective model | ||||
Age | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
+ oral dryness questionnaire | 11.1 | 2.3 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
Objective model | ||||
Age | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
+ UWS | -57.4 | 20.7 | 0.37 | <0.001 |
+ SWS | -28.9 | 9.4 | 0.49 | <0.001 |
+ UPS | -499.2 | 173.0 | 0.57 | <0.001 |