Background
Methods
Stepping robot
Experimental procedure
Image acquisition
Data analysis
Motor performance
Analysis of imaging data
Indices of reliability
Results
Region of interest | Area |
---|---|
M1 | BA 4a and 4b |
S1 | BA 1, 2, 3a & 3b |
S2 | OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4 |
SMA | SMA from AAL atlas |
Cerebellum | Lobules I to X (Hemispheres and Vermis) |
Mean (SD) | min | max | |
---|---|---|---|
Δt [days] | 43 (2) | 42 | 48 |
Age [years] | 25 (1.9) | 22 | 27 |
Body height [m] | 171.4 (5.8) | 165 | 181 |
Body weight [kg] | 70.3 (8.5) | 56.1 | 81.6 |
WHQ | 15.25 (1.09) | 13 | 16 |
WFQ | 11 (6) | 1 | 19 |
Motor performance
Metric | t1
| t2
|
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive | Knee amplitude [m] | 0.15 (0) | 0.14 (0) | 0.747 |
Stepping frequency [Hz] | 0.51 (0) | 0.51 (0) | 0.408 | |
Foot force [N] | 47.41 (8.53) | 46.29 (4.81) | 0.558 | |
Active40 | Knee amplitude [m] | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.02) | 0.074 |
Stepping frequency [Hz] | 0.52 (0.02) | 0.53 (0.02) | 0.416 | |
Foot force [N] | 246.20 (24.25) | 231.23 (22.86) |
0.021
|
Functional brain activation during stepping at t1 and t2
Left hemisphere | Right hemisphere | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Area | T | kE
| x | y | z | Region | Area | T | kE
| x | y | z | ||
Passive | t1 | S2 | OP1 | 18.395 | 448 | −52 | −30 | 18 | Supramarginal Gyrus | 14.071 | 406 | 50 | −32 | 34 | |
Precuneus | 17.097 | 1142 | −14 | −46 | 56 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
Vermis | I-IV | 10.553 | 164 | −2 | −52 | −6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Middle Cingulate Gyrus | CMA | 7.835 | 44 | −8 | −12 | 46 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
- | - | - | - | - | - | Lingual Gyrus | 9.831 | 147 | 2 | −82 | −10 | ||||
t2 | Vermis | I-II | 12.676 | 126 | −6 | −48 | −28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
- | - | - | - | - | - | Paracentral Lobule | 12.053 | 2103 | 8 | −38 | 60 | ||||
S2 | OP1 | 10.189 | 127 | −46 | −30 | 18 | Supramarginal Gyrus | 8.769 | 221 | 56 | −30 | 28 | |||
Cerebellum | I-IV | 7.832 | 62 | −22 | −32 | −30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Active40 | t1 | SMA | BA6 | 14.444 | 1139 | −6 | −16 | 66 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Posterior Vermis | VIIIa | 10.826 | 92 | −2 | −76 | −42 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
- | - | - | - | - | - | Insula | 8.888 | 91 | 50 | 10 | 0 | ||||
Anterior Cerebellum | I-IV | 10.814 | 50 | −24 | −32 | −36 | Anterior Cerebellum | I-IV | 14.652 | 300 | 16 | −38 | −26 | ||
S2 | OP1 | 9.815 | 258 | −60 | −22 | 14 | S2 | OP1 | 7.091 | 175 | 44 | −30 | 20 | ||
t2 | M1 | BA4 | 30.251 | 2474 | −14 | −40 | 58 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Thalamus | lateral posterior nucleus | 17.106 | 325 | −18 | −22 | 10 | Thalamus | ventral posterior lateral nucleus | 8.593 | 124 | 22 | −22 | 2 | ||
S2 | OP1 | 11.93 | 225 | −40 | −26 | 16 | Supramarginal Gyrus | 14.584 | 237 | 62 | −18 | 28 | |||
Vermis | VIIIb | 11.194 | 87 | −2 | −64 | −40 | Vermis | I-IV | 11.474 | 325 | 2 | −44 | −20 | ||
Insula | 9.284 | 52 | −36 | 4 | 16 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Repeatability of fMRI measurements
Roverlap
| ICC | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cerebellum | M1 | S1 | S2 | SMA | Cerebellum | M1 | S1 | S2 | SMA | ||
Passive | Single | 0.17 (0–0.38) | 0.67 (0.16–0.9) | 0.43 (0–0.68) | 0.51 (0.06–0.86) | 0.57 (0–0.8) | 0.45 (0.24–0.69) | 0.88 (0.7–0.93) | 0.73 (0.61–0.83) | 0.75 (0.56–0.87) | 0.77 (0.43–0.9) |
Group | 0.32 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.72 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.5 | |
Active40 | Single | 0.44 (0.16–0.6) | 0.69 (0.23–0.92) | 0.39 (0.04–0.55) | 0.5 (0.1–0.73) | 0.64 (0.25–0.84) | 0.7 (0.53–0.77) | 0.84 (0.61–0.91) | 0.7 (0.57–0.83) | 0.74 (0.6–0.86) | 0.83 (0.68–0.91) |
Group | 0.62 | 0.4 | 0.23 | 0.52 | 0.2 | 0.85 | 0.8 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.77 |