Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology 9/2011

01.09.2011 | Review

Two-photon in vivo imaging of cells

verfasst von: Daniel J. Christensen, Maiken Nedergaard

Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology | Ausgabe 9/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

In vivo imaging of cells gives a glimpse into the world of biology in a natural setting unparalleled by any other venue. Two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled cells has become the standard to obtain high-resolution, dynamic images of living specimens with great specificity. This review focuses on providing the reader with a short history of, and impetus behind, two-photon imaging, its working mechanics, and emerging technologies related to biological multiphoton imaging.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer C (1914) Notes on the early history of microscopy. Proc Soc Med 7(2):247–179 Singer C (1914) Notes on the early history of microscopy. Proc Soc Med 7(2):247–179
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor DL, Waggoner AS , Murphy RF, Lanni F, Birge RR (1986) Applications of fluorescence in the biomedical sciences. Wiley, New York Taylor DL, Waggoner AS , Murphy RF, Lanni F, Birge RR (1986) Applications of fluorescence in the biomedical sciences. Wiley, New York
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Okabe M, Ikawa M, Kominami K, Nakanishi T, Nishimune Y (1997) ‘Green mice’ as a source of ubiquitous green cells. FEBS Lett 407:313–319CrossRefPubMed Okabe M, Ikawa M, Kominami K, Nakanishi T, Nishimune Y (1997) ‘Green mice’ as a source of ubiquitous green cells. FEBS Lett 407:313–319CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson T, Sheppard C (1984) Theory and practice of scanning optical microscopy. Academic Press, New York Wilson T, Sheppard C (1984) Theory and practice of scanning optical microscopy. Academic Press, New York
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbe E (1904) Abhandlungen über die Theorie des Mikroskops. Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena Abbe E (1904) Abhandlungen über die Theorie des Mikroskops. Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Pawley J (1995) Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Pawley J (1995) Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Sali A, Glaeser R, Earnest T, Baumeister W (2003) From words to literature in structural proteomics. Nature 422:216–225CrossRefPubMed Sali A, Glaeser R, Earnest T, Baumeister W (2003) From words to literature in structural proteomics. Nature 422:216–225CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bozzola J, Russell L (1998) Electron microscopy, 2nd edn. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Boston Bozzola J, Russell L (1998) Electron microscopy, 2nd edn. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Boston
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Stelzer EHK (1998) Contrast, resolution, pixelation, dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio: fundamental limits to resolution in fluorescence light microscopy. J Microsc 189:15–24CrossRef Stelzer EHK (1998) Contrast, resolution, pixelation, dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio: fundamental limits to resolution in fluorescence light microscopy. J Microsc 189:15–24CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandison DR, Piston DW, Williams RM, Webb WW (1995) Quantitative comparison of background rejection, signal-to-noise ratio, and resolution in confocal and full-field laser scanning microscopes. Appl Opt 34:3576–3588CrossRefPubMed Sandison DR, Piston DW, Williams RM, Webb WW (1995) Quantitative comparison of background rejection, signal-to-noise ratio, and resolution in confocal and full-field laser scanning microscopes. Appl Opt 34:3576–3588CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheong WF, Prahl SA, Welch AJ (1990) A review of the optical properties of biological tissues. IEEE J Quantum Electron 26:2166–2185CrossRef Cheong WF, Prahl SA, Welch AJ (1990) A review of the optical properties of biological tissues. IEEE J Quantum Electron 26:2166–2185CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Stephens D, Allan V (2003) Light microscopy techniques for live cell imaging. Science 300:82–87CrossRefPubMed Stephens D, Allan V (2003) Light microscopy techniques for live cell imaging. Science 300:82–87CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Axelrod D (1981) Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence. J Cell Biol 89:141–145CrossRefPubMed Axelrod D (1981) Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence. J Cell Biol 89:141–145CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Chudakov DM, Matz MV, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA (2010) Fluorescent proteins and their applications in imaging living cells and tissues. Physiol Rev 90:1103–1163CrossRefPubMed Chudakov DM, Matz MV, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA (2010) Fluorescent proteins and their applications in imaging living cells and tissues. Physiol Rev 90:1103–1163CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H (2007) Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(1):17–25CrossRefPubMed Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H (2007) Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(1):17–25CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakowicz J (1999) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 607–621CrossRef Lakowicz J (1999) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 607–621CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Minsky M (1957) Microscopy apparatus. United States Patent # 3013467 Minsky M (1957) Microscopy apparatus. United States Patent # 3013467
