Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 4/2014

01.04.2014 | Bekanntmachungen - Amtliche Mitteilungen

Stoffmonographie Ochratoxin A

Stellungnahme der Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes

verfasst von: -

Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | Ausgabe 4/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Ochratoxin A (OTA) ist ein Mykotoxin und gehört damit zu einer strukturell extrem heterogenen Gruppe von Substanzen, die alle Metabolite des Sekundärstoffwechsels von Schimmelpilzen sind. OTA wurde erstmalig 1965 aus einer Kultur von Aspergillus ochraceus isoliert. Auch in anderen Aspergillen, z. B. Aspergillus carbonarius, findet sich OTA. Daneben produziert Penicillium verrucosum als einziger Vertreter der Schimmelpilzgattung Penicillium OTA. …
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Greim H (Hrsg) (2003) Ochratoxin A. Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe: Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten. 37. Lieferung. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527600418.mb30347d0037/pdf Greim H (Hrsg) (2003) Ochratoxin A. Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe: Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten. 37. Lieferung. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​3527600418.​mb30347d0037/​pdf
2.
Zurück zum Zitat NTP (National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ NTP (National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens. http://​ntp.​niehs.​nih.​gov/​ntp/​roc/​twelfth/​roc12.​pdf, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/
3.
Zurück zum Zitat IARC (1976) Ochratoxin A. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: some naturally occurring substances. 10:191–197. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol1-42/mono10.pdf IARC (1976) Ochratoxin A. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: some naturally occurring substances. 10:191–197. http://​monographs.​iarc.​fr/​ENG/​Monographs/​vol1-42/​mono10.​pdf
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Domijan AM, Peraica M, Cvjetković B et al (2005) Mould contamination and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize grain in Croatia. Acta Pharm 55:349–356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16375824 Domijan AM, Peraica M, Cvjetković B et al (2005) Mould contamination and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize grain in Croatia. Acta Pharm 55:349–356. http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​16375824
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Sangare-Tigori B, Moukha S, Kouadio HJ et al (2006) Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and peanuts from Côte d’Ivoire. Food Addit Contam 23:1000–1007. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02652030500415686#.UtU0Jydsvp8 Sangare-Tigori B, Moukha S, Kouadio HJ et al (2006) Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and peanuts from Côte d’Ivoire. Food Addit Contam 23:1000–1007. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​full/​10.​1080/​0265203050041568​6#.UtU0Jydsvp8
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Peraica M, Domijan AM, Miletić-Medved M, Fuchs R (2008) The involvement of mycotoxins in the development of endemic nephropathy. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120(13–14):402–407. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00508-008-0981-x Peraica M, Domijan AM, Miletić-Medved M, Fuchs R (2008) The involvement of mycotoxins in the development of endemic nephropathy. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120(13–14):402–407. http://​link.​springer.​com/​article/​10.​1007%2Fs00508-008-0981-x
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Klarić MS, Cvetnić Z, Pepeljnjak S, Kosalec I (2009) Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, and zearalenone in cereals and feed, determined by competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 60:427–434. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/aiht.2009.60.issue-4/10004-1254-60-2009-1975/10004-1254-60-2009-1975.xml Klarić MS, Cvetnić Z, Pepeljnjak S, Kosalec I (2009) Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, and zearalenone in cereals and feed, determined by competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 60:427–434. http://​www.​degruyter.​com/​view/​j/​aiht.​2009.​60.​issue-4/​10004-1254-60-2009-1975/​10004-1254-60-2009-1975.​xml
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Peraica M, Flajs D, Domijan AM et al (2010) Ochratoxin A contamination of food from Croatia. Toxins 2:2098–2105. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/2/8/2098 Peraica M, Flajs D, Domijan AM et al (2010) Ochratoxin A contamination of food from Croatia. Toxins 2:2098–2105. http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​2072-6651/​2/​8/​2098
9.
Zurück zum Zitat IARC (1993) Ochratoxin A. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humas. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. 56:489–521. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol56/mono56.pdf IARC (1993) Ochratoxin A. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humas. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. 56:489–521. http://​monographs.​iarc.​fr/​ENG/​Monographs/​vol56/​mono56.​pdf
10.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO (World Health Organisation) (2001) Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. IPCS-FAO food and nutrition paper WHO, Genf. 74:281–387. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v47je01.htm WHO (World Health Organisation) (2001) Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. IPCS-FAO food and nutrition paper WHO, Genf. 74:281–387. http://​www.​inchem.​org/​documents/​jecfa/​jecmono/​v47je01.​htm
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Jørgensen K (2005) Occurrence of ochratoxin A in commodities and processed food – a review of EU occurrence data. Food Add Contam 22:26–30. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02652030500344811 Jørgensen K (2005) Occurrence of ochratoxin A in commodities and processed food – a review of EU occurrence data. Food Add Contam 22:26–30. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​pdf/​10.​1080/​0265203050034481​1
12.
Zurück zum Zitat EU (2006) Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, Verordnung (EG) Nr.1881/2006 der Kommission zur Festsetzung der Höchstgehalte für bestimmte Kontaminanten in Lebensmitteln (Text with EEA relevance). 576(49)(L364):05-24. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:364:SOM:DE:HTML, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:364:0005:0024:DE:PDF EU (2006) Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, Verordnung (EG) Nr.1881/2006 der Kommission zur Festsetzung der Höchstgehalte für bestimmte Kontaminanten in Lebensmitteln (Text with EEA relevance). 576(49)(L364):05-24. http://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​JOHtml.​do?​uri=​OJ:L:2006:364:SOM:DE:HTML, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:364:0005:0024:DE:PDF
13.
Zurück zum Zitat EU (2010) Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, VERORDNUNG (EU) Nr.105/2010 DER KOMMISSION zur Änderung der Verordnung (EG) Nr.1881/2006 zur Festsetzung der Höchstgehalte für bestimmte Kontaminanten in Lebensmitteln hinsichtlich Ochratoxin A.35(53)(L35):7–8. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:035:SOM:DE:HTML, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:035:FULL:DE:PDF EU (2010) Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, VERORDNUNG (EU) Nr.105/2010 DER KOMMISSION zur Änderung der Verordnung (EG) Nr.1881/2006 zur Festsetzung der Höchstgehalte für bestimmte Kontaminanten in Lebensmitteln hinsichtlich Ochratoxin A.35(53)(L35):7–8. http://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​JOHtml.​do?​uri=​OJ:L:2010:035:SOM:DE:HTML, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:035:FULL:DE:PDF
