Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 10/2003

01.10.2003 | Leitthema

Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom

Neue Erkenntnisse

verfasst von: Dr. med. G. Wasner, J. Schattschneider, A. Binder, D. Siebrecht, C. Maier, R. Baron

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 10/2003

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Seit der Einführung der neuen Terminologie "komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrome" (CRPS) anstelle der früheren Bezeichnungen der sympathischen Reflexdystrophie und der Kausalgie im Jahr 1995 gibt es viele neue Erkenntnisse zum Verständnis und zur Therapie der Erkrankung. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über diese neuen Ergebnisse liefern durch Darstellung der klinischen Symptomatik, der Pathophysiologie sowie der diagnostischen und therapeutischen Möglichkeiten beim CRPS. Insbesondere soll auf die Rolle des sympathischen Nervensystems, des zentralen Nervensystems und von peripheren Entzündungsprozessen als zugrunde liegende Mechanismen der Krankheitsentstehung und -aufrechterhaltung eingegangen werden. Obwohl es bisher noch keinen diagnostischen Goldstandard gibt, erbringen eine sorgfältige klinische Untersuchung und apparative Zusatzverfahren wertvolle Informationen zur Diagnosestellung. Ein frühzeitiger Behandlungsbeginn mit interdisziplinärem Vorgehen ist entscheidend für eine optimale und erfolgreiche Therapie.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Adami S, Fossaluzza V, Gatti D, Fracassi E, Braga V (1997) Bisphosphonate therapy of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 56:201–204PubMed Adami S, Fossaluzza V, Gatti D, Fracassi E, Braga V (1997) Bisphosphonate therapy of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 56:201–204PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali Z, Raja SN, Wesselmann U, Fuchs PN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN (2000) Intradermal injection of norepinephrine evokes pain in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 88:161–168CrossRefPubMed Ali Z, Raja SN, Wesselmann U, Fuchs PN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN (2000) Intradermal injection of norepinephrine evokes pain in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 88:161–168CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen G, Galer BS, Schwartz L (1999) Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Pain 80:539–544CrossRefPubMed Allen G, Galer BS, Schwartz L (1999) Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Pain 80:539–544CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Amin P, Sturrock ND (2003) A pilot study of the beneficial effects of amantadine in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 20:114–118CrossRefPubMed Amin P, Sturrock ND (2003) A pilot study of the beneficial effects of amantadine in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 20:114–118CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnér S (1991) Intravenous phentolamine test: diagnostic and prognostic use in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 46:17–22CrossRefPubMed Arnér S (1991) Intravenous phentolamine test: diagnostic and prognostic use in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 46:17–22CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold JM, Teasell RW, MacLeod AP, Brown JE, Carruthers SG (1993) Increased venous alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Intern Med 118:619–621PubMed Arnold JM, Teasell RW, MacLeod AP, Brown JE, Carruthers SG (1993) Increased venous alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Intern Med 118:619–621PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR et al. (1998) Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1831–1836PubMed Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR et al. (1998) Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1831–1836PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Backonja MM (2002) Use of anticonvulsants for treatment of neuropathic pain. Neurology 59:14–17 Backonja MM (2002) Use of anticonvulsants for treatment of neuropathic pain. Neurology 59:14–17
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R (2000) Neuropathic pain. The long path from mechanisms to mechanism-based treatment. Anaesthesist 49:373–386CrossRefPubMed Baron R (2000) Neuropathic pain. The long path from mechanisms to mechanism-based treatment. Anaesthesist 49:373–386CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R, Jänig W (1998) Pain syndromes with causal participation of the sympathetic nervous system. Anaesthesist 47:4–23CrossRefPubMed Baron R, Jänig W (1998) Pain syndromes with causal participation of the sympathetic nervous system. Anaesthesist 47:4–23CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R, Maier C (1996) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy. Pain 67:317–326CrossRefPubMed Baron R, Maier C (1996) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy. Pain 67:317–326CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R, Levine JD, Fields HL (1999) Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? Muscle Nerve 22:678–695 Baron R, Levine JD, Fields HL (1999) Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? Muscle Nerve 22:678–695
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R, Wasner G, Borgstedt R et al. (1999) Effect of sympathetic activity on capsaicin-evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and vasodilatation. Neurology 52:923–932PubMed Baron R, Wasner G, Borgstedt R et al. (1999) Effect of sympathetic activity on capsaicin-evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and vasodilatation. Neurology 52:923–932PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R, Binder A, Ulrich W, Maier C (2002) Komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrome. Nervenarzt 73:305–318 Baron R, Binder A, Ulrich W, Maier C (2002) Komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrome. Nervenarzt 73:305–318
