Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Herz 4/2014

01.06.2014 | Schwerpunkt

Therapie der Synkope

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. D. Andresen

Erschienen in: Herz | Ausgabe 4/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die therapeutischen Maßnahmen bei Synkopen orientieren sich an deren pathophysiologischen Entstehungsmechanismen. Bei der Reflexsynkope steht die Aufklärung des Patienten über das Erkennen prämonitorischer Warnsymptome ebenso in Vordergrund wie das Vermeiden von auslösenden Faktoren. Eine Betablockermedikation gilt heute als obsolet. Die Schrittmachertherapie ist nur bei eindeutiger Dokumentation spontaner Asystolien zum Zeitpunkt der Synkopen (EKG-Symptom-Korrelation) gerechtfertigt. Bei Patienten mit orthostatischer Hypotension sind Allgemeinmaßnahmen wie ausreichende Flüssigkeitszufuhr, aber auch Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung eines verzögerten venösen Rückflusses (z. B. elastische Strümpfe) erfolgreich. Vor allem bei älteren Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie kann eine Veränderung der Blutdruckmedikation entscheidend für den therapeutischen Erfolg sein. Die Therapie bradykarder und tachykarder Rhythmusstörungen als Ursache für Synkopen besteht in einer Schrittmacher- bzw. ICD-Implantation. So einfach und wirkungsvoll diese Maßnahmen sind, so schwierig ist es im Einzelfall, den „klinischen Beleg“ dafür zu geben, dass eine Rhythmusstörung tatsächlich die Ursache für die Synkopen ist. Die Möglichkeit mit neuen miniaturisierten injizierbaren EKG-Rekordern eine solche Kausalität herbeizuführen, ist für die therapeutische Entscheidungsfindung im klinischen Alltag von unschätzbarem Wert. Die Grenze dieser Vorgehensweise wird allerdings gerade beim Verdacht auf lebensbedrohliche Rhythmusstörungen offensichtlich, denn der einzige Unterschied zwischen einer Synkope und dem plötzlich Herztod ist, dass man in dem einen Fall wieder aufwacht.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Flevari P, Livanis EG, Theodorakis GN et al (2002) Vasovagal syncope: a prospective, randomized, crossover evaluation of the effect of propranolol, nadolol and placebo on syncope recurrence and patients‘ well-being. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:499–504 PubMedCrossRef Flevari P, Livanis EG, Theodorakis GN et al (2002) Vasovagal syncope: a prospective, randomized, crossover evaluation of the effect of propranolol, nadolol and placebo on syncope recurrence and patients‘ well-being. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:499–504 PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheldon R, Connolly S, Rose S et al (2006) Prevention of Syncope Trial (POST): a randomized, placebo-controlled study of metoprolol in the prevention of vasovagal syncope. Circulation 113:1164–1170 PubMedCrossRef Sheldon R, Connolly S, Rose S et al (2006) Prevention of Syncope Trial (POST): a randomized, placebo-controlled study of metoprolol in the prevention of vasovagal syncope. Circulation 113:1164–1170 PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox MM, Perlman B, Mayor MR et al (1995) Acute and long-term ß-adrenergic blockade for patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1293–1298 PubMedCrossRef Cox MM, Perlman B, Mayor MR et al (1995) Acute and long-term ß-adrenergic blockade for patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1293–1298 PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Hjorth S (1992) Penbutolol as a blocker of central 5HT1A receptor-mediated responses. Eur J Pharmacol 222:121–127 PubMedCrossRef Hjorth S (1992) Penbutolol as a blocker of central 5HT1A receptor-mediated responses. Eur J Pharmacol 222:121–127 PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Raviele A, Brignole M, Sutton R et al (1999) Effect of etilefrine in preventing syncopal recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study. Circulation 99:1452–1457 PubMedCrossRef Raviele A, Brignole M, Sutton R et al (1999) Effect of etilefrine in preventing syncopal recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study. Circulation 99:1452–1457 PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Samniah N, Sakaguchi S, Lurie KG et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of midodrine hydrochloride in patients with refractory vasovagal syncope. Am J Cardiol 88:80–83 CrossRef Samniah N, Sakaguchi S, Lurie KG et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of midodrine hydrochloride in patients with refractory vasovagal syncope. Am J Cardiol 88:80–83 CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Perez-Lugones A, Schweikert R, Pavia S et al (2001) Usefulness of midodrine in patients with severely symptomatic neurocardiogenic syncope: a randomized control study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12:935–938 PubMedCrossRef Perez-Lugones A, Schweikert R, Pavia S et al (2001) Usefulness of midodrine in patients with severely symptomatic neurocardiogenic syncope: a randomized control study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12:935–938 PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward CR, Gray JC, Gilroy JJ, Kenny RA (1998) Midodrine: a role in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope. Heart 79:45–49 PubMedCentralPubMed Ward CR, Gray JC, Gilroy JJ, Kenny RA (1998) Midodrine: a role in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope. Heart 79:45–49 PubMedCentralPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton R, Brignole M, Menozzi C et al (2000) Dualchamber pacing in the treatment of neurally mediated tilt-positive cardioinhibitory syncope: pacemaker versus no therapy: a multicenter randomized study. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study (VASIS) Investigators. Circulation 102:294–299 PubMedCrossRef Sutton R, Brignole M, Menozzi C et al (2000) Dualchamber pacing in the treatment of neurally mediated tilt-positive cardioinhibitory syncope: pacemaker versus no therapy: a multicenter randomized study. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study (VASIS) Investigators. Circulation 102:294–299 PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Santini M (2001) Permanent cardiac pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 104:52–57 PubMedCrossRef Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Santini M (2001) Permanent cardiac pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 104:52–57 PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, Gent M (1999) The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:16–20 PubMedCrossRef Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, Gent M (1999) The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:16–20 PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Thorpe KE et al (2003) Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope: Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II): a randomized trial. JAMA 289:2224–2229 PubMedCrossRef Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Thorpe KE et al (2003) Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope: Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II): a randomized trial. JAMA 289:2224–2229 PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Raviele A, Giada F, Menozzi C et al (2004) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of permanent cardiac pacing for the treatment of recurrent tilt-induced vasovagal syncope. The vasovagal syncope and pacing trial (SYNPACE). Eur Heart J 25:1741–1748 PubMedCrossRef Raviele A, Giada F, Menozzi C et al (2004) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of permanent cardiac pacing for the treatment of recurrent tilt-induced vasovagal syncope. The vasovagal syncope and pacing trial (SYNPACE). Eur Heart J 25:1741–1748 PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Moya A et al (2001) Mechanism of syncope in patients with isolated syncope and in patients with tilt-positive syncope. Circulation 104:1261–1267 PubMedCrossRef Moya A et al (2001) Mechanism of syncope in patients with isolated syncope and in patients with tilt-positive syncope. Circulation 104:1261–1267 PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C et al (2006) Early application of an implantable loop recorder allows effective specific therapy in patients with recurrent suspected neurally mediated syncope. Eur Heart J 27:1085–1092 PubMedCrossRef Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C et al (2006) Early application of an implantable loop recorder allows effective specific therapy in patients with recurrent suspected neurally mediated syncope. Eur Heart J 27:1085–1092 PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A et al (2012) Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole: Third International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE-3): a randomized trial. Circulation 125:2566–2571 PubMedCrossRef Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A et al (2012) Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole: Third International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE-3): a randomized trial. Circulation 125:2566–2571 PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Dijk N van, Quartieri F, Blanc JJ et al (2006) Effectiveness of physical counterpressure maneuvers in preventing vasovagal syncope: the Physical Counterpressure Manoeuvres Trial (PC-Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1652–1657 PubMedCrossRef Dijk N van, Quartieri F, Blanc JJ et al (2006) Effectiveness of physical counterpressure maneuvers in preventing vasovagal syncope: the Physical Counterpressure Manoeuvres Trial (PC-Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1652–1657 PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Wieling W, Lieshout JJ van, Leeuwen AM van (1993) Physical manoeuvres that reduce postural hypotension in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 3:57–66 PubMedCrossRef Wieling W, Lieshout JJ van, Leeuwen AM van (1993) Physical manoeuvres that reduce postural hypotension in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 3:57–66 PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Jankovic J, Gilden JL, Hiner BC et al (1993) Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine. Am J Med 95:38–48 PubMedCrossRef Jankovic J, Gilden JL, Hiner BC et al (1993) Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine. Am J Med 95:38–48 PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R et al (1997) Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. A randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Midodrine Study Group. JAMA 277:1046–1051 PubMedCrossRef Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R et al (1997) Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. A randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Midodrine Study Group. JAMA 277:1046–1051 PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Finke J, Sagemüller I (1975) Fludrocortisone in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension: ophthalmodynamography during standing. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 100:1790–1792 PubMedCrossRef Finke J, Sagemüller I (1975) Fludrocortisone in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension: ophthalmodynamography during standing. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 100:1790–1792 PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G et al (2013) 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Eur Heart J 34:2281–2329 PubMedCrossRef Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G et al (2013) 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Eur Heart J 34:2281–2329 PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope; European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA); Heart Failure Association (HFA); Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Moya A, Sutton R et al (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 30:2631–2671 CrossRef Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope; European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA); Heart Failure Association (HFA); Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Moya A, Sutton R et al (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 30:2631–2671 CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Edhag O (1969) Long-term cardiac pacing. Experience of fixed-rate pacing with an endocardial electrode in 260 patients. Acta Med Scand Suppl 502:9–110 PubMed Edhag O (1969) Long-term cardiac pacing. Experience of fixed-rate pacing with an endocardial electrode in 260 patients. Acta Med Scand Suppl 502:9–110 PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Edhag O, Swahn A (1976) Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers. A long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. Acta Med Scand 200:457–463 PubMedCrossRef Edhag O, Swahn A (1976) Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers. A long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. Acta Med Scand 200:457–463 PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedberg CK, Donoso E, Stein WG (1964) Nonsurgical acquired heart block. Ann N Y Acad Sci 111:835–847 PubMedCrossRef Friedberg CK, Donoso E, Stein WG (1964) Nonsurgical acquired heart block. Ann N Y Acad Sci 111:835–847 PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson BW (1966) Complete heart block. A clinical, hemodynamic and pharmacological study in patients with and without an artificial pacemaker. Acta Med Scand Suppl 451:1–127 PubMedCrossRef Johansson BW (1966) Complete heart block. A clinical, hemodynamic and pharmacological study in patients with and without an artificial pacemaker. Acta Med Scand Suppl 451:1–127 PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T (1995) Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study. Circulation 92:442–449 PubMedCrossRef Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T (1995) Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study. Circulation 92:442–449 PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Therapie der Synkope
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. D. Andresen
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2014
Verlag
Urban & Vogel
Erschienen in
Herz / Ausgabe 4/2014
Print ISSN: 0340-9937
Elektronische ISSN: 1615-6692
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-014-4096-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2014

Herz 4/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Aktuelle Kardiologie

Aktuelle Kardiologie

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.