14.
Zurück zum Zitat EU (2006) Commission of the European Communities, Commission Recommendation on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding (Text with EEA relevance). 576(49)(L229):7–9. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:229:SOM:EN:HTML, http://irmm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EURLs/eurl_mycotoxins/legislation/Pages/index.aspx, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:229:0007:0009:EN:PDF EU (2006) Commission of the European Communities, Commission Recommendation on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding (Text with EEA relevance). 576(49)(L229):7–9. http://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​JOHtml.​do?​uri=​OJ:L:2006:229:SOM:EN:HTML, http://irmm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EURLs/eurl_mycotoxins/legislation/Pages/index.aspx, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:229:0007:0009:EN:PDF
15.
Zurück zum Zitat EU (2009) Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, Verordnung (EG) Nr.386/2009 der Kommission vom 12. Mai 2009 zur Änderung der Verordnung (EG) Nr.1831/2003 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates hinsichtlich der Festlegung einer neuen Funktionsgruppe für Futtermittelzusatzstoffe. 52(L118):66. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:118:SOM:DE:HTML, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:118:FULL:DE:PDF EU (2009) Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, Verordnung (EG) Nr.386/2009 der Kommission vom 12. Mai 2009 zur Änderung der Verordnung (EG) Nr.1831/2003 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates hinsichtlich der Festlegung einer neuen Funktionsgruppe für Futtermittelzusatzstoffe. 52(L118):66. http://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​JOHtml.​do?​uri=​OJ:L:2009:118:SOM:DE:HTML, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:118:FULL:DE:PDF
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Walker R, Larsen JC (2005) Ochratoxin A: previous risk assessments and issues arising. Food Addit Contam 22(Suppl 1):6–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16332615 Walker R, Larsen JC (2005) Ochratoxin A: previous risk assessments and issues arising. Food Addit Contam 22(Suppl 1):6–9. http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​16332615
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Duarte SC, Lino CM, Pena A (2010) Mycotoxin food and feed regulation and the specific case of ochratoxin A: a review of the worldwide status. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 27:1440–1450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658402 Duarte SC, Lino CM, Pena A (2010) Mycotoxin food and feed regulation and the specific case of ochratoxin A: a review of the worldwide status. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 27:1440–1450. http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​20658402
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Duarte SC, Lino CM, Pena A (2011) Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: an undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects. Vet Microbiol 154(1–2):1–13. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113511002707 Duarte SC, Lino CM, Pena A (2011) Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: an undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects. Vet Microbiol 154(1–2):1–13. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S037811351100270​7
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Duarte SC, Pena A, Lino CM (2009) Ochratoxin A non-conventional exposure sources – a review. Microchem J 93:115–120. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X09000885 Duarte SC, Pena A, Lino CM (2009) Ochratoxin A non-conventional exposure sources – a review. Microchem J 93:115–120. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S0026265X0900088​5
20.
Zurück zum Zitat SCOOP (Scientific Cooperation Task Reports) (2002) Assessment of dietary intake of Ochratoxin A by the population of EU Member States. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/scoop/3.2.7_en.pdf, http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/scoop/index_en.html SCOOP (Scientific Cooperation Task Reports) (2002) Assessment of dietary intake of Ochratoxin A by the population of EU Member States. http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​food/​fs/​scoop/​3.​2.​7_​en.​pdf, http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/scoop/index_en.html
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Giuseppe R, Bertuzzi T, Rossi F et al (2012) Plasma ochratoxin A levels, food consumption, and risk biomarkers of a representative sample of men and women from the Molise region in Italy. Eur J Nutr 51:851–860. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00394-011-0265-5 Di Giuseppe R, Bertuzzi T, Rossi F et al (2012) Plasma ochratoxin A levels, food consumption, and risk biomarkers of a representative sample of men and women from the Molise region in Italy. Eur J Nutr 51:851–860. http://​link.​springer.​com/​article/​10.​1007%2Fs00394-011-0265-5
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Mateo R, Medina A, Mateo EM et al (2007) An overview of ochratoxin A in beer and wine. Int J Food Microbiol 119:79–83. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016816050700390X Mateo R, Medina A, Mateo EM et al (2007) An overview of ochratoxin A in beer and wine. Int J Food Microbiol 119:79–83. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S016816050700390​X
23.
Zurück zum Zitat EC SCF (European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Food) (1998) Opinion of the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on food on ochratoxin A. Expressed 17.09.98 – SCF. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out14_en.html EC SCF (European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Food) (1998) Opinion of the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on food on ochratoxin A. Expressed 17.09.98 – SCF. http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​food/​fs/​sc/​scf/​out14_​en.​html
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuiper-Goodman T, Hilts C, Billiard SM et al (2010) Health risk assessment of ochratoxin A for all age-sex strata in a market economy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 27:212–240. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02652030903013278?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed#.UtQUGydsvp8 Kuiper-Goodman T, Hilts C, Billiard SM et al (2010) Health risk assessment of ochratoxin A for all age-sex strata in a market economy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 27:212–240. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​1080/​0265203090301327​8?​url_​ver=​Z39.​88-2003&​rfr_​id=​ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed#.UtQUGydsvp8
25.
Zurück zum Zitat JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) (2001) WHO food additives series: 47. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Ochratoxin A. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v47je04.htm JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) (2001) WHO food additives series: 47. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Ochratoxin A. http://​www.​inchem.​org/​documents/​jecfa/​jecmono/​v47je04.​htm
26.
Zurück zum Zitat EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2006) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to Ochratoxin A in food. Question N° EFSA-Q-2005-154. EFSA J 365:1–56. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/contam_op_ej365_ochratoxin_a_food_en.pdf EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2006) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to Ochratoxin A in food. Question N° EFSA-Q-2005-154. EFSA J 365:1–56. http://​www.​efsa.​europa.​eu/​en/​scdocs/​doc/​contam_​op_​ej365_​ochratoxin_​a_​food_​en.​pdf
27.
Zurück zum Zitat EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2010) Scientific opinion. Statement on recent scientific information on the toxicity of Ochratoxin A.EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J 8:1626. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/search/doc/1626.pdf EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2010) Scientific opinion. Statement on recent scientific information on the toxicity of Ochratoxin A.EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J 8:1626. http://​www.​efsa.​europa.​eu/​it/​search/​doc/​1626.​pdf
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasel U, Wichmann G, Bleck M (1999) Ochratoxin im Hausstaub. Umweltmed Forsch Prax 4(5):301–303. http://www.ecomed-medizin.de/sj/ufp/Pdf/aId/979 Kasel U, Wichmann G, Bleck M (1999) Ochratoxin im Hausstaub. Umweltmed Forsch Prax 4(5):301–303. http://​www.​ecomed-medizin.​de/​sj/​ufp/​Pdf/​aId/​979
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Degen GH, Meifort J, Blaszkewicz M (2005) Pilotstudie zum Biomonitoring für Ochratoxin A bei Beschäftigten im Getreide- und Rohkaffee-Umschlag. Mycotoxin Res 21:168–171. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02959256#page-1 Degen GH, Meifort J, Blaszkewicz M (2005) Pilotstudie zum Biomonitoring für Ochratoxin A bei Beschäftigten im Getreide- und Rohkaffee-Umschlag. Mycotoxin Res 21:168–171. http://​link.​springer.​com/​article/​10.​1007%2FBF02959256#page-1
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayer S, Gareis M, Degen GH et al (2007) Belastung durch luftgetragene Mykotoxine in Getreidelägern und Mykotoxinkonzentrationen im Blut von Getreidelagerarbeitern. Gefahrst Reinhalt Luft 67:119–125. http://www.gefahrstoffe.de/gest/article.php?data[article_id]=34784 Mayer S, Gareis M, Degen GH et al (2007) Belastung durch luftgetragene Mykotoxine in Getreidelägern und Mykotoxinkonzentrationen im Blut von Getreidelagerarbeitern. Gefahrst Reinhalt Luft 67:119–125. http://​www.​gefahrstoffe.​de/​gest/​article.​php?​data[article_id]=34784
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarin A, Rosell MG, Guardino X (2004) Use of high-performance liquid chromato-graphy to assess airborne mycotoxins: Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. J Chromatogr A 1047:235–240. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967304010623 Tarin A, Rosell MG, Guardino X (2004) Use of high-performance liquid chromato-graphy to assess airborne mycotoxins: Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. J Chromatogr A 1047:235–240. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S002196730401062​3
32.
Zurück zum Zitat DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) (2013) MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2013. Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe. Mitteilung 49. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) (2013) MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2013. Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe. Mitteilung 49. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2007) Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:61–99. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200600137/abstract Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2007) Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:61–99. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​mnfr.​200600137/​abstract
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Boonen J, Malysheva SV, Taevernier L et al (2012) Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins. Toxicology 301:21–32. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X12002429# Boonen J, Malysheva SV, Taevernier L et al (2012) Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins. Toxicology 301:21–32. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S0300483X1200242​9#
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2012) An update on direct genotoxicity as a molecular mechanism of ochratoxin A carcinogenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 25:252–262. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx200430f Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2012) An update on direct genotoxicity as a molecular mechanism of ochratoxin A carcinogenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 25:252–262. http://​pubs.​acs.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1021/​tx200430f
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Mantle PG, Faucet-Marquis V, Manderville RA et al (2010) Structures of covalent adducts between DNA and ochratoxin A: a new factor in debate about genotoxicity and human risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 23:89–98. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx900295a Mantle PG, Faucet-Marquis V, Manderville RA et al (2010) Structures of covalent adducts between DNA and ochratoxin A: a new factor in debate about genotoxicity and human risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 23:89–98. http://​pubs.​acs.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1021/​tx900295a
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Anati L, Petzinger E (2006) Immunotoxic activity of ochratoxin A. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29:79–90. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00718.x/abstract Al-Anati L, Petzinger E (2006) Immunotoxic activity of ochratoxin A. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29:79–90. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1111/​j.​1365-2885.​2006.​00718.​x/​abstract
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Wangikar PB, Dwivedi P, Sinha N (2004) Effect in rats of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1. I. Maternal toxicity and fetal malformations. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 71:343–351. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdrb.20021/pdf Wangikar PB, Dwivedi P, Sinha N (2004) Effect in rats of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1. I. Maternal toxicity and fetal malformations. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 71:343–351. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​bdrb.​20021/​pdf
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsuuw YD, Chan WH, Yu JS (2013) Ochratoxin A inhibits mouse embryonic development by activating a mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 14:935–953. http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/1/935 Hsuuw YD, Chan WH, Yu JS (2013) Ochratoxin A inhibits mouse embryonic development by activating a mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 14:935–953. http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​1422-0067/​14/​1/​935
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Patil RD, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK (2006) Critical period and minimum single oral dose of ochratoxin A for inducing developmental toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 22:679–687. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623806001067 Patil RD, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK (2006) Critical period and minimum single oral dose of ochratoxin A for inducing developmental toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 22:679–687. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S089062380600106​7
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Abid S, Hassan W, Achour A et al (2003) Ochratoxin A and human chronic nephropathy in Tunesia: is the situation endemic? Hum Exp Toxicol 22:77–84. http://het.sagepub.com/content/22/2/77.full.pdf+html Abid S, Hassan W, Achour A et al (2003) Ochratoxin A and human chronic nephropathy in Tunesia: is the situation endemic? Hum Exp Toxicol 22:77–84. http://​het.​sagepub.​com/​content/​22/​2/​77.​full.​pdf+html
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Vrabcheva T, Petkova-Bocharova T, Grosso F et al (2004) Analysis of ochratoxin A in foods consumed by inhabitants from an area with balkan endemic nephropathy: a 1 month follow-up study. J Agric Food Chem 52:2404–2410. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf030498z Vrabcheva T, Petkova-Bocharova T, Grosso F et al (2004) Analysis of ochratoxin A in foods consumed by inhabitants from an area with balkan endemic nephropathy: a 1 month follow-up study. J Agric Food Chem 52:2404–2410. http://​pubs.​acs.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1021/​jf030498z
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuchs R, Peraica M (2005) Ochratoxin A in human kidney diseases. Food Addit Contam 22(s1):53–57. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02652030500309368 Fuchs R, Peraica M (2005) Ochratoxin A in human kidney diseases. Food Addit Contam 22(s1):53–57. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​pdf/​10.​1080/​0265203050030936​8
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Yordanova P, Wilfried K, Tsolova S, Dimitrov P (2010) Ochratoxin A and β2-microglobulin in BEN patients and controls. Toxins 2:780–792. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/2/4/780 Yordanova P, Wilfried K, Tsolova S, Dimitrov P (2010) Ochratoxin A and β2-microglobulin in BEN patients and controls. Toxins 2:780–792. http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​2072-6651/​2/​4/​780
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Petkova-Bocharova T, Castegnaro M, Michelon J, Maru V (1991) Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria. IARC Sci Publ 115:83–87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1820357 Petkova-Bocharova T, Castegnaro M, Michelon J, Maru V (1991) Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria. IARC Sci Publ 115:83–87. http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​1820357
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Castegnaro M, Canadas D, Vrabcheva T et al (2006) Balkan endemic nephropathy: role of ochratoxins A through biomarkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 50:519–529. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200500182/abstract Castegnaro M, Canadas D, Vrabcheva T et al (2006) Balkan endemic nephropathy: role of ochratoxins A through biomarkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 50:519–529. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​mnfr.​200500182/​abstract
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Chernozemsky IN, Stoyanov IS, Petkova-Bocharova TK et al (1977) Geographic correlation between the occurrence of endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Vratza district Bulgaria. Int J Cancer 19:1–11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.2910190102/pdf Chernozemsky IN, Stoyanov IS, Petkova-Bocharova TK et al (1977) Geographic correlation between the occurrence of endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Vratza district Bulgaria. Int J Cancer 19:1–11. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​ijc.​2910190102/​pdf
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Wafa EW, Yahya RS, Sobh MA et al (1998) Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: a preliminary study. Hum Exp Toxicol 17:124–129. http://het.sagepub.com/content/17/2/124.full.pdf+html Wafa EW, Yahya RS, Sobh MA et al (1998) Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: a preliminary study. Hum Exp Toxicol 17:124–129. http://​het.​sagepub.​com/​content/​17/​2/​124.​full.​pdf+html
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Grollman AP, Shibutani S, Moriya M et al (2007) Aristolochic acid and the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(29):12129–12134. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/29/12129.long Grollman AP, Shibutani S, Moriya M et al (2007) Aristolochic acid and the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(29):12129–12134. http://​www.​pnas.​org/​content/​104/​29/​12129.​long
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepeljnjak S, Klarić MŠ (2010) „Suspects“ in etiology of endemic nephropathy: aristolochic acid versus mycotoxins. Toxins 2:1414–1427. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/2/6/1414 Pepeljnjak S, Klarić MŠ (2010) „Suspects“ in etiology of endemic nephropathy: aristolochic acid versus mycotoxins. Toxins 2:1414–1427. http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​2072-6651/​2/​6/​1414
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Haighton LA, Lynch BS, Magnuson BA, Nestmann ER (2012) A reassessment of risk associated with dietary intake of ochratoxin A based on a lifetime exposure model. Crit Rev Toxicol 42:147–168. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdfplus/10.3109/10408444.2011.636342 Haighton LA, Lynch BS, Magnuson BA, Nestmann ER (2012) A reassessment of risk associated with dietary intake of ochratoxin A based on a lifetime exposure model. Crit Rev Toxicol 42:147–168. http://​informahealthcar​e.​com/​doi/​pdfplus/​10.​3109/​10408444.​2011.​636342
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Coronel MB, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marin S (2010) Review. Ochratoxin A: presence in human plasma and intake estimation. Food Sci Technol Int 16:5–18. http://fst.sagepub.com/content/16/1/5.long Coronel MB, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marin S (2010) Review. Ochratoxin A: presence in human plasma and intake estimation. Food Sci Technol Int 16:5–18. http://​fst.​sagepub.​com/​content/​16/​1/​5.​long
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Studer-Rohr I, Schlatter J, Dietrich DR (2000) Kinetic parameters and intraindividual fluctuations of ochratoxin A plasma levels in humans. Arch Toxicol 74:499–510. http://kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-49607/Kinetic_parameters_and_intraindividual_fluctuations_of_ochratoxin_A_plasma_levels_in_humans.pdf?sequence=1 Studer-Rohr I, Schlatter J, Dietrich DR (2000) Kinetic parameters and intraindividual fluctuations of ochratoxin A plasma levels in humans. Arch Toxicol 74:499–510. http://​kops.​ub.​uni-konstanz.​de/​bitstream/​handle/​urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-49607/Kinetic_parameters_and_intraindividual_fluctuations_of_ochratoxin_A_plasma_levels_in_humans.pdf?sequence=1
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Stojkovic R, Hult K, Gamulin S, Plestina R (1984) High affinity binding of ochratoxin A to plasma constituents. Biochem Int 9:33–38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6477636 Stojkovic R, Hult K, Gamulin S, Plestina R (1984) High affinity binding of ochratoxin A to plasma constituents. Biochem Int 9:33–38. http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​6477636
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagelberg S, Hult K, Fuchs R (1989) Toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A in several species and its plasma-binding properties. J Appl Toxicol 9:91–96. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jat.2550090204/pdf Hagelberg S, Hult K, Fuchs R (1989) Toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A in several species and its plasma-binding properties. J Appl Toxicol 9:91–96. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​jat.​2550090204/​pdf
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Ringot D, Chango A, Schneider Y, Larondelle Y (2006) Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ochratoxin A, an update. Chem Biol Interact 159:18–46. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009279705003479 Ringot D, Chango A, Schneider Y, Larondelle Y (2006) Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ochratoxin A, an update. Chem Biol Interact 159:18–46. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S000927970500347​9
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuchs R, Hult K (1992) Ochratoxin A in blood and its pharmacokinetic properties. Food Chem Toxicol 30:201–204. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027869159290034I Fuchs R, Hult K (1992) Ochratoxin A in blood and its pharmacokinetic properties. Food Chem Toxicol 30:201–204. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​027869159290034I​
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Corcuera LA, Vettorazzi A, Arbillaga L et al (2012) An approach to the toxicity and toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A after simultaneous oral administration to fasted F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 50:3440–3446. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512004620 Corcuera LA, Vettorazzi A, Arbillaga L et al (2012) An approach to the toxicity and toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A after simultaneous oral administration to fasted F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 50:3440–3446. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S027869151200462​0
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaou I, Dubois M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A et al (2005) Safety of Oxygreen®, an ozone treatment on wheat grains. Part 1. A four-week toxicity study in rats by dietary administration of treated wheat. Food Addit Contam 22:1113–1119. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02652030500307156?journalCode=tfac19#.UtP1iidsvp8 Gaou I, Dubois M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A et al (2005) Safety of Oxygreen®, an ozone treatment on wheat grains. Part 1. A four-week toxicity study in rats by dietary administration of treated wheat. Food Addit Contam 22:1113–1119. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​1080/​0265203050030715​6?​journalCode=​tfac19#.UtP1iidsvp8
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Miraglia M, Brera C, Corneli S et al (1998) Occurrence of ochratoxin A in maternal blood serum, placenta and funiculum. In: Miraglia M, Egmond HP van, Brera C, Gilbert J (Hrsg) Mycotoxins and phycotoxins: developments in chemistry, toxicology and food safety. Alaken Inc, Fort Collins, S 165–179. http://www.alaken.com/myco_phyco.html Miraglia M, Brera C, Corneli S et al (1998) Occurrence of ochratoxin A in maternal blood serum, placenta and funiculum. In: Miraglia M, Egmond HP van, Brera C, Gilbert J (Hrsg) Mycotoxins and phycotoxins: developments in chemistry, toxicology and food safety. Alaken Inc, Fort Collins, S 165–179. http://​www.​alaken.​com/​myco_​phyco.​html
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerli B, Dick R (1995) Determination of ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography with enhanced fluorescence detection and immune affinity column cleanup: methodology and Swiss data. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 666:85–99. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037843479400569Q# Zimmerli B, Dick R (1995) Determination of ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography with enhanced fluorescence detection and immune affinity column cleanup: methodology and Swiss data. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 666:85–99. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​037843479400569Q​#
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Gekle M, Sauvant C, Schwerdt G (2005) Ochratoxin A at nanomolar concentrations: a signal modulator in renal cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:118–130. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200400062/pdf Gekle M, Sauvant C, Schwerdt G (2005) Ochratoxin A at nanomolar concentrations: a signal modulator in renal cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:118–130. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​mnfr.​200400062/​pdf
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Li S, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA et al (1997) Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A and its metabolites in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 145:82–90. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X97981552 Li S, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA et al (1997) Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A and its metabolites in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 145:82–90. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S0041008X9798155​2
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu Q, Dohnal V, Huang L et al (2011) Metabolic pathways of ochratoxin A. Curr Drug Metab12:1–10. http://www.eurekaselect.com/73315/article Wu Q, Dohnal V, Huang L et al (2011) Metabolic pathways of ochratoxin A. Curr Drug Metab12:1–10. http://​www.​eurekaselect.​com/​73315/​article
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Grenier B, Applegate TJ (2013) Modulation of intestinal functions following mycotoxin ingestion: meta-analysis of published experiments in animals. Toxins 5:396–430. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/2/396 Grenier B, Applegate TJ (2013) Modulation of intestinal functions following mycotoxin ingestion: meta-analysis of published experiments in animals. Toxins 5:396–430. http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​2072-6651/​5/​2/​396
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Størmer FC, Hansen CE, Pedersen JI et al (1981) Formation of 4R- and 4S- 4-hydroxyochratoxin A from ochratoxin A by liver microsomes from various species. Appl Environ Microbiol 42:1051–1056. http://aem.asm.org/content/42/6/1051.abstract Størmer FC, Hansen CE, Pedersen JI et al (1981) Formation of 4R- and 4S- 4-hydroxyochratoxin A from ochratoxin A by liver microsomes from various species. Appl Environ Microbiol 42:1051–1056. http://​aem.​asm.​org/​content/​42/​6/​1051.​abstract
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Gautier JC, Richoz J, Welti DH et al (2001) Metabolism of ochratoxin A: absence of formation of genotoxic derivatives by human and rat enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 14:34–45. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx000070j Gautier JC, Richoz J, Welti DH et al (2001) Metabolism of ochratoxin A: absence of formation of genotoxic derivatives by human and rat enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 14:34–45. http://​pubs.​acs.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1021/​tx000070j
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Gross-Steinmeyer KG, Weymann J, Hege HG, Metzler M (2002) Metabolism and lack of DNA reactivity of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in cultured rat and human primary hepatocytes. J Agric Food Chem 50:938–945. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf0111817 Gross-Steinmeyer KG, Weymann J, Hege HG, Metzler M (2002) Metabolism and lack of DNA reactivity of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in cultured rat and human primary hepatocytes. J Agric Food Chem 50:938–945. http://​pubs.​acs.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1021/​jf0111817
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinelli E, Adlouni CE, Pipy B et al (1999) Roles of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenases in ochratoxin A genotoxicity in human epithelial lung cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 7:95–107. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668999000083 Pinelli E, Adlouni CE, Pipy B et al (1999) Roles of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenases in ochratoxin A genotoxicity in human epithelial lung cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 7:95–107. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S138266899900008​3
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Mally A, Dekant W (2009) Mycotoxins and the kidney: modes of action for renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A in rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:467–478. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200800149/abstract;jsessionid=A8835A4A189F4BF3EE03655233CC8B42.f01t01 Mally A, Dekant W (2009) Mycotoxins and the kidney: modes of action for renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A in rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:467–478. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​mnfr.​200800149/​abstract;jsessionid=A8835A4A189F4BF3EE03655233CC8B42.f01t01
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Mally A (2012) Ochratoxin A and mitotic disruption: mode of action analysis of renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A. Toxicol Sci127:315–330. http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/127/2/315.full Mally A (2012) Ochratoxin A and mitotic disruption: mode of action analysis of renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A. Toxicol Sci127:315–330. http://​toxsci.​oxfordjournals.​org/​content/​127/​2/​315.​full
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Mally A, Pepe G, Ravoori S et al (2005) Ochratoxin A causes DNA damage and cytogenetic effects but no DNA adducts in rats. Chem Res Toxicol18:1253–1261. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx049650x Mally A, Pepe G, Ravoori S et al (2005) Ochratoxin A causes DNA damage and cytogenetic effects but no DNA adducts in rats. Chem Res Toxicol18:1253–1261. http://​pubs.​acs.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1021/​tx049650x
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamp HG, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C et al (2005) Ochratoxin A induces oxidative DNA damage in liver and kidney after oral dosing to rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:1160–1167. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200500124/pdf Kamp HG, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C et al (2005) Ochratoxin A induces oxidative DNA damage in liver and kidney after oral dosing to rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:1160–1167. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​mnfr.​200500124/​pdf
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott PM (2005) Biomarkers of human exposure to ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam 22(s1):99–107. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02652030500410315 Scott PM (2005) Biomarkers of human exposure to ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam 22(s1):99–107. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​pdf/​10.​1080/​0265203050041031​5
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Duarte SC, Pena A, Lino CM (2011) Human ochratoxin A biomarkers – from exposure to effect. Crit Rev Toxicol 41:187–212. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2010.529103 Duarte SC, Pena A, Lino CM (2011) Human ochratoxin A biomarkers – from exposure to effect. Crit Rev Toxicol 41:187–212. http://​informahealthcar​e.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​3109/​10408444.​2010.​529103
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Coronel MB, Marin S, Tarragó M et al (2011) Ochratoxin A and its metabolite ochratoxin alpha in urine and assessment of the exposure of inhabitants of Lleida. Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 49:1436–1442. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511001220 Coronel MB, Marin S, Tarragó M et al (2011) Ochratoxin A and its metabolite ochratoxin alpha in urine and assessment of the exposure of inhabitants of Lleida. Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 49:1436–1442. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S027869151100122​0
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A, Olsen M, Oskarsson A et al (1993) Ochratoxin A in cow’s milk and in human milk with corresponding human blood samples. J AOAC Int 76:842–846. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8374329 Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A, Olsen M, Oskarsson A et al (1993) Ochratoxin A in cow’s milk and in human milk with corresponding human blood samples. J AOAC Int 76:842–846. http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​8374329
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Munoz K, Wollin K-M, Kalhoff H, Degen GH (2013) Zum Vorkommen des Mykotoxins Ochratoxin A in Muttermilchproben aus Deutschland. Gesundheitswesen 75:194–191. https://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0033-1341442 Munoz K, Wollin K-M, Kalhoff H, Degen GH (2013) Zum Vorkommen des Mykotoxins Ochratoxin A in Muttermilchproben aus Deutschland. Gesundheitswesen 75:194–191. https://​www.​thieme-connect.​com/​ejournals/​html/​10.​1055/​s-0033-1341442
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaszkewicz M, Baumhoer G, Butte W (2010) Ochratoxin A. In: Angerer J, Hartwig A (Hrsg) Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe. Analysen in biologischem Material. 19. Lieferung. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527600418.bi30347d0019/pdf Blaszkewicz M, Baumhoer G, Butte W (2010) Ochratoxin A. In: Angerer J, Hartwig A (Hrsg) Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe. Analysen in biologischem Material. 19. Lieferung. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1002/​3527600418.​bi30347d0019/​pdf
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Meulenberg EP (2012) Immunochemical methods for ochratoxin A detection: a review. Toxins 4:244–266. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/4/244 Meulenberg EP (2012) Immunochemical methods for ochratoxin A detection: a review. Toxins 4:244–266. http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​2072-6651/​4/​4/​244
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Märtlbauer E, Usleber E, Dietrich R, Schneider E (2009) Ochratoxin A in human blood serum – retrospective long-term data. Mycotoxin Res 25:175–186. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12550-009-0025-z Märtlbauer E, Usleber E, Dietrich R, Schneider E (2009) Ochratoxin A in human blood serum – retrospective long-term data. Mycotoxin Res 25:175–186. http://​link.​springer.​com/​article/​10.​1007%2Fs12550-009-0025-z
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Köller G, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Lehmann I et al (2004) Determination of ochratoxin A in small volumes of human blood serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 804:313–317. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570023204000649 Köller G, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Lehmann I et al (2004) Determination of ochratoxin A in small volumes of human blood serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 804:313–317. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S157002320400064​9
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Erkekoğlu P, Sabuncuoğlu S, Aydin S et al (2010) Determination of seasonal variations in serum ochratoxin A levels in healthy population living in some regions of Turkey by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Toxicon 55:507–513. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010109004760 Erkekoğlu P, Sabuncuoğlu S, Aydin S et al (2010) Determination of seasonal variations in serum ochratoxin A levels in healthy population living in some regions of Turkey by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Toxicon 55:507–513. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S004101010900476​0
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruprich J, Ostrý V (1993) Health risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A to humans: Czech Republic – Brno – 1991/92. Cent Eur J Public Health 1:86–93. http://apps.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/1993-2-05.pdf Ruprich J, Ostrý V (1993) Health risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A to humans: Czech Republic – Brno – 1991/92. Cent Eur J Public Health 1:86–93. http://​apps.​szu.​cz/​svi/​cejph/​archiv/​1993-2-05.​pdf
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Märtlbauer E, Usleber E, Straka M (1996) Ochratoxin A im Serum eines Lehrstuhlkollektivs: 1990–1995. Proceedings, 18. Mykotoxin Workshop, 10–12 June 1996, Kulmbach, Germany: 97–101. http://d-nb.info/953992012/04 Märtlbauer E, Usleber E, Straka M (1996) Ochratoxin A im Serum eines Lehrstuhlkollektivs: 1990–1995. Proceedings, 18. Mykotoxin Workshop, 10–12 June 1996, Kulmbach, Germany: 97–101. http://​d-nb.​info/​953992012/​04
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert J, Brereton P, MacDonald S (2001) Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples. Food Addit Contam 18(12):1088–1093. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02652030110070030?journalCode=tfac19#.UtP3bSdsvp8 Gilbert J, Brereton P, MacDonald S (2001) Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples. Food Addit Contam 18(12):1088–1093. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​1080/​0265203011007003​0?​journalCode=​tfac19#.UtP3bSdsvp8
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Palli D, Miraglia M, Saieva C et al (1999) Serum Levels of ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: correlation with individual characteristics and between repeat measurements. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:265–269. http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/8/3/265.full Palli D, Miraglia M, Saieva C et al (1999) Serum Levels of ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: correlation with individual characteristics and between repeat measurements. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:265–269. http://​cebp.​aacrjournals.​org/​content/​8/​3/​265.​full
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Breitholtz A, Olsen M, Dahlback A, Hult K (1991) Plasma ochratoxin A levels in three Swedish populations surveyed using an ion-pair HPLC technique. Food Addit Contam 8:183–192. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02652039109373968?journalCode=tfac19#.UtAJZSdsvp8 Breitholtz A, Olsen M, Dahlback A, Hult K (1991) Plasma ochratoxin A levels in three Swedish populations surveyed using an ion-pair HPLC technique. Food Addit Contam 8:183–192. http://​www.​tandfonline.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​1080/​0265203910937396​8?​journalCode=​tfac19#.UtAJZSdsvp8
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Peraica M, Domijan AM (2001) Mycotoxins in food and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 52:23–35PubMed Peraica M, Domijan AM (2001) Mycotoxins in food and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 52:23–35PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Gareis M, Rosner H, Ehrhardt S (2000) Blood serum levels of ochratoxin A and nutrition habits. Arch Lebensmittelhygiene 51:108–110. http://www.zbmed.de/ccmedimages/2000/11897.pdf Gareis M, Rosner H, Ehrhardt S (2000) Blood serum levels of ochratoxin A and nutrition habits. Arch Lebensmittelhygiene 51:108–110. http://​www.​zbmed.​de/​ccmedimages/​2000/​11897.​pdf
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosner H, Rohrmann B, Peiker G (2000) Ochratoxin A in human serum. Arch Lebensmittelhygiene 51(4–5):104–107. http://www.zbmed.de/ccmedimages/2000/11897.pdf Rosner H, Rohrmann B, Peiker G (2000) Ochratoxin A in human serum. Arch Lebensmittelhygiene 51(4–5):104–107. http://​www.​zbmed.​de/​ccmedimages/​2000/​11897.​pdf
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Miraglia M, Brera C, Colatosti M (1996) Application of biomarkers to assessment of risk to human health from exposure to mycotoxins. Microchem J 54:472–477. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X96901241 Miraglia M, Brera C, Colatosti M (1996) Application of biomarkers to assessment of risk to human health from exposure to mycotoxins. Microchem J 54:472–477. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S0026265X9690124​1
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Studer-Rohr I (1995) Ochratoxin A in humans: exposure, kinetics and risk assessment. Dissertation ETH Zürich (DissETHNo. 11071). doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001455649. Available via ETH Institutional Repository. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:22417, http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:22417/eth-22417-02.pdf Studer-Rohr I (1995) Ochratoxin A in humans: exposure, kinetics and risk assessment. Dissertation ETH Zürich (DissETHNo. 11071). doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001455649. Available via ETH Institutional Repository. http://​e-collection.​ethbib.​ethz.​ch/​view/​eth:22417, http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:22417/eth-22417-02.pdf
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Thuvander A, Paulsen JE, Axberg K et al (2001) Levels of ochratoxin A in blood from Norwegian and Swedish blood donors and their possible correlation with food consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 39:1145–1151. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691501000801 Thuvander A, Paulsen JE, Axberg K et al (2001) Levels of ochratoxin A in blood from Norwegian and Swedish blood donors and their possible correlation with food consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 39:1145–1151. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S027869150100080​1
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Munoz K, Vega M, Rios G et al (2006) Preliminary study of ochratoxin A in human plasma in agricultural zones of Chile and its relation to food consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 44:1884–1889. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869150600158X Munoz K, Vega M, Rios G et al (2006) Preliminary study of ochratoxin A in human plasma in agricultural zones of Chile and its relation to food consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 44:1884–1889. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S027869150600158​X
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Coronel MB, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marin S (2009) Assessment of the exposure to ochratoxin A in the province of Lleida, Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 47:2847–2852. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869150900413X Coronel MB, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marin S (2009) Assessment of the exposure to ochratoxin A in the province of Lleida, Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 47:2847–2852. http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S027869150900413​X
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes (1996) Konzept der Referenz und Human-Biomonitoring-Werte (HBM) in der Umweltmedizin. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 39(6):221–224 Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes (1996) Konzept der Referenz und Human-Biomonitoring-Werte (HBM) in der Umweltmedizin. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 39(6):221–224
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes (2009) Addendum zum Konzept der Referenz- und Human-Biomonitoring-Werte (HBM) in der Umweltmedizin. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 52(8): 874–877. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/pdfs/addendum_ref_werte_2009.pdf Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes (2009) Addendum zum Konzept der Referenz- und Human-Biomonitoring-Werte (HBM) in der Umweltmedizin. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 52(8): 874–877. https://​www.​umweltbundesamt.​de/​sites/​default/​files/​medien/​pdfs/​addendum_​ref_​werte_​2009.​pdf
Metadaten
Titel
Stoffmonographie Ochratoxin A
Stellungnahme der Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes
verfasst von
-
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz / Ausgabe 4/2014
Print ISSN: 1436-9990
Elektronische ISSN: 1437-1588
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-014-1939-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2014

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 4/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Allgemeinmedizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Facharzt-Training Allgemeinmedizin

Die ideale Vorbereitung zur anstehenden Prüfung mit den ersten 24 von 100 klinischen Fallbeispielen verschiedener Themenfelder

Mehr erfahren

Strenge Blutdruckeinstellung lohnt auch im Alter noch

30.04.2024 Arterielle Hypertonie Nachrichten

Ältere Frauen, die von chronischen Erkrankungen weitgehend verschont sind, haben offenbar die besten Chancen, ihren 90. Geburtstag zu erleben, wenn ihr systolischer Blutdruck < 130 mmHg liegt. Das scheint selbst für 80-Jährige noch zu gelten.

Dihydropyridin-Kalziumantagonisten können auf die Nieren gehen

30.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Im Vergleich zu anderen Blutdrucksenkern sind Kalziumantagonisten vom Diyhdropyridin-Typ mit einem erhöhten Risiko für eine Mikroalbuminurie und in Abwesenheit eines RAS-Blockers auch für ein terminales Nierenversagen verbunden.

Frauen bekommen seltener eine intensive Statintherapie

30.04.2024 Statine Nachrichten

Frauen in den Niederlanden erhalten bei vergleichbarem kardiovaskulärem Risiko seltener eine intensive Statintherapie als Männer. Ihre LDL-Zielwerte erreichen sie aber fast ähnlich oft.

Reizdarmsyndrom: Diäten wirksamer als Medikamente

29.04.2024 Reizdarmsyndrom Nachrichten

Bei Reizdarmsyndrom scheinen Diäten, wie etwa die FODMAP-arme oder die kohlenhydratreduzierte Ernährung, effektiver als eine medikamentöse Therapie zu sein. Das hat eine Studie aus Schweden ergeben, die die drei Therapieoptionen im direkten Vergleich analysierte.

Update Allgemeinmedizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.