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron R, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Siebrecht D, Wasner G (2002) Relation between sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndromes: a case-control study. Lancet 359:1655–1660CrossRefPubMed Baron R, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Siebrecht D, Wasner G (2002) Relation between sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndromes: a case-control study. Lancet 359:1655–1660CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Beek WJ van de, Schwartzman RJ, Nes SI van, Delhaas EM, Hilten JJ van (2002) Diagnostic criteria used in studies of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 58:522–526PubMed Beek WJ van de, Schwartzman RJ, Nes SI van, Delhaas EM, Hilten JJ van (2002) Diagnostic criteria used in studies of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 58:522–526PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatia KP, Bhatt MH, Marsden CD (1993) The causalgia-dystonia syndrome. Brain 116:843–851PubMed Bhatia KP, Bhatt MH, Marsden CD (1993) The causalgia-dystonia syndrome. Brain 116:843–851PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bickerstaff DR, Kanis JA (1994) Algodystrophy: an under-recognized complication of minor trauma. Br J Rheumatol 33:240–248PubMed Bickerstaff DR, Kanis JA (1994) Algodystrophy: an under-recognized complication of minor trauma. Br J Rheumatol 33:240–248PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Birklein F, Sittle R, Spitzer A, Claus D, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO (1997) Sudomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy. Pain 69:49–54CrossRefPubMed Birklein F, Sittle R, Spitzer A, Claus D, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO (1997) Sudomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy. Pain 69:49–54CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO (1998) Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 75:93–100CrossRefPubMed Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO (1998) Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 75:93–100CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Birklein F, Riedl B, Sieweke N, Weber M, Neundörfer B (2000) Neurological findings in complex regional pain syndromes—analysis of 145 cases. Acta Neurol Scand 101:262–269CrossRefPubMed Birklein F, Riedl B, Sieweke N, Weber M, Neundörfer B (2000) Neurological findings in complex regional pain syndromes—analysis of 145 cases. Acta Neurol Scand 101:262–269CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S, Weber M (2001) The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 57:2179–2184PubMed Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S, Weber M (2001) The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 57:2179–2184PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanchard J, Ramamurthy S, Walsh N, Hoffman J, Schoenfeld L (1990) Intravenous regional sympatholysis: a double-blind comparison of guanethidine, reserpine, and normal saline. J Pain Symptom Manage 5:357–361PubMed Blanchard J, Ramamurthy S, Walsh N, Hoffman J, Schoenfeld L (1990) Intravenous regional sympatholysis: a double-blind comparison of guanethidine, reserpine, and normal saline. J Pain Symptom Manage 5:357–361PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Blumberg H, Jänig W (1994) Clinical manifestation of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 685–697 Blumberg H, Jänig W (1994) Clinical manifestation of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 685–697
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruehl S, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich O (1996) Validation of thermography in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clin J Pain 12:316–325CrossRefPubMed Bruehl S, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich O (1996) Validation of thermography in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clin J Pain 12:316–325CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS et al. (1999) External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain 81:147–154CrossRefPubMed Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS et al. (1999) External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain 81:147–154CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Byas-Smith MG, Max MB, Muir J, Kingman A (1995) Transdermal clonidine compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a two-stage "enriched enrollment" design. Pain 60:267–274CrossRefPubMed Byas-Smith MG, Max MB, Muir J, Kingman A (1995) Transdermal clonidine compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a two-stage "enriched enrollment" design. Pain 60:267–274CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Calder JS, Holten I, McAllister RM (1998) Evidence for immune system involvement in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Hand Surg [Br] 23:147–150 Calder JS, Holten I, McAllister RM (1998) Evidence for immune system involvement in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Hand Surg [Br] 23:147–150
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Casale R, Elam M (1992) Normal sympathetic nerve activity in a reflex sympathetic dystrophy with marked skin vasoconstriction. J Auton Nerv Syst 41:215–219CrossRefPubMed Casale R, Elam M (1992) Normal sympathetic nerve activity in a reflex sympathetic dystrophy with marked skin vasoconstriction. J Auton Nerv Syst 41:215–219CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chabal C, Jacobson L, Russell LC, Burchiel KJ (1992) Pain response to perineuromal injection of normal saline, epinephrine, and lidocaine in humans. Pain 49:9–12CrossRefPubMed Chabal C, Jacobson L, Russell LC, Burchiel KJ (1992) Pain response to perineuromal injection of normal saline, epinephrine, and lidocaine in humans. Pain 49:9–12CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Chelimsky TC, Low PA, Naessens JM, Wilson PR, Amadio PC, O'Brien PC (1995) Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Mayo Clin Proc 70:1029–1040PubMed Chelimsky TC, Low PA, Naessens JM, Wilson PR, Amadio PC, O'Brien PC (1995) Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Mayo Clin Proc 70:1029–1040PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi B, Rowbotham MC (1997) Effect of adrenergic receptor activation on post-herpetic neuralgia pain and sensory disturbances. Pain 69:55–63CrossRefPubMed Choi B, Rowbotham MC (1997) Effect of adrenergic receptor activation on post-herpetic neuralgia pain and sensory disturbances. Pain 69:55–63CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I (1982) The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand 148:653–655PubMed Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I (1982) The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand 148:653–655PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Ciccone DS, Bandilla EB, Wu W (1997) Psychological dysfunction in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 71:323–333CrossRefPubMed Ciccone DS, Bandilla EB, Wu W (1997) Psychological dysfunction in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 71:323–333CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis KD, Treede RD, Raja SN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN (1991) Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 47:309–317CrossRefPubMed Davis KD, Treede RD, Raja SN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN (1991) Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 47:309–317CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Dejgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J (1988) Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Lancet 1:9–11PubMed Dejgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J (1988) Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Lancet 1:9–11PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Deuschl G, Blumberg H, Lücking CH (1991) Tremor in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Neurol 48:1247–1252PubMed Deuschl G, Blumberg H, Lücking CH (1991) Tremor in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Neurol 48:1247–1252PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Drummond PD, Finch PM, Smythe GA (1991) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: the significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs. Brain 114:2025–2036PubMed Drummond PD, Finch PM, Smythe GA (1991) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: the significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs. Brain 114:2025–2036PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Drummond PD, Skipworth S, Finch PM (1996) Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin Sci (Colch) 91:73–77 Drummond PD, Skipworth S, Finch PM (1996) Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin Sci (Colch) 91:73–77