19.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Callamaras N, Parker I (1999) Construction of a confocal microscope for real-time x-y and x-z imaging. Cell Calcium 26:271–279CrossRefPubMed Callamaras N, Parker I (1999) Construction of a confocal microscope for real-time x-y and x-z imaging. Cell Calcium 26:271–279CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Paddock S (2000) Principles and practices of laser scanning confocal microscopy. Mol Biotechnol 16:127–149CrossRefPubMed Paddock S (2000) Principles and practices of laser scanning confocal microscopy. Mol Biotechnol 16:127–149CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Xi P, Rajwa B, Jones JT, Robinson JP (2007) The design and construction of a cost-efficient confocal laser scanning microscope. Am J Phys 75:203–207CrossRef Xi P, Rajwa B, Jones JT, Robinson JP (2007) The design and construction of a cost-efficient confocal laser scanning microscope. Am J Phys 75:203–207CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Webb RH (1996) Confocal optical microscopy. Rep Prog Phys 59:427–471CrossRef Webb RH (1996) Confocal optical microscopy. Rep Prog Phys 59:427–471CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Göeppert-Mayer M (1931) Über elementarakte mit zwei quantensprüngen. Ann Phys 401:273–294CrossRef Göeppert-Mayer M (1931) Über elementarakte mit zwei quantensprüngen. Ann Phys 401:273–294CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Denk W, Strickler JH, Webb WW (1990) Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science 248:73–76CrossRefPubMed Denk W, Strickler JH, Webb WW (1990) Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science 248:73–76CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Albota M, Beljonne D, Brédas JL, Ehrlich JE, Fu JY, Heikal AA, Hess SE, Kogej T, Levin MD, Marder SR, McCord-Maughon D, Perry JW, Röckel H, Rumi M, Subramaniam G, Webb WW, Wu XL, Xu C (1998) Design of organic molecules with large two-photon absorption cross sections. Science 281:1653–1656CrossRefPubMed Albota M, Beljonne D, Brédas JL, Ehrlich JE, Fu JY, Heikal AA, Hess SE, Kogej T, Levin MD, Marder SR, McCord-Maughon D, Perry JW, Röckel H, Rumi M, Subramaniam G, Webb WW, Wu XL, Xu C (1998) Design of organic molecules with large two-photon absorption cross sections. Science 281:1653–1656CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Svoboda K (1994) Biological applications of optical forces. Ann Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 23:247–285CrossRef Svoboda K (1994) Biological applications of optical forces. Ann Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 23:247–285CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Squirrell J, Wokosin DL, White JG, Bavister BD (1999) Long-term two-photon fluorescence imaging of mammalian embryos without compromising viability. Nat Biotechnol 17:763–767CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Squirrell J, Wokosin DL, White JG, Bavister BD (1999) Long-term two-photon fluorescence imaging of mammalian embryos without compromising viability. Nat Biotechnol 17:763–767CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu C, Zipfel W, Shear JB, Williams RM, Webb WW (1996) Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: new spectral windows for biological nonlinear microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10763–10768CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Xu C, Zipfel W, Shear JB, Williams RM, Webb WW (1996) Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: new spectral windows for biological nonlinear microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10763–10768CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Pawley J (ed) (2005) Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Pawley J (ed) (2005) Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hell S, Lindek S, Ernst EHK (1994) Enhancing the axial resolution in far-field light microscopy: two-photon 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscopy. J Mod Opt 41(4):675–681CrossRef Hell S, Lindek S, Ernst EHK (1994) Enhancing the axial resolution in far-field light microscopy: two-photon 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscopy. J Mod Opt 41(4):675–681CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Centonze V, White JG (1998) Multiphoton excitation provides optical sections from deeper within scattering specimens than confocal imaging. Biophys J 75:2015–2024CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Centonze V, White JG (1998) Multiphoton excitation provides optical sections from deeper within scattering specimens than confocal imaging. Biophys J 75:2015–2024CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Diaspro A, Robello M (2000) Two-photon excitation of fluorescence for three-dimensional optical imaging of biological structures. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 55:1–8CrossRef Diaspro A, Robello M (2000) Two-photon excitation of fluorescence for three-dimensional optical imaging of biological structures. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 55:1–8CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox G, Sheppard CJ (2004) Practical limits of resolution in confocal and non-linear microscopy. Micros Res Tech 63:18–22CrossRef Cox G, Sheppard CJ (2004) Practical limits of resolution in confocal and non-linear microscopy. Micros Res Tech 63:18–22CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips CL, Arend LJ, Filson AJ, Kojetin DJ, Clendenon JL, Fang S, Dunn KW (2001) Three-dimensional imaging of embryonic mouse kidney by two-photon microscopy. Am J Pathol 158:49–55CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Phillips CL, Arend LJ, Filson AJ, Kojetin DJ, Clendenon JL, Fang S, Dunn KW (2001) Three-dimensional imaging of embryonic mouse kidney by two-photon microscopy. Am J Pathol 158:49–55CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Masters BR, So PTC (1999) Multi-photon excitation microscopy and confocal microscopy imaging of in vivo human skin: a comparison. Microsc Microanal 5:282–289CrossRefPubMed Masters BR, So PTC (1999) Multi-photon excitation microscopy and confocal microscopy imaging of in vivo human skin: a comparison. Microsc Microanal 5:282–289CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Denk W, Svoboda K (1997) Photon upmanship: why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick. Neuron 18:351–357CrossRefPubMed Denk W, Svoboda K (1997) Photon upmanship: why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick. Neuron 18:351–357CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Soeller C, Cannell MB (1996) Construction of a two-photon microscope and optimization of illumination pulse duration. Pflügers Archiv Eur J Physiol 432:555–561CrossRef Soeller C, Cannell MB (1996) Construction of a two-photon microscope and optimization of illumination pulse duration. Pflügers Archiv Eur J Physiol 432:555–561CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Müller M, Schmidt J, Mironov SL, Richter DW (2003) Construction and performance of a custom-built two-photon laser scanning system. J Phys D Appl Phys 36:1747–1757CrossRef Müller M, Schmidt J, Mironov SL, Richter DW (2003) Construction and performance of a custom-built two-photon laser scanning system. J Phys D Appl Phys 36:1747–1757CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Majewska A, Yiu G, Yuste R (2000) A custom-made two-photon microscope and deconvolution system. Pflügers Archiv Eur J Physiol 441:398–408CrossRef Majewska A, Yiu G, Yuste R (2000) A custom-made two-photon microscope and deconvolution system. Pflügers Archiv Eur J Physiol 441:398–408CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan P, Llano I, Hopt A, Wurriehausen F, Neher E (1999) Fast scanning and efficient photo detection in a simple two-photon microscope. J Neurosci Meth 92:123–135CrossRef Tan P, Llano I, Hopt A, Wurriehausen F, Neher E (1999) Fast scanning and efficient photo detection in a simple two-photon microscope. J Neurosci Meth 92:123–135CrossRef
44.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Villringer A, Them A, Lindauer I, Einhaupl K, Dirnagl U (1994) Capillary perfusion of the rat brain cortex. An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Circ Res 75:55–62CrossRefPubMed Villringer A, Them A, Lindauer I, Einhaupl K, Dirnagl U (1994) Capillary perfusion of the rat brain cortex. An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Circ Res 75:55–62CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishimura N, Schaffer CB, Friedman B, Lyden PD, Kleinfeld D (2006) Penetrating arterioles are a bottleneck in the perfusion of neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:365–370CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nishimura N, Schaffer CB, Friedman B, Lyden PD, Kleinfeld D (2006) Penetrating arterioles are a bottleneck in the perfusion of neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:365–370CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Iyer V, Hoogland TM, Saggau P (2006) Fast functional imaging of single neurons using random-access multiphoton (RAMP) microscopy. J Neurophysiol 95:535–545CrossRefPubMed Iyer V, Hoogland TM, Saggau P (2006) Fast functional imaging of single neurons using random-access multiphoton (RAMP) microscopy. J Neurophysiol 95:535–545CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Grewe B, Langer D, Kasper H, Kampa BM, Helmchen F (2010) High-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network activity with near-millisecond precision. Nat Methods 7:399–405CrossRefPubMed Grewe B, Langer D, Kasper H, Kampa BM, Helmchen F (2010) High-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network activity with near-millisecond precision. Nat Methods 7:399–405CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Murali S, Thompson KP, Rolland JP (2009) Three-dimensional adaptive microscopy using embedded liquid lens. Opt Lett 34:145–147CrossRefPubMed Murali S, Thompson KP, Rolland JP (2009) Three-dimensional adaptive microscopy using embedded liquid lens. Opt Lett 34:145–147CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Mondal PP, Vicidomini G, Diaspro A (2008) Image reconstruction for multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Appl Phys Lett 92:103902CrossRef Mondal PP, Vicidomini G, Diaspro A (2008) Image reconstruction for multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Appl Phys Lett 92:103902CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Mondal PP, Diaspro A (2008) Lateral resolution improvement in two-photon excitation microscopy by aperture engineering. Opt Commun 281:1855–1859CrossRef Mondal PP, Diaspro A (2008) Lateral resolution improvement in two-photon excitation microscopy by aperture engineering. Opt Commun 281:1855–1859CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hell S, Wichmann J (1994) Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt Lett 19:780–782CrossRefPubMed Hell S, Wichmann J (1994) Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt Lett 19:780–782CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Harke B, Keller J, Ullal CK, Westphal V, Schönle A, Hell SW (2008) Resolution scaling in STED microscopy. Opt Express 16:4154–4162CrossRefPubMed Harke B, Keller J, Ullal CK, Westphal V, Schönle A, Hell SW (2008) Resolution scaling in STED microscopy. Opt Express 16:4154–4162CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding JB, Takasaki KT, Sabatini BL (2009) Supra resolution imaging in brain slices using stimulated-emission depletion two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Neuron 63:429–437CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ding JB, Takasaki KT, Sabatini BL (2009) Supra resolution imaging in brain slices using stimulated-emission depletion two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Neuron 63:429–437CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Celso CL, Fleming HE, Wu JW, Zhao CX, Miake-Lye S, Fujisaki J, Côté D, Rowe DW, Lin CP, Scadden DT (2009) Live-animal tracking of individual haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in their niche. Nature 457:92–97CrossRefPubMed Celso CL, Fleming HE, Wu JW, Zhao CX, Miake-Lye S, Fujisaki J, Côté D, Rowe DW, Lin CP, Scadden DT (2009) Live-animal tracking of individual haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in their niche. Nature 457:92–97CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Li D, Zheng W, Zeng Y, Qu JY (2010) In vivo and simultaneous multimodal imaging: integrated multiplex coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering and two-photon microscopy. App Phys Lett 97:223702CrossRef Li D, Zheng W, Zeng Y, Qu JY (2010) In vivo and simultaneous multimodal imaging: integrated multiplex coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering and two-photon microscopy. App Phys Lett 97:223702CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Helmchen F, Fee MS, Tank DW, Denk W (2001) A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. Neuron 31:903–912CrossRefPubMed Helmchen F, Fee MS, Tank DW, Denk W (2001) A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. Neuron 31:903–912CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Dombeck DA, Khabbaz AN, Collman F, Adelman TL, Tank DW (2007) Imaging large-scale neural activity with cellular resolution in awake, mobile mice. Neuron 56:43–57CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dombeck DA, Khabbaz AN, Collman F, Adelman TL, Tank DW (2007) Imaging large-scale neural activity with cellular resolution in awake, mobile mice. Neuron 56:43–57CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Flushberg BA, Jung JC, Cocker ED, Anderson EP, Schnitzer MJ (2005) In vivo brain imaging using a portable 3.9 gram two-photon fluorescence microendoscope. Opt Lett 30:2272–2274CrossRef Flushberg BA, Jung JC, Cocker ED, Anderson EP, Schnitzer MJ (2005) In vivo brain imaging using a portable 3.9 gram two-photon fluorescence microendoscope. Opt Lett 30:2272–2274CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Balu M, Baldacchini T, Carter J, Krasieva TB, Zadoyan R, Tromberg BJ (2009) Effect of excitation wavelength on penetration depth in nonlinear optical microscopy of turbid media. J Biomed Opt 14:010508CrossRefPubMed Balu M, Baldacchini T, Carter J, Krasieva TB, Zadoyan R, Tromberg BJ (2009) Effect of excitation wavelength on penetration depth in nonlinear optical microscopy of turbid media. J Biomed Opt 14:010508CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobat D, Durst M, Nishimura N, Wong A, Schaffer C, Xu C (2009) Deep tissue multiphoton microscopy using longer wavelength excitation. Opt Express 17:13354–13364CrossRefPubMed Kobat D, Durst M, Nishimura N, Wong A, Schaffer C, Xu C (2009) Deep tissue multiphoton microscopy using longer wavelength excitation. Opt Express 17:13354–13364CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Durr N, Larson T, Smith DK, Korgel BA, Sokolov K, Ben-Yakar A (2007) Two-photon luminescence imaging of cancer cells using molecularly targeted gold nanorods. Nano Lett 7:941–945CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Durr N, Larson T, Smith DK, Korgel BA, Sokolov K, Ben-Yakar A (2007) Two-photon luminescence imaging of cancer cells using molecularly targeted gold nanorods. Nano Lett 7:941–945CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Svoboda K, Yasuda R (2006) Principles of two-photon excitation microscopy and its applications to neuroscience. Neuron 50:823–839CrossRefPubMed Svoboda K, Yasuda R (2006) Principles of two-photon excitation microscopy and its applications to neuroscience. Neuron 50:823–839CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Mank M, Santos AF, Direnberger S, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Hofer SB, Stein V, Hendel T, Reiff DF, Levelt C, Borst A, Bonhoeffer T, Hübener M, Griesbeck O (2008) A genetically encoded calcium indicator for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging. Nat Methods 5:805–811CrossRefPubMed Mank M, Santos AF, Direnberger S, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Hofer SB, Stein V, Hendel T, Reiff DF, Levelt C, Borst A, Bonhoeffer T, Hübener M, Griesbeck O (2008) A genetically encoded calcium indicator for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging. Nat Methods 5:805–811CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Fritze O, Schleicher M, König K, Schenke-Layland K, Stock U, Harasztosi C (2010) Facilitated noninvasive visualization of collagen and elastin in blood vessels. Tissue Eng C Meth 16(4):705–710CrossRef Fritze O, Schleicher M, König K, Schenke-Layland K, Stock U, Harasztosi C (2010) Facilitated noninvasive visualization of collagen and elastin in blood vessels. Tissue Eng C Meth 16(4):705–710CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang BG, König K, Halbhuber KJ (2009) Two-photon microscopy of deep intravital tissues and its merits in clinical research. J Microsc 238:1–20CrossRef Wang BG, König K, Halbhuber KJ (2009) Two-photon microscopy of deep intravital tissues and its merits in clinical research. J Microsc 238:1–20CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn KW, Sandoval RM, Kelly KJ, Dagher PC, Tanner GA, Atkinson SJ, Bacallao RL, Molitoris BA (2002) Functional studies of the kidney of living animals using multicolor two-photon microscopy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283:C905–C916CrossRefPubMed Dunn KW, Sandoval RM, Kelly KJ, Dagher PC, Tanner GA, Atkinson SJ, Bacallao RL, Molitoris BA (2002) Functional studies of the kidney of living animals using multicolor two-photon microscopy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283:C905–C916CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM (2005) Intravital multiphoton microscopy of dynamic renal processes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288:F1084–F1089CrossRefPubMed Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM (2005) Intravital multiphoton microscopy of dynamic renal processes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288:F1084–F1089CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM (2010) Multiphoton imaging techniques in acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol 165:46–53CrossRefPubMed Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM (2010) Multiphoton imaging techniques in acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol 165:46–53CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Russo LM, Sandoval RM, McKee M, Osicka TM, Collins AB, Brown D, Molitoris BA, Comper WD (2007) The normal kidney filters nephritic levels of albumin retrieved by proximal tubule cells: Retrieval is disrupted in nephritic states. Kidney Int 71:504–513CrossRefPubMed Russo LM, Sandoval RM, McKee M, Osicka TM, Collins AB, Brown D, Molitoris BA, Comper WD (2007) The normal kidney filters nephritic levels of albumin retrieved by proximal tubule cells: Retrieval is disrupted in nephritic states. Kidney Int 71:504–513CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Peti-Peterdi J, Toma I, Sipos A, Vargas SL (2009) Multiphoton imaging of renal regulatory mechanisms. Physiology 24:88–96CrossRefPubMed Peti-Peterdi J, Toma I, Sipos A, Vargas SL (2009) Multiphoton imaging of renal regulatory mechanisms. Physiology 24:88–96CrossRefPubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Harzic R, Riemann I, Weinigel M, König K, Messerschmidt B (2009) Rigid and high-numerical-aperture two-photon fluorescence endoscope. Appl Opt 48:3396–3400CrossRefPubMed Harzic R, Riemann I, Weinigel M, König K, Messerschmidt B (2009) Rigid and high-numerical-aperture two-photon fluorescence endoscope. Appl Opt 48:3396–3400CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown EB, Shear JB, Adams SR, Tsien RY, Webb WW (1999) Photolysis of caged calcium in femtoliter volumes using two-photon excitation. Biophys J 76:489–499CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brown EB, Shear JB, Adams SR, Tsien RY, Webb WW (1999) Photolysis of caged calcium in femtoliter volumes using two-photon excitation. Biophys J 76:489–499CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulligan SJ, MacVicar B A, Méndez-Vilas A , Díaz J (2007) Two-photon fluorescence microscopy: basic principles, advantages and risks. Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy. Formatex Mulligan SJ, MacVicar B A, Méndez-Vilas A , Díaz J (2007) Two-photon fluorescence microscopy: basic principles, advantages and risks. Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy. Formatex
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Zipfel W, Williams RM, Webb WW (2003) Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences. Nat Biotechnol 21:1369–1377CrossRefPubMed Zipfel W, Williams RM, Webb WW (2003) Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences. Nat Biotechnol 21:1369–1377CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Helmchen F, Waters J (2002) Ca2+ imaging in the mammalian brain in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 447:119–129CrossRefPubMed Helmchen F, Waters J (2002) Ca2+ imaging in the mammalian brain in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 447:119–129CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Nimmerjahn A, Theer P, Helmchen F (2008) In: Greenbaum E, Braun M, Gilch P, Zinth W (eds) Two-photon laser scanning microscopy in ultrashort laser pulses in biology and medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 29–51 Nimmerjahn A, Theer P, Helmchen F (2008) In: Greenbaum E, Braun M, Gilch P, Zinth W (eds) Two-photon laser scanning microscopy in ultrashort laser pulses in biology and medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 29–51
78.
Metadaten
Titel
Two-photon in vivo imaging of cells
verfasst von
Daniel J. Christensen
Maiken Nedergaard
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Pediatric Nephrology / Ausgabe 9/2011
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1818-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2011

Pediatric Nephrology 9/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Program

Program

Kinder mit anhaltender Sinusitis profitieren häufig von Antibiotika

30.04.2024 Rhinitis und Sinusitis Nachrichten

Persistieren Sinusitisbeschwerden bei Kindern länger als zehn Tage, ist eine Antibiotikatherapie häufig gut wirksam: Ein Therapieversagen ist damit zu über 40% seltener zu beobachten als unter Placebo.

Neuer Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern am Wochenende eher übersehen

23.04.2024 Typ-1-Diabetes Nachrichten

Wenn Kinder an Werktagen zum Arzt gehen, werden neu auftretender Typ-1-Diabetes und diabetische Ketoazidosen häufiger erkannt als bei Arztbesuchen an Wochenenden oder Feiertagen.

Neue Studienergebnisse zur Myopiekontrolle mit Atropin

22.04.2024 Fehlsichtigkeit Nachrichten

Augentropfen mit niedrig dosiertem Atropin können helfen, das Fortschreiten einer Kurzsichtigkeit bei Kindern zumindest zu verlangsamen, wie die Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Studie mit verschiedenen Dosierungen zeigen.

Spinale Muskelatrophie: Neugeborenen-Screening lohnt sich

18.04.2024 Spinale Muskelatrophien Nachrichten

Seit 2021 ist die Untersuchung auf spinale Muskelatrophie Teil des Neugeborenen-Screenings in Deutschland. Eine Studie liefert weitere Evidenz für den Nutzen der Maßnahme.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.