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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 11/2016

24.10.2016 | Blasenentleerungsstörungen | Regionalanästhesie

Einseitige Spinalanästhesie

Literaturübersicht und Handlungsempfehlung

verfasst von: Dr. B. Büttner, A. Mansur, M. Bauer, J. Hinz, I. Bergmann

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 11/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Die einseitige Spinalanästhesie ist ein kostengünstiges und schnell durchführbares Verfahren. Sie beschränkt sich auf die sensiblen, motorischen und sympathischen Nervenfasern einer Körperseite. Hierdurch können einige für die beidseitige Spinalanästhesie typische Komplikationen umgangen werden. Gerade aufgrund der Vermeidung von Hypotensionen eignet sich das einseitige Verfahren auch für Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren (z. B. Aortenklappenstenose, koronare Herzkrankheit). Für die zuletzt stark ansteigende Zahl ambulant durchgeführter Operationen galt die Spinalanästhesie bislang als wenig geeignet, da mit verzögerter Entlassung aufgrund prolongierter motorischer Blockade oder Harnverhalt gerechnet werden musste. Die einseitige Spinalanästhesie erlaubt jedoch nicht nur eine raschere Mobilisation der Patienten, sondern geht auch mit einer sehr niedrigen Inzidenz von Miktionsstörungen einher, sodass die Patienten oft sogar früher entlassen werden können als nach einer Allgemeinanästhesie. Der Erfolg dieser Technik wird jedoch durch zahlreiche Faktoren beeinflusst. Neben Konzentration, Barizität und Dosierung des Lokalanästhetikums sind Spinalnadeltyp und Injektionsflussrate ebenso entscheidende Parameter wie die Patientenlagerung. Es stehen verschiedene Adjuvanzien zur Verfügung, mit denen eine längere und intensivere Blockade erzielt werden kann. Nach Auswertung der verfügbaren Literatur zur einseitigen Spinalanästhesie (impact factor > 1) formuliert diese Übersichtsarbeit eine optimierte Vorgehensweise: Um eine tatsächlich einseitige Spinalanästhesie zu erreichen sollte hyperbares Bupivacain 0,5 % mit einer Injektionsflussrate ≤ 0,33 ml/min injiziert werden. Während und 20 min nach Injektion müssen die Patienten mit vollständig gebeugten Beinen und anteflektierter Wirbelsäule auf der zu operierenden Körperseite liegen. Die intrathekale Applikation von 1 ml hyperbarem Bupivacain 0,5 % (5 mg) resultiert in einer einstündigen, bis etwa zum Rückenmarksegment Th12 reichenden Blockade; die Gabe von 1,5 bis 2,0 ml hyperbarem Bupivacain 0,5 % (7,5–10 mg) bis etwa Th6. Zur Verlängerung der Blockadedauer auf 2 bis 3 h wird Clonidin (0,5–1 µg/kgKG) adjuvant injiziert. Während der anschließenden Fixierungszeit kann durch Kopf-Tief- bzw. -Hochlagerung die kraniale Ausbreitung der Spinalanästhesie beeinflusst werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Einseitige Spinalanästhesie
Literaturübersicht und Handlungsempfehlung
verfasst von
Dr. B. Büttner
A. Mansur
M. Bauer
J. Hinz
I. Bergmann
Publikationsdatum
24.10.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 11/2016
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-016-0232-x

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