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Drummond PD, Finch PM, Skipworth S, Blockey P (2001) Pain increases during sympathetic arousal in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 57:1296–1303PubMed Drummond PD, Finch PM, Skipworth S, Blockey P (2001) Pain increases during sympathetic arousal in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 57:1296–1303PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Elam M, Olausson B, Skarphedinsson JO, Wallin BG (1999) Does sympathetic nerve discharge affect the firing of polymodal C-fibre afferents in humans? Brain 122:2237–2244 Elam M, Olausson B, Skarphedinsson JO, Wallin BG (1999) Does sympathetic nerve discharge affect the firing of polymodal C-fibre afferents in humans? Brain 122:2237–2244
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans JA (1946) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg Clin North Am 26:435–448 Evans JA (1946) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg Clin North Am 26:435–448
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Field J, Atkins RM (1997) Algodystrophy is an early complication of Colles' fracture. What are the implications? J Hand Surg [Br] 22:178–182 Field J, Atkins RM (1997) Algodystrophy is an early complication of Colles' fracture. What are the implications? J Hand Surg [Br] 22:178–182
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleming WW, Westfall DP (1988) Adaptive supersensitivity. In: Trendelenburg U, Weiner N (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 90/I. Catecholamines. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 509–559 Fleming WW, Westfall DP (1988) Adaptive supersensitivity. In: Trendelenburg U, Weiner N (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 90/I. Catecholamines. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 509–559
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukumoto M, Ushida T, Zinchuk VS, Yamamoto H, Yoshida S (1999) Contralateral thalamic perfusion in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Lancet 354:1790–1791CrossRefPubMed Fukumoto M, Ushida T, Zinchuk VS, Yamamoto H, Yoshida S (1999) Contralateral thalamic perfusion in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Lancet 354:1790–1791CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Galer BS, Jensen MP (1997) Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the neuropathic pain scale. Neurology 48:332–338PubMed Galer BS, Jensen MP (1997) Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the neuropathic pain scale. Neurology 48:332–338PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Galer BS, Jensen M (1999) Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: results of a self-administered survey. J Pain Symptom Manage 18:213–217CrossRefPubMed Galer BS, Jensen M (1999) Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: results of a self-administered survey. J Pain Symptom Manage 18:213–217CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Galer BS, Butler S, Jensen MP (1995) Case reports and hypothesis: a neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome-1). J Pain Symptom Manage 10:385–391CrossRefPubMed Galer BS, Butler S, Jensen MP (1995) Case reports and hypothesis: a neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome-1). J Pain Symptom Manage 10:385–391CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Galer BS, Bruehl S, Harden RN (1998) IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome: a preliminary empirical validation study. International Association for the Study of Pain. Clin J Pain 14:48–54CrossRefPubMed Galer BS, Bruehl S, Harden RN (1998) IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome: a preliminary empirical validation study. International Association for the Study of Pain. Clin J Pain 14:48–54CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Geertzen JH, Bruijn-Kofman AT de, Bruijn HP de, Wiel HB van de, Dijkstra PU (1998) Stressful life events and psychological dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Clin J Pain 14:143–147CrossRefPubMed Geertzen JH, Bruijn-Kofman AT de, Bruijn HP de, Wiel HB van de, Dijkstra PU (1998) Stressful life events and psychological dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Clin J Pain 14:143–147CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Gobelet C, Waldburger M, Meier JL (1992) The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 48:171–175CrossRefPubMed Gobelet C, Waldburger M, Meier JL (1992) The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 48:171–175CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein DS, Tack C, Li ST (2000) Sympathetic innervation and function in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Neurol 48:49–59 Goldstein DS, Tack C, Li ST (2000) Sympathetic innervation and function in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Neurol 48:49–59
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Graif M, Schweitzer ME, Marks B, Matteucci T, Mandel S (1998) Synovial effusion in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: an additional sign for diagnosis and staging. Skeletal Radiol 27:262–265CrossRefPubMed Graif M, Schweitzer ME, Marks B, Matteucci T, Mandel S (1998) Synovial effusion in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: an additional sign for diagnosis and staging. Skeletal Radiol 27:262–265CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Gulevich SJ, Conwell TD, Lane J, Lockwood B, Schwettmann RS, Rosenberg N, Goldman LB (1997) Stress infrared telethermography is useful in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome, type I (formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Clin J Pain 13:50–59CrossRefPubMed Gulevich SJ, Conwell TD, Lane J, Lockwood B, Schwettmann RS, Rosenberg N, Goldman LB (1997) Stress infrared telethermography is useful in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome, type I (formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Clin J Pain 13:50–59CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannington-Kiff JG (1977) Relief of Sudeck's atrophy by regional intravenous guanethidine. Lancet 1:1132–1133PubMed Hannington-Kiff JG (1977) Relief of Sudeck's atrophy by regional intravenous guanethidine. Lancet 1:1132–1133PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Harden RN, Duc TA, Williams TR, Coley D, Cate JC, Gracely RH (1994) Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in affected versus unaffected limbs in sympathetically maintained pain. Clin J Pain 10:324–330PubMed Harden RN, Duc TA, Williams TR, Coley D, Cate JC, Gracely RH (1994) Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in affected versus unaffected limbs in sympathetically maintained pain. Clin J Pain 10:324–330PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS et al. (1999) Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Pain 83:211–219 Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS et al. (1999) Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Pain 83:211–219
