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Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 2/2018

13.09.2016 | Sepsis | Übersichten

Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring und individualisierte Dosierung von Antibiotika bei der Sepsis

Modern oder nur „modisch“?

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. A. Brinkmann, MBA, A. C. Röhr, A. Köberer, T. Fuchs, J. Preisenberger, W. A. Krüger, O. R. Frey

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 2/2018

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Zusammenfassung

Schwere Sepsis und septischer Schock führen bei fast allen antiinfektiven Substanzen zu einer erheblichen Veränderung der substanzspezifischen Pharmakokinetik, die möglicherweise erheblich die Wirkortkonzentration und damit die Wirksamkeit der Antibiotika beeinflusst.
Um ein weites Spektrum möglicher Erreger beim kritisch Kranken sicher zu erfassen, werden Breitspektrumantibiotika in möglichst hohen Konzentrationen am Wirkort benötigt. Empfohlene Dosierungen und in Antibiogrammen ausgewiesene Sensibilitäten (sensibel, intermediär oder resistent getestet) beruhen auf der Annahme, dass die Pharmakokinetik des Arzneistoffs der eines „Normpatienten“ entspricht. Tatsächlich ist jedoch die Verteilung und Ausscheidungskapazität der Arzneistoffe beim kritisch Kranken sehr variabel und schwer vorhersehbar. Allein die Nierenfunktion von Patienten mit schweren Infektionen zeigt eine große inter- und intraindividuelle Variabilität, sodass die Arzneistoffclearance und damit die optimale Dosierung überwiegend renal ausgeschiedener Antiinfektiva um den Faktor 10 variieren kann. Vor dem Hintergrund der pathophysiologischen Veränderungen im Bereich der Pharmakokinetik (PK) bei schwerer Sepsis erscheinen individuelle Dosierungen und das Therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring (TDM) von β‑Lactam-Antibiotika wichtig, um eine zeitgerechte und adäquate antiinfektive Therapie sicherzustellen. Bei bekannter minimaler Hemmkonzentration (MHK) ist auf Basis gemessener Arzneistoff-Konzentrationen und der Zusammenhänge von PK und Pharmakodynamik (PD) (zeit-, konzentrationsabhängige Wirksamkeit) eine Einstellung auf optimale Serumspiegel möglich.
Die antiinfektive Therapie bei kritisch Kranken vor allem septischen Intensivpflegepatienten ist heute mehr als nur eine Frage der richtigen Substanz und einer zeitnahen Applikation. Individuelle Dosierung, prolongierte Applikation und therapeutisches TDM eröffnen möglicherweise neue, interessante Horizonte.
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Metadaten
Titel
Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring und individualisierte Dosierung von Antibiotika bei der Sepsis
Modern oder nur „modisch“?
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. A. Brinkmann, MBA
A. C. Röhr
A. Köberer
T. Fuchs
J. Preisenberger
W. A. Krüger
O. R. Frey
Publikationsdatum
13.09.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 2/2018
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-016-0213-5

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