The urine biomarkers tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) have been validated for predicting and stratifying AKI. In this study, we analyzed the utility of these biomarkers for distinguishing between transient and persistent AKI in the early phase of septic shock.
Methods
We performed a prospective, multicenter study in 11 French ICUs. Patients presenting septic shock, with the development of AKI within the first 6 h, were included. Urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was determined at inclusion (0 h), 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. AKI was considered transient if it resolved within 3 days. Discriminative power was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
Results
We included 184 patients, within a median [IQR] time of 1.0 [0.0–3.0] h after norepinephrine (NE) initiation; 100 (54%) patients presented transient and 84 (46%) presented persistent AKI. Median [IQR] baseline urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was higher in the persistent AKI group (2.21 [0.81–4.90] (ng/ml)2/1000) than in the transient AKI group (0.75 [0.20–2.12] (ng/ml)2/1000; p < 0.001). Baseline urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was poorly discriminant, with an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.67 [0.59–0.73]. The clinical prediction model combining baseline serum creatinine concentration, baseline urine output, baseline NE dose, and baseline extrarenal SOFA performed well for the prediction of persistent AKI, with an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.81 [0.74–0.86]. The addition of urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] to this model did not improve the predictive performance.
Conclusions
Urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] measurements in the early phase of septic shock discriminate poorly between transient and persistent AKI and do not improve clinical prediction over that achieved with the usual variables.
Following publication of the original article, the authors reported an error in Table 2. The revised Table 2 has been implemented in the original article.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
AKI
Acute kidney injury
AUROC
Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve
CI
Confidence interval
CCL14
C-C motif chemokine ligand 14
eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
ICU
Intensive care unit
IGFBP7
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7
IQR
Interquartile range
KDIGO
Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes
MBIA
Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis
MDRD
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
SAPS II
Simplified Acute Physiology Score
SCr
Serum creatinine
SOFA
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
RRT
Renal replacement therapy
TIMP-2
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2
Background
Sepsis is the most common factor contributing to acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients, accounting for up to 40% of cases [1, 2]. A recent study estimated that 68% of patients with sepsis had AKI at admission, with 40% presenting severe AKI and 27% subsequently undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT) during intensive care unit (ICU) stay [3]. The development of AKI is associated with higher mortality and longer hospital stays.
Distinguishing between transient and persistent AKI is a key goal in clinical practice, as the early recognition of transient AKI allows a conservative strategy with respect to RRT initiation, whereas the early recognition of persistent AKI can help to guide fluid management, preventing deleterious fluid overload [4, 5]. The classical distinction between prerenal (functional) and structural AKI is of little relevance in critically ill patients [6], particularly in those with sepsis-associated AKI, which is more closely related to renal microcirculatory dysfunction than to a decrease in global renal blood flow [7, 8]. Most recent studies assessing the ability of urine biochemistry and derived indices to discriminate between transient and persistent AKI in critically ill patients have reported conflicting findings and relatively limited performances incompatible with use in clinical practice [9‐15].
Anzeige
The product of the urinary concentrations of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) has been validated for use in the early identification of sepsis-associated AKI and for risk stratification in this context [16‐18]. However, only two small studies have assessed the ability of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] to predict renal recovery in critically ill patients [19, 20]. It remains to be determined whether these biomarkers can discriminate effectively between transient and persistent sepsis-associated AKI.
The objective of this study was to determine whether [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] could distinguish between transient and persistent AKI in the early phase of septic shock. The secondary objective was to evaluate the potential usefulness of these biomarkers in combination with routinely available clinical data.
Methods
Patients and setting
This prospective study was conducted in 11 medical and multisystem ICUs between September 2015 and April 2017. The study protocol was approved by the North-West II Institutional Review Board (CPP Nord Ouest II, 2015-A01392-47). The next of kin of the patients were informed and gave consent for the patient’s participation in the study.
Adult patients admitted for septic shock according to the Third International Consensus Criteria [21] and presenting AKI within 6 h of the introduction of vasopressors and a bladder catheter were included in this study. The exclusion criteria were AKI requiring immediate RRT according to the attending physician, anuria, severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) (defined as a glomerular filtration rate < 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2), obstructive AKI, pregnancy, cardiocirculatory arrest, life expectancy < 48 h, Child C cirrhosis, prior AKI during the current hospital stay, kidney transplantation, and being a ward of court or under legal guardianship or having no social security cover.