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (2001) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (2001) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartrick CT (2002) Increased production of nitric oxide stimulated by interferon-gamma from peripheral blood monocytes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurosci Lett 323:75–77CrossRefPubMed Hartrick CT (2002) Increased production of nitric oxide stimulated by interferon-gamma from peripheral blood monocytes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurosci Lett 323:75–77CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Schoppa D, Walsh JG, Covington EC (1996) Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg 84:415–423PubMed Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Schoppa D, Walsh JG, Covington EC (1996) Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg 84:415–423PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilten BJ van, Beek WJ van de, Hoff JI, Voormolen JH, Delhaas EM (2000) Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:625–630CrossRefPubMed Hilten BJ van, Beek WJ van de, Hoff JI, Voormolen JH, Delhaas EM (2000) Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:625–630CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Houdenhove B van, Vasquez G, Onghena P et al. (1992) Etiopathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a review and biopsychosocial hypothesis. Clin J Pain 8:300–306PubMed Houdenhove B van, Vasquez G, Onghena P et al. (1992) Etiopathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a review and biopsychosocial hypothesis. Clin J Pain 8:300–306PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Huygen FJ, Bruijn AG de, Bruin MT de, Groeneweg JG, Klein J, Zijistra FJ (2002) Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Mediators Inflamm 11:47–51PubMed Huygen FJ, Bruijn AG de, Bruin MT de, Groeneweg JG, Klein J, Zijistra FJ (2002) Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Mediators Inflamm 11:47–51PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Jadad AR, Carroll D, Glynn CJ, McQuay HJ (1995) Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a systematic review and a randomized, double-blind crossover study. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:13–20CrossRefPubMed Jadad AR, Carroll D, Glynn CJ, McQuay HJ (1995) Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a systematic review and a randomized, double-blind crossover study. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:13–20CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Jänig W, McLachlan EM (1994) Neurobiology of the autonomic nervous system. In: Bannister R, Mathias CM (eds) Autonomic failure. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 3–15 Jänig W, McLachlan EM (1994) Neurobiology of the autonomic nervous system. In: Bannister R, Mathias CM (eds) Autonomic failure. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 3–15
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Jänig W, Levine JD, Michaelis M (1996) Interactions of sympathetic and primary afferent neurons following nerve injury and tissue trauma. Prog Brain Res 113:161–184PubMed Jänig W, Levine JD, Michaelis M (1996) Interactions of sympathetic and primary afferent neurons following nerve injury and tissue trauma. Prog Brain Res 113:161–184PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Juottonen K, Gockel M, Silen T, Hurri H, Hari R, Forss N (2002) Altered central sensorimotor processing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 98:315–323CrossRefPubMed Juottonen K, Gockel M, Silen T, Hurri H, Hari R, Forss N (2002) Altered central sensorimotor processing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 98:315–323CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemler MA, Vusse AC van de, Berg-Loonen EM van den, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Weber WE (1999) HLA-DQ1 associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 53:1350–1351PubMed Kemler MA, Vusse AC van de, Berg-Loonen EM van den, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Weber WE (1999) HLA-DQ1 associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 53:1350–1351PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemler MA, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Vet HC de, Rijks CP, Furnee CA, Wildenberg FA van den (2000) Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:618–624CrossRefPubMed Kemler MA, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Vet HC de, Rijks CP, Furnee CA, Wildenberg FA van den (2000) Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:618–624CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemler MA, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Egbrink MG (2000) Pain relief in complex regional pain syndrome due to spinal cord stimulation does not depend on vasodilation. Anesthesiology 92:1653–1660PubMed Kemler MA, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Egbrink MG (2000) Pain relief in complex regional pain syndrome due to spinal cord stimulation does not depend on vasodilation. Anesthesiology 92:1653–1660PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemler MA, Reulen JP, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Vet HC de, Wildenberg FA van den (2001) Impact of spinal cord stimulation on sensory characteristics in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 95:72–80PubMed Kemler MA, Reulen JP, Barendse GA, Kleef M van, Vet HC de, Wildenberg FA van den (2001) Impact of spinal cord stimulation on sensory characteristics in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 95:72–80PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Kingery WS (1997) A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes. Pain 73:123–139CrossRefPubMed Kingery WS (1997) A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes. Pain 73:123–139CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozin F, McCarty DJ, Sims J, Genant H (1976) The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. I. Clinical and histologic studies: evidence for bilaterality, response to corticosteroids and articular involvement. Am J Med 60:321–331PubMed Kozin F, McCarty DJ, Sims J, Genant H (1976) The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. I. Clinical and histologic studies: evidence for bilaterality, response to corticosteroids and articular involvement. Am J Med 60:321–331PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozin F, Soin JS, Ryan LM, Carrera GF, Wortmann RL (1981) Bone scintigraphy in the reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Radiology 138:437–443PubMed Kozin F, Soin JS, Ryan LM, Carrera GF, Wortmann RL (1981) Bone scintigraphy in the reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Radiology 138:437–443PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramis RC, Roberts WJ, Gillette RG (1996) Post-sympathectomy neuralgia: hypotheses on peripheral and central neuronal mechanisms. Pain 64:1–9CrossRefPubMed Kramis RC, Roberts WJ, Gillette RG (1996) Post-sympathectomy neuralgia: hypotheses on peripheral and central neuronal mechanisms. Pain 64:1–9CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar K, Nath RK, Toth C (1997) Spinal cord stimulation is effective in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurosurgery 40:503–508PubMed Kumar K, Nath RK, Toth C (1997) Spinal cord stimulation is effective in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurosurgery 40:503–508PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurvers HA, Tangelder GJ, Mey JG de et al. (1997) Skin blood flow abnormalities in a rat model of neuropathic pain: result of decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow? J Auton Nerv Syst 63:19–29 Kurvers HA, Tangelder GJ, Mey JG de et al. (1997) Skin blood flow abnormalities in a rat model of neuropathic pain: result of decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow? J Auton Nerv Syst 63:19–29
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Laan L van der, Goris RJ (1997) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. An exaggerated regional inflammatory response? Hand Clin 13:373–385 Laan L van der, Goris RJ (1997) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. An exaggerated regional inflammatory response? Hand Clin 13:373–385
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Laan L van der, Laak HJ ter, Gabreels-Festen A, Gabreels F, Goris RJ (1998) Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD): pathology of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve. Neurology 51:20–25PubMed Laan L van der, Laak HJ ter, Gabreels-Festen A, Gabreels F, Goris RJ (1998) Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD): pathology of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve. Neurology 51:20–25PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Laan L van der, Spaendonck K van, Horstink MW, Goris RJ (1999) The Symptom Checklist-90 revised questionnaire: no psychological profiles in complex regional pain syndrome-dystonia. J Pain Symptom Manage 17:357–362CrossRefPubMed Laan L van der, Spaendonck K van, Horstink MW, Goris RJ (1999) The Symptom Checklist-90 revised questionnaire: no psychological profiles in complex regional pain syndrome-dystonia. J Pain Symptom Manage 17:357–362CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee BH, Scharff L, Sethna NF et al. (2002) Physical therapy and cognitive-behavioral treatment for complex regional pain syndromes. J Pediatr 141:135–140CrossRefPubMed Lee BH, Scharff L, Sethna NF et al. (2002) Physical therapy and cognitive-behavioral treatment for complex regional pain syndromes. J Pediatr 141:135–140CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Leitha T, Korpan M, Staudenherz A, Wunderbaldinger P, Fialka V (1996) Five phase bone scintigraphy supports the pathophysiological concept of a subclinical inflammatory process in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Q J Nucl Med 40:188–193PubMed Leitha T, Korpan M, Staudenherz A, Wunderbaldinger P, Fialka V (1996) Five phase bone scintigraphy supports the pathophysiological concept of a subclinical inflammatory process in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Q J Nucl Med 40:188–193PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine JD, Fye K, Heller P, Basbaum AI, Whiting-O'Keefe Q (1986) Clinical response to regional intravenous guanethidine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 13:1040–1043PubMed Levine JD, Fye K, Heller P, Basbaum AI, Whiting-O'Keefe Q (1986) Clinical response to regional intravenous guanethidine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 13:1040–1043PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine JD, Taiwo YO, Collins SD, Tam JK (1986) Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated through interaction with sympathetic postganglionic neurone terminals rather than activation of primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 323:158–160PubMed Levine JD, Taiwo YO, Collins SD, Tam JK (1986) Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated through interaction with sympathetic postganglionic neurone terminals rather than activation of primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 323:158–160PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Low PA, Amadio PC, Wilson PR, McManis PG, Willner CL (1994) Laboratory findings in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a preliminary report. Clin J Pain 10:235–239PubMed Low PA, Amadio PC, Wilson PR, McManis PG, Willner CL (1994) Laboratory findings in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a preliminary report. Clin J Pain 10:235–239PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Maier C (1996) Ganglionäre lokale Opioidanalgesie (GLOA)—Ein neues Therapieverfahren bei persistierenden neuropathischen Schmerzen. Thieme, Stuttgart Maier C (1996) Ganglionäre lokale Opioidanalgesie (GLOA)—Ein neues Therapieverfahren bei persistierenden neuropathischen Schmerzen. Thieme, Stuttgart
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Maier C, Hildebrandt J, Klinger R, Henrich-Eberl C, Lindena G (2002) Morphine responsiveness, efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic non-tumor associated pain—results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (MONTAS). Pain 97:223–233CrossRefPubMed Maier C, Hildebrandt J, Klinger R, Henrich-Eberl C, Lindena G (2002) Morphine responsiveness, efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic non-tumor associated pain—results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (MONTAS). Pain 97:223–233CrossRefPubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Mailis A, Wade J (1994) Profile of Caucasian women with possible genetic predisposition to reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a pilot study. Clin J Pain 10:210–217PubMed Mailis A, Wade J (1994) Profile of Caucasian women with possible genetic predisposition to reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a pilot study. Clin J Pain 10:210–217PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Mailis A, Wade JA (2001) Genetic considerations in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (eds) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 227–238 Mailis A, Wade JA (2001) Genetic considerations in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (eds) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 227–238
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Maleki J, LeBel AA, Bennett GJ, Schwartzman RJ (2000) Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Pain 88:259–266CrossRefPubMed Maleki J, LeBel AA, Bennett GJ, Schwartzman RJ (2000) Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Pain 88:259–266CrossRefPubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsden CD, Obeso JA, Traub MM, Rothwell JC, Kranz H, La Cruz F (1984) Muscle spasms associated with Sudeck's atrophy after injury. BMJ 288:173–176 Marsden CD, Obeso JA, Traub MM, Rothwell JC, Kranz H, La Cruz F (1984) Muscle spasms associated with Sudeck's atrophy after injury. BMJ 288:173–176
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Max MB (1994) Treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: antidepressants. Ann Neurol 35:S50–53 Max MB (1994) Treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: antidepressants. Ann Neurol 35:S50–53
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, Shoaf SE, Smoller B, Dubner R (1992) Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 326:1250–1256PubMed Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, Shoaf SE, Smoller B, Dubner R (1992) Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 326:1250–1256PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat McLachlan EM, Jänig W, Devor M, Michaelis M (1993) Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature 363:543–546PubMed McLachlan EM, Jänig W, Devor M, Michaelis M (1993) Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature 363:543–546PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Mellick GA, Mellicy LB, Mellick LB (1995) Gabapentin in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:265–266CrossRefPubMed Mellick GA, Mellicy LB, Mellick LB (1995) Gabapentin in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:265–266CrossRefPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Merskey H, Bogduk N (1995) Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definition of terms. IASP Press, Seattle Merskey H, Bogduk N (1995) Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definition of terms. IASP Press, Seattle
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell SW (1865) Injuries of nerves and their consequences. Dover, New York Mitchell SW (1865) Injuries of nerves and their consequences. Dover, New York
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson KA, Park KM, Robinovitz E, Tsigos C, Max MB (1997) High-dose oral dextromethorphan versus placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 48:1212–1218PubMed Nelson KA, Park KM, Robinovitz E, Tsigos C, Max MB (1997) High-dose oral dextromethorphan versus placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 48:1212–1218PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Ochoa JL (1999) Truths, errors, and lies around "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and "complex regional pain syndrome". J Neurol 246:875–879CrossRefPubMed Ochoa JL (1999) Truths, errors, and lies around "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and "complex regional pain syndrome". J Neurol 246:875–879CrossRefPubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, Boo T de, Goris RJ (1999) Pain and reduced mobility in complex regional pain syndrome I: outcome of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy. Pain 83:77–83CrossRefPubMed Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, Boo T de, Goris RJ (1999) Pain and reduced mobility in complex regional pain syndrome I: outcome of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy. Pain 83:77–83CrossRefPubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Oyen WJ, Arntz IE, Claessens RM, Meer JW van der, Corstens FH, Goris RJ (1993) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: an excessive inflammatory response? Pain 55:151–157 Oyen WJ, Arntz IE, Claessens RM, Meer JW van der, Corstens FH, Goris RJ (1993) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: an excessive inflammatory response? Pain 55:151–157
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Pak TJ, Martin GM, Magness JL, Kavanaugh GJ (1970) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Review of 140 cases. Minn Med 53:507–512PubMed Pak TJ, Martin GM, Magness JL, Kavanaugh GJ (1970) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Review of 140 cases. Minn Med 53:507–512PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Perez RS, Kwakkel G, Zuurmond WW, Lange JJ de (2001) Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS type 1): a research synthesis of 21 randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 21:511–526.CrossRefPubMed Perez RS, Kwakkel G, Zuurmond WW, Lange JJ de (2001) Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS type 1): a research synthesis of 21 randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 21:511–526.CrossRefPubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Perl ER (1996) Cutaneous polymodal receptors: characteristics and plasticity. Prog Brain Res 113:21–37PubMed Perl ER (1996) Cutaneous polymodal receptors: characteristics and plasticity. Prog Brain Res 113:21–37PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Price DD, Bennett GJ, Rafii A (1989) Psychophysical observations on patients with neuropathic pain relieved by a sympathetic block. Pain 36:273–288CrossRefPubMed Price DD, Bennett GJ, Rafii A (1989) Psychophysical observations on patients with neuropathic pain relieved by a sympathetic block. Pain 36:273–288CrossRefPubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Price DD, Long S, Huitt C (1992) Sensory testing of pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 49:163–173CrossRefPubMed Price DD, Long S, Huitt C (1992) Sensory testing of pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 49:163–173CrossRefPubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Price DD, Long S, Wilsey B, Rafii A (1998) Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional syndrome patients. Clin J Pain 14:216–226CrossRefPubMed Price DD, Long S, Wilsey B, Rafii A (1998) Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional syndrome patients. Clin J Pain 14:216–226CrossRefPubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Raja SN, Treede RD, Davis KD, Campbell JN (1991) Systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine: a diagnostic test for sympathetically maintained pain. Anesthesiology 74:691–698PubMed Raja SN, Treede RD, Davis KD, Campbell JN (1991) Systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine: a diagnostic test for sympathetically maintained pain. Anesthesiology 74:691–698PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Raja SN, Abatzis V, Frank SM (1998) Role of a-adrenoceptors in neuroma pain in amputees. Anesthesiology 89:A1083 Raja SN, Abatzis V, Frank SM (1998) Role of a-adrenoceptors in neuroma pain in amputees. Anesthesiology 89:A1083
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramamurthy S, Hoffman J (1995) Intravenous regional guanethidine in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy/causalgia: a randomized, double-blind study. Guanethidine Study Group. Anesth Analg 81:718–723PubMed Ramamurthy S, Hoffman J (1995) Intravenous regional guanethidine in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy/causalgia: a randomized, double-blind study. Guanethidine Study Group. Anesth Analg 81:718–723PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Rauck RL, Eisenach JC, Jackson K, Young LD, Southern J (1993) Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology 79:1163–1169PubMed Rauck RL, Eisenach JC, Jackson K, Young LD, Southern J (1993) Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology 79:1163–1169PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Renier JC, Arlet J, Bregeon C et al. (1983) The joint in algodystrophy. Joint fluid, synovium, cartilage. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 50:255–260PubMed Renier JC, Arlet J, Bregeon C et al. (1983) The joint in algodystrophy. Joint fluid, synovium, cartilage. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 50:255–260PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Richards RL (1967) Causalgia. A centennial review. Arch Neurol 16:339–350PubMed Richards RL (1967) Causalgia. A centennial review. Arch Neurol 16:339–350PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Rommel O, Gehling M, Dertwinkel R, Witscher K, Zenz M, Malin JP, Janig W (1999) Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 80:95–101CrossRefPubMed Rommel O, Gehling M, Dertwinkel R, Witscher K, Zenz M, Malin JP, Janig W (1999) Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 80:95–101CrossRefPubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Rommel O, Malin JP, Zenz M, Janig W (2001) Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits. Pain 93:279–293CrossRefPubMed Rommel O, Malin JP, Zenz M, Janig W (2001) Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits. Pain 93:279–293CrossRefPubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, Bernstein P, Magnus-Miller L (1998) Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1837–1842PubMed Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, Bernstein P, Magnus-Miller L (1998) Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1837–1842PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowbotham MC, Reisner-Keller LA, Fields HL (1991) Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 41:1024–1028PubMed Rowbotham MC, Reisner-Keller LA, Fields HL (1991) Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 41:1024–1028PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Schattschneider J, Wenzelburger R, Deuschl G, Baron R (2001) Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (eds) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 119–128 Schattschneider J, Wenzelburger R, Deuschl G, Baron R (2001) Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (eds) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 119–128
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Schott GD (1998) Interrupting the sympathetic outflow in causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. BMJ 316:792–793PubMed Schott GD (1998) Interrupting the sympathetic outflow in causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. BMJ 316:792–793PubMed
120.
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Schürmann M, Gradl G, Andress HJ, Furst H, Schildberg FW (1999) Assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function for diagnosing early post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain 80:149–159CrossRefPubMed Schürmann M, Gradl G, Andress HJ, Furst H, Schildberg FW (1999) Assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function for diagnosing early post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain 80:149–159CrossRefPubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Schürmann M, Gradl G, Zaspel J, Kayser M, Lohr P, Andress HJ (2000) Peripheral sympathetic function as a predictor of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) in patients with radial fracture. Auton Neurosci 86:127–134CrossRefPubMed Schürmann M, Gradl G, Zaspel J, Kayser M, Lohr P, Andress HJ (2000) Peripheral sympathetic function as a predictor of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) in patients with radial fracture. Auton Neurosci 86:127–134CrossRefPubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Schürmann M, Zaspel J, Gradl G, Wipfel A, Christ F (2001) Assessment of the peripheral microcirculation using computer-assisted venous congestion plethysmography in post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. J Vasc Res 38:453–461CrossRefPubMed Schürmann M, Zaspel J, Gradl G, Wipfel A, Christ F (2001) Assessment of the peripheral microcirculation using computer-assisted venous congestion plethysmography in post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. J Vasc Res 38:453–461CrossRefPubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Schürmann M, Gradl G, Zaspel J et al. (2003) Early diagnosis of post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I—a comparison of methods. (Im Druck) Schürmann M, Gradl G, Zaspel J et al. (2003) Early diagnosis of post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I—a comparison of methods. (Im Druck)
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartzman RJ, Kerrigan J (1990) The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 40:57–61PubMed Schwartzman RJ, Kerrigan J (1990) The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 40:57–61PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartzman RJ, McLellan TL (1987) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A review. Arch Neurol 44:555–561PubMed Schwartzman RJ, McLellan TL (1987) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A review. Arch Neurol 44:555–561PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherry DD, Wallace CA, Kelley C, Kidder M, Sapp L (1999) Short- and long-term outcomes of children with complex regional pain syndrome type I treated with exercise therapy. Clin J Pain 15:218–223CrossRefPubMed Sherry DD, Wallace CA, Kelley C, Kidder M, Sapp L (1999) Short- and long-term outcomes of children with complex regional pain syndrome type I treated with exercise therapy. Clin J Pain 15:218–223CrossRefPubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi TS, Winzer-Serhan U, Leslie F, Hokfelt T (2000) Distribution and regulation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in rat dorsal root ganglia. Pain 84:319–330CrossRefPubMed Shi TS, Winzer-Serhan U, Leslie F, Hokfelt T (2000) Distribution and regulation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in rat dorsal root ganglia. Pain 84:319–330CrossRefPubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Sieweke N, Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO (1999) Patterns of hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 80:171–177CrossRefPubMed Sieweke N, Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO (1999) Patterns of hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 80:171–177CrossRefPubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Sindrup SH, Jensen TS (1999) Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain 83:389–400PubMed Sindrup SH, Jensen TS (1999) Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain 83:389–400PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Hassenbusch S, Haddox JD, Boas R, Wilson P (1995) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 63:127–133CrossRefPubMed Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Hassenbusch S, Haddox JD, Boas R, Wilson P (1995) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 63:127–133CrossRefPubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Sudeck P (1902) Über die akute (trophoneurotische) Knochenatrophie nach Entzündungen und Traumen der Extremitäten. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 28:336–342 Sudeck P (1902) Über die akute (trophoneurotische) Knochenatrophie nach Entzündungen und Traumen der Extremitäten. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 28:336–342
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi H, Miyazaki M, Nanbu T, Yanagida H, Morita S (1998) The NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine abolishes neuropathic pain after epidural administration in a clinical case. Pain 75:391–394CrossRefPubMed Takahashi H, Miyazaki M, Nanbu T, Yanagida H, Morita S (1998) The NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine abolishes neuropathic pain after epidural administration in a clinical case. Pain 75:391–394CrossRefPubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Thimineur M, Sood P, Kravitz E, Gudin J, Kitaj M (1998) Central nervous system abnormalities in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): clinical and quantitative evidence of medullary dysfunction. Clin J Pain 14:256–267CrossRefPubMed Thimineur M, Sood P, Kravitz E, Gudin J, Kitaj M (1998) Central nervous system abnormalities in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): clinical and quantitative evidence of medullary dysfunction. Clin J Pain 14:256–267CrossRefPubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Torebjörk E (1989) Clinical and neurophysiological observations relating to pathophysiological mechanisms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA (eds) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Kluwer, Boston Dordrecht London, pp 71–80 Torebjörk E (1989) Clinical and neurophysiological observations relating to pathophysiological mechanisms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA (eds) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Kluwer, Boston Dordrecht London, pp 71–80
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Torebjörk E, Wahren L, Wallin G, Hallin R, Koltzenburg M (1995) Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia. Pain 63:11–20CrossRefPubMed Torebjörk E, Wahren L, Wallin G, Hallin R, Koltzenburg M (1995) Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia. Pain 63:11–20CrossRefPubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Ushida T, Tani T, Kanbara T, Zinchuk VS, Kawasaki M, Yamamoto H (2002) Analgesic effects of ketamine ointment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:524–528CrossRefPubMed Ushida T, Tani T, Kanbara T, Zinchuk VS, Kawasaki M, Yamamoto H (2002) Analgesic effects of ketamine ointment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:524–528CrossRefPubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Varenna M, Zucchi F, Ghiringhelli D, Binelli L, Bevilacqua M, Bettica P, Sinigaglia L (2000) Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol 27:1477–1483PubMed Varenna M, Zucchi F, Ghiringhelli D, Binelli L, Bevilacqua M, Bettica P, Sinigaglia L (2000) Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol 27:1477–1483PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Veldman PHJM (1995) Clinical aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Thesis, Nijmegen Veldman PHJM (1995) Clinical aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Thesis, Nijmegen
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL (1994) "Sympathetically maintained pain." I. Phentolamine block questions the concept. Neurology 44:1003–1010PubMed Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL (1994) "Sympathetically maintained pain." I. Phentolamine block questions the concept. Neurology 44:1003–1010PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL (2000) Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: assessment of their nature. Muscle Nerve 23:198–205CrossRefPubMed Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL (2000) Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: assessment of their nature. Muscle Nerve 23:198–205CrossRefPubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Wahren LK, Torebjörk E (1992) Quantitative sensory tests in patients with neuralgia 11 to 25 years after injury. Pain 48:237–244CrossRefPubMed Wahren LK, Torebjörk E (1992) Quantitative sensory tests in patients with neuralgia 11 to 25 years after injury. Pain 48:237–244CrossRefPubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Wahren LK, Torebjörk E, Nystrom B (1991) Quantitative sensory testing before and after regional guanethidine block in patients with neuralgia in the hand. Pain 46:23–30CrossRefPubMed Wahren LK, Torebjörk E, Nystrom B (1991) Quantitative sensory testing before and after regional guanethidine block in patients with neuralgia in the hand. Pain 46:23–30CrossRefPubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakisaka S, Kajander KC, Bennett GJ (1991) Abnormal skin temperature and abnormal sympathetic vasomotor innervation in an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain 46:299–313CrossRefPubMed Wakisaka S, Kajander KC, Bennett GJ (1991) Abnormal skin temperature and abnormal sympathetic vasomotor innervation in an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain 46:299–313CrossRefPubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Walker AE, Nulsen F (1948) Electrical stimulation of the upper thoracic portion of the sympathetic chain in man. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 59:559–560 Walker AE, Nulsen F (1948) Electrical stimulation of the upper thoracic