Anzeige
Study endpoint
The main objective of this study was to determine whether urine TIMP-2-IGFBP7 concentrations can be used to distinguish between transient and persistent AKI in the early phase of septic shock.
Study procedure
All patients were treated according to the 2016 Surviving Sepsis campaign guidelines, including the following, within the first few hours: broad-spectrum antibiotics; infection source control, including surgical procedures if necessary; initial fluid resuscitation with 30 ml/kg crystalloids; and checking of fluid responsiveness over the next few days to prevent fluid overload.
H0 (baseline) was defined by the inclusion time and corresponded to the time at which the first urine sample was collected. Fresh urine samples were collected via a bladder catheter at inclusion (H0) and then 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after inclusion. The urine was centrifuged, and the supernatant was frozen at − 80 °C until analysis. The urine samples were analyzed blindly to clinical or biological data. We calculated [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] with a 100-μl sample of thawed urine and the NephroCheck® Test (Astute Medical Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The concentrations of the two biomarkers were multiplied, and the result was divided by 1000, to yield a risk value ranging from 0.02–135 (ng/ml)2/1000. The inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) provided by the manufacturer were between 8.1 and 11.4% for TIMP-2 and between 6.6 and 7.9% for IGFBP7. The intra-assay CVs were between 8.0 and 10.7% for TIMP-2 and 6.3 and 7.7% for IGFBP7.
The historical baseline serum creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation were determined from available laboratory test results from the previous 12 months. Otherwise, a back-estimation of the serum creatinine concentration (sCr) was obtained with the MDRD equation, imputing an eGFR of 75 ml/min per 1.73 m2 [22, 23]. Urine output was collected via the bladder catheter, and baseline urine output was determined over the first 6 h of observation. The SCr was measured at least twice during the first 24 h and once daily thereafter. The kinetic eGFR was estimated from the change in SCr between inclusion and 24 h, with the creatinine clearance equation formulated by Chen et al. [19, 24]. The kinetic eGFR was not calculated for patients undergoing RRT at 24 h. Fluid overload was defined as a cumulative fluid balance exceeding 10% of body weight at admission [25].
AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) classification as an increase in SCr of at least 26.5 μmol/l or to 1.5 times at baseline, or a urine volume < 0.5 ml/kg/h for 6 h. AKI severity was determined separately and was classified as mild (stage 1), moderate (stage 2), or severe (stage 3), based on the changes in creatinine concentration or urine output according to the KDIGO guidelines at inclusion, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. AKI was considered transient if kidney function was recovered within 3 days [26]. Recovery from AKI was defined as the disappearance of oliguria (in the absence of diuretic treatment) and/or a decrease in serum creatinine concentration of at least 50% and/or a return of serum creatinine concentration to the baseline value in the absence of RRT. For patients with both oliguria and SCr changes defining AKI, the correction of both plasma creatinine concentration and oliguria was for recovery to be considered to have occurred [9, 11]. Persistent AKI was defined as kidney dysfunction without recovery within 3 days or by the time of death, whichever occurred first.
Data collection
Demographic data, such as age and sex, were recorded, together with body weight and any history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or chronic kidney disease. The origin of the sepsis was noted. During patient management, we noted whether patients had undergone imaging examinations with contrast agent injection (CT scan, coronary angiography), fluid therapy received within the first 48 h, vasopressor dose, the need for RRT, and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score assessed on admission to the ICU. The paraclinical data recorded included arterial lactate, blood urea nitrogen, and SCr levels. Mortality data were also recorded.
Statistical analysis
Qualitative variables are expressed as the median [interquartile range (IQR)], and categorical variables are expressed as the frequency in absolute numbers (n) and as a percentage (%). Intergroup comparisons were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, or the chi-squared test, as appropriate. Discriminative power was evaluated in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was recorded, together with its 95% confidence interval (CI). As recommended by Swets, an AUROC of 0.60–0.69 was defined as poor, 0.70–0.79 as fair, 0.80–0.89 as good, and 0.90–1.00 as excellent, in terms of predictive value [27, 28]. AUROCs were compared in DeLong’s test. We used the Youden index to determine the optimal cutoff for calculations of specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive performances. The Brier score was also calculated for each predictive parameter and model. Multivariable analysis was performed with a logistic regression model. We considered p < 0.05 to indicate statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed with the MedCalc® software (version 17.9.7, MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium).
Results
Population characteristics
We screened 345 patients screened during the study period, 184 (166 (90%) at the five principal centers) of whom were included a median [IQR] of 1.0 [0.0–3.0] h after the initiation of norepinephrine treatment (Fig. 1). According to the definitions above, 84 (46%) patients had persistent AKI and 100 (54%) had transient AKI. The main characteristics of the study population are described in Table 1.
ICU intensive care unit, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
*Excluding patients on renal replacement therapy at 24 h
×
Anzeige
Demographic data and the source of infection were similar between the groups. Patients with persistent AKI had higher illness severity scores, such as median [IQR] SOFA score at inclusion (11 [9–13] vs. 9 [8–11], p < 0.001) and median [IQR] SAPS II (61 [50–75] vs. 50 [39–60], p < 0.001). At inclusion, 94 (51%) patients presented mild AKI, 55 (30%) presented moderate AKI, and 35 (19%) presented severe AKI. Those with persistent AKI presented more severe acute kidney injury than those with transient AKI, as reflected in their higher median [IQR] serum creatinine level (183 [120–239] vs. 133 [107–178] μmol/l, p = 0.002) and lower median [IQR] urine output (0.31 [0.13–0.62] vs. 0.83 [0.52–1.65] ml/kg/h, p < 0.001) at inclusion. The dose of norepinephrine administered during the first 24 h was higher in the persistent AKI group than in the transient AKI group. The volume of fluid infused at 24 h was similar between the groups, but the fluid balance was higher in the persistent AKI group.
Follow-up at 72 h
Patients presenting mild AKI at inclusion were more likely to display a complete recovery from AKI (65%) than patients with moderate (40%) or severe AKI (31%) (Fig. 2a). Twenty-eight (33%) patients in the persistent AKI group and only two patients in the transient AKI group received RRT (p < 0.001). Twenty-one (25%) patients in the persistent AKI group and only two (2%) in the transient AKI group died within the first 72 h (p < 0.001). Sixty-nine (55%) patients presented fluid overload within 72 h, including 32 with a urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] value H0 > 2.0. Twenty-six (81%) of these 32 patients presented persistent AKI, and 20 (62%) patients died within the first 72 h. The course of the disease over the first 72 h is presented for the transient and persistent AKI groups in Fig. 2b.
Fig. 2
a Change in AKI severity over the first 72 h. The vertical bar indicates the AKI stage at inclusion according to the KDIGO classification. Horizontal bars indicate changes in the AKI stage over 72 h according to the AKI stage at inclusion. b Change in AKI severity and mortality in the transient and persistent AKI groups, over the first 72 h. The bars indicate the AKI stage and the proportion of patients dead at inclusion, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of follow-up
×
Ability of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] to predict persistent AKI
Urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was significantly higher in the persistent AKI group than in the transient AKI group at H0, H6, H12, and H24 (Fig. 3). Urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] values tended to decrease within the first 12 h in both groups, but this trend was more marked during the first 6 h in the transient AKI group. At later time points (H12 to H24), TIMP-2*IGFBP7 tended to remain stable in both groups (Table 2).
Fig. 3
Box plots of the baseline, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] values. Log-transformed data area shown. The boxes and whiskers correspond to interquartile ranges and total ranges, respectively. Each dot represents an individual value. Urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was significantly higher in patients with persistent AKI than in those with transient AKI. At baseline (n = 184), median [IQR] value of 2.21 [0.81–4.90] vs. 0.75 [0.20–2.12] (ng/ml)2/1000 (p < 0.001); at 6 h (n = 172), median [IQR] value of 2.02 [0.54–5.43] vs. 0.37 [0.13–1.38] (ng/ml)2/1000 (p < 0.001); at 12 h (n = 165), median [IQR] value of 1.19 [0.30–3.8] vs. 0.33 [0.13–0.78] (ng/ml)2/1000 (p < 0.001); and at 24 h (n = 156), median [IQR] value of 0.69 [0.26–2.36] vs. 0.32 [0.12–0.86] (ng/ml)2/1000 (< 0.001). TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2; IGFBP-7, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; AKI, acute kidney injury; IQR, interquartile range
Table 2
Variation of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at different time points
Parameters
Sample (n)
Total cohort
Transient AKI
Persistent AKI
p value
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 0 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
184
1.26 [0.26–4.00]
0.75 [0.20–2.12]
2.21 [0.81–4.90]
< 0.001
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 6 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
172
0.71 [0.22–2.86]
0.37 [0.13–1.38]
2.02 [0.54–5.43]
< 0.001
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 12 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
165
0.50 [0.19–1.59]
0.33 [0.13–0.78]
1.19 [0.30–3.8]
< 0.001
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 24 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
156
0.46 [0.16–1.18]
0.32 [0.12–0.86]
0.69 [0.26–2.36]
< 0.001
∆[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] 0 to 6 h (%)
172
− 20.0 [− 76.4–74.7]
11.3 [− 48.6–111.1]
− 36.5 [− 79.4–49.7]
0.04
∆[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] 0 to 12 h (%)
165
− 39.1 [− 77.2–56.4]
− 19.0 [− 70.6–100.4]
− 50.0 [− 84.0–50.0]
0.13
∆[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] 12 to 24 h (%)
156
0.0 [− 77.3–56.4]
3.7 [− 76.0–48.7]
0.0 [− 66.7–51.5]
0.99
Median and interquartile range
×
Baseline [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was poorly discriminant, with an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.67 [0.59–0.73]. The highest Youden index was obtained for a baseline [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] level above 1.03 (ng/ml)2/1000, with a sensitivity of 74% [63–83] and a specificity of 59% [48–68]. The best discriminant performance of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was achieved at 6 h (172 samples available), with an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.73 [0.66–0.80]. A [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] level above 2.3 (ng/ml)2/1000 at 6 h predicted persistent AKI with a sensitivity of 48% [63–83] but a specificity of 88% [79–93] (Table 3). However, with an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.78 [0.71–0.83], baseline urine output performed as well as [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 6 h (p = 0.4) and better than baseline [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] (p = 0.02). A baseline urine output below 0.40 ml/kg/h was predictive of persistent AKI with a sensitivity of 62% [51–72] and a specificity of 88% [80–94]. The change in [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] between H0 and H6 (Δ0–6 h) or between H0 and H12 (Δ0–12 h) was not useful for predicting persistent AKI (Table 3).
Table 3
Performance of AKI markers for predicting persistent AKI
Parameters
Sample (n)
AUROC [95% CI]
Cutoff value
Younden index
Sensitivity [95% CI]
Specificity [95% CI]
PPV [95% CI]
NPV [95% CI]
Brier score#
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 0 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
184
0.67 [0.59–0.73]
> 1.03
0.33
74 [63–83]
59 [48–68]
59 [53–66]
73 [65–80]
0.23
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 6 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
172
0.73 [0.66–0.80]
> 2.3
0.36
48 [36–60]
88 [79–93]
75 [63–84]
68 [63–73]
0.21
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 12 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
165
0.70 [0.63–0.77]
> 1.1
0.39
56 [44–68]
83 [74–90]
71 [60–80]
72 [65–77]
0.21
[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] at 24 h ([ng/ml]2/1000)
156
0.68 [0.60–0.75]
> 0.43
0.27
67 [54–78]
60 [49–70]
54 [46–61]
72 [64–79]
0.21
∆[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] 0 to 6 h (%)
172
0.59 [0.51–0.67]
> − 55.6
0.22
78 [67–87]
44 [34–54]
51 [42–61]
72 [59–83]
0.24
∆[TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] 0 to 12 h (%)
165
0.57 [0.49–0.65]
> − 67.1
0.16
74 [62–84]
42 [32–53]
49 [39–58]
68 [55–80]
0.24
Baseline urine output (ml/kg/h)
184
0.78 [0.71–0.83]
< 0.40
0.50
62 [51–72]
88 [80–94]
81 [71–88]
73 [67–78]
0.21
Urine output 6 to 12 h (ml/kg/h)
184
0.74 [0.67–0.80]
< 0.46
0.46
58 [47–69]
88 [80–93]
80 [69–87]
72 [66–77]
0.21
Urine output 12 to 24 h (ml/kg/h)
184
0.75 [0.68–.081]
< 0.47
0.42
54 [43–65]
88 [80–94]
79 [66–70]
61 [61–78]
0.22
SCr concentration at baseline (μmol/l)
184
0.63 [0.56–0.70]
> 179
0.29
52 [41–63]
77 [67–85]
66 [53–77]
65 [56–74]
0.24
SCr concentration at 24 h* (μmol/l)
160
0.84 [0.77–0.89]
> 139
0.60
79 [67–88]
81 [71–88]
75 [63–84]
84 [75–91]
0.16
Kinetic eGFR* (ml/min per 1.73 m2)
160
0.86 [0.80–0.91]
< 51
0.59
79 [67–88]
80 [71–88]
74 [63–84]
84 [75–91]
0.15
AUROC area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, IGFBP-7 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, SCr serum creatinine, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, PPV positive predictive value, NPV negative predictive value
*Excluding patients undergoing renal replacement therapy at 24 h
#The maximum value expected is 0.25 given the prevalence of persistent AKI in the cohort (46%)
Anzeige
The discriminative performance of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was also assessed in the subgroup of 90 patients presenting moderate to severe AKI at inclusion, considering persistent AKI as a KDIGO stage ≥ 2 at 72 h. The performance of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] remained similarly limited in this subgroup of patient (Supplemental Table 1).
Combination of [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] with clinical data for the early prediction of persistent AKI
Clinical variables routinely available at a very early stage of care (in the first 6 h) for which significant differences were detected in the univariate analysis (baseline urine output, SOFA without a renal component, serum creatinine concentration, and dose of norepinephrine at inclusion) were combined in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, for the prediction of persistent AKI. The clinical prediction model had a good performance for predicting persistent AKI, with an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.81 [0.74–0.86] increasing to 0.86 [0.77–0.92] in the subgroup of patients presenting moderate to severe AKI at inclusion (Table 4). When combined with these parameters, baseline [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was not independently associated with persistent AKI at 72 h and did not improve the performance of the clinical model for predicting persistent AKI.
Table 4
Logistic regression models for the early prediction of persistent AKI
Variable included
Clinical model
Model 2
Odds ratio [95% CI]
p value
Odds ratio [95% CI]
p value
Total cohort (n = 184)
Baseline SOFA without renal component
1.16 [1.01–1.33]
0.02
1.16 [1.01–1.32]
0.03
Baseline urine output (ml/kg/h)
0.28 [0.16–0.49]
< 0.001
0.32 [0.19–0.56]
< 0.001
Baseline SCr concentration* (μmol/l)
1.30 [1.08–1.56]
0.005
1.30 [1.08–1.56]
0.006
Baseline [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7]
1.04 [0.98–1.11]
0.2
Norepinephrine dose at inclusion (μg/kg/min)
2.75 [1.22–6.20]
0.01
2.67 [1.19–6.03]
0.02
AUROC
0.81 [0.74–0.86]
0.81 [0.74–0.86]
Brier score#
0.18
0.17
Moderate to severe AKI (n = 90)
Baseline SOFA without renal component
1.37 [1.09–1.73]
0.008
1.39 [1.09–1.76]
0.007
Baseline urine output (ml/kg/h)
0.18 [0.07–0.46]
< 0.001
0.19 [0.07–0.49]
< 0.001
Baseline SCr concentration* (μmol/l)
1.22 [0.95–1.58]
0.1
1.23 [0.95–1.59]
0.1
Baseline [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7]
1.01 [0.95–1.08]
0.7
Norepinephrine dose at inclusion (μg/kg/min)
4.55 [1.12–18.45]
0.03
4.32 [1.07–17.46]
0.04
AUROC
0.86 [0.77–0.92]
0.86 [0.77–0.92]
Brier score#
0.19
0.19
Data are presented as odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]. The population is divided into two groups according to AKI severity at inclusion
TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, IGFBP-7 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SCr serum creatinine
*For each 50 μmol/l increase
#The maximum value expected is 0.25, given the prevalence of persistent AKI in the cohort (46%)
Discussion
The urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] values recorded in the early phase of septic shock were significantly higher in patients presenting persistent AKI than in those with transient AKI. However, given the wide overlap between the groups, these biomarkers discriminated poorly between the groups based on recovery from AKI and did not improve the prediction provided by the usual clinical variables. These results do not support the use of this marker to differentiate between transient and persistent AKI in the early phase of septic shock.
Both TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 are expressed in tubular cells exposed to cellular stress or injury, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest, presumably to prevent potentially damaged cells from dividing [29]. Previous studies reported that urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] could be used for early diagnosis and risk prediction in sepsis-associated AKI. In a subgroup analysis of the Sapphire and Topaz studies [29, 30], urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] had an AUROC of 0.84 [0.73–0.92] for predicting moderate-to-severe AKI in a population of 232 septic patients [16]. More recently, in a population of 112 patients presenting with septic shock and mild-to-moderate AKI, we showed that, with an AUROC of 0.83 [0.75–0.90], urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] could be used to identify the subgroup of patients likely to display progression to severe AKI over the next 24 h [18].
Anzeige
Transient and persistent sepsis-associated AKI may have pathophysiological mechanisms in common [31], and it has been suggested that the reversibility of AKI is more related to the severity of kidney damage than to its mechanisms [32]. Urinary TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 concentrations are considered to be markers of kidney damage. We therefore hypothesized that urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] might be correlated with the duration of AKI. However, consistent with the findings of previous studies, our results do not support this hypothesis. Dewitte et al. assessed the performance of the urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] value obtained at ICU admission for predicting short-term recovery from AKI in a cohort of 56 unselected critically patients. Urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] had a fair performance, with an AUROC of 0.71 [0.57 to 0.82] [19]. In another single-center cohort of 41 patients, Daubin et al. showed that neither absolute values nor changes in [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] distinguished efficiently between transient and persistent AKI [20]. Contrary to our results, Daubin et al. found that median urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] was higher in the transient AKI group than in the persistent AKI group (0.87 vs. 0.13 (ng/ml)2/1000 p = 0.035), and their global absolute values were much lower than those observed here. Patients presenting with severe AKI or exposed to nephrotoxic agents before admission were not included in Daubin’s study, and 46% of the patients were not on vasopressive drugs at inclusion. We focused on septic shock patients, who are considered to be exposed to multiple kidney aggressions, potentially accounting for at least some of the differences between these studies. In a recent landmark study on the prediction of persistent AKI in critically ill patients (including 20% with sepsis), Hoste et al. found similar results to ours, with an AUC of 0.68 for TIMP-2*IGFBP7 for predicting persistent AKI [33]. The authors identified CCL14 as a new urine biomarker that seemed to reflect the extent of tissue damage rather than a specific mechanism of kidney lesions, as the expression of CCL14 was not influenced by the type of kidney damage (e.g., septic, nephrotoxic, inflammatory).
As previously reported, urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] tended to decrease in both groups over the first few hours. It is difficult to establish a link between the kinetics of these biomarkers and short-term changes in kidney function, because this value was not available for more severely affected patients who developed anuria or died soon after inclusion. The initial high [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] values in the persistent AKI group may reflect a stronger initial period of injury that did not persist for very long, potentially accounting for the progressive decrease in [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] in this group. Given the kinetics of these biomarkers, the wide range of values obtained may reflect the broad time window from the onset of kidney injury to the first urine sample, which is impossible to define in septic shock, contrary to other settings, such as cardiac surgery or cardiac arrest.
Patients who died within the first 72 h were considered to have transient or persistent AKI in accordance with the predetermined criteria. As expected, most of the early deaths occurred in the persistent AKI group. We cannot exclude the possibility that some of these patients might have recovered at later time points had they not died. However, a large database analysis established that recovery from AKI generally occurs within the first 3 days [26]. Moreover, the relationship between AKI duration and mortality is well established [34‐36]. In a large database analysis, AKI recovery was found to be associated with a lower 28-day ICU mortality rate in patients with septic shock, with a cause-specific hazard ratio [95% CI] of 0.51 [0.41–0.64 [36].
The clinical model combining early illness and AKI severity markers was more effective for predicting short-term changes in kidney function than any parameter considered alone, particularly after the exclusion of patients presenting mild AKI, who were more likely to recover [3, 36]. Sepsis-associated AKI is a complex condition, and it is unlikely that any single marker of kidney injury will be able to predict fully the changes in kidney function. The integration and monitoring of usual parameters remains the most effective tool for guiding treatment decisions. For instance, the intensive monitoring of urine output is associated with better fluid management and a lower incidence of fluid overload in patients presenting AKI [37]. In our population, the larger proportion of patients presenting fluid overload in the persistent AKI group may also reflect the potentially deleterious effect of fluid accumulation on kidney function [5].
SCr was less discriminative than urine output. However, the distribution volume of serum creatinine is strongly influenced by capillary leakage and fluid accumulation, delaying the increase in SCr. In a recent study, de Jong et al. showed that combining SCr determination with multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis increased the predictive value of creatinine/urea clearance in critically ill patients, potentially improving the estimation of short-term kidney function changes in sepsis-associated AKI [38]. The combination of MBIA and cell cycle arrest may be synergistic, and this requires further investigations.
Patients without anuria, but requiring emergency RRT on admission, were not included in the study. We chose to focus on patients for whom the question of initiating RRT might be posed during ICU management. For the same reason, patients requiring emergency RRT were also not included in the recently published RUBY study either [33]. However, 35 of the patients studied here were placed on RRT within the first 72 h, including 19 within the first 24 h. [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] is correlated with the severity of kidney aggression. It therefore seemed likely that it would not differ significantly between patients presenting with severe AKI with and without indications for emergency RRT on admission.
No significant difference in comorbid conditions, such as chronic hypertension or diabetes, was observed between the two groups. This may seem surprising, but it may be due, at least in part, to the exclusion of patients presenting severe CKD. However, no major significant difference in comorbid conditions was reported in other larger similar cohorts [33, 36].
Our study was subject to several limitations. Variability in the timing of urine sampling may have affected urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] values, particularly as the time from kidney injury cannot be clearly determined in patients presenting with sepsis-associated AKI. The study was performed in 11 ICUs, but 90% of the patients were enrolled at five ICUs, with the other six ICUs enrolling no more than five patients each, as indicated on the flow chart for the study. This at least partly explains the limited number of patients (345 patients) screened during the study period, lower than would be expected for 11 recruiting centers, given the epidemiology of sepsis-associated AKI. Most of the patients included in this study (91%) were admitted for medical indications, and this may also limit the generalization of these results. Historical SCr levels were back-estimated for 61 patients, and this method may have led to the overdiagnosis or overstaging of AKI in some cases [39, 40]. However, excluding patients without prior SCr data would probably introduce a selection bias.
Conclusion
In summary, we found that urine [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] measurements in the early phase of septic shock discriminated poorly between transient and persistent AKI and did not improve clinical prediction from the usual variables. This biomarker does not appear to be clinically useful for distinguishing between transient and persistent sepsis-associated AKI.
The study protocol was approved by the local independent ethics committee (CPP Nord Ouest II, Amiens, France; reference: 2015-A01392-47). The next of kin of each patient was informed and was free to refuse the patient’s inclusion.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interest to declare.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.
Schmerzen im Unterbauch, aber sonst nicht viel, was auf eine Appendizitis hindeutete: Ein junger Mann hatte Glück, dass trotzdem eine Laparoskopie mit Appendektomie durchgeführt und der Wurmfortsatz histologisch untersucht wurde.
Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.
Derzeit wird empfohlen, eine Therapie mit GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten präoperativ zu unterbrechen. Eine neue Studie nährt jedoch Zweifel an der Notwendigkeit der Maßnahme.
Update AINS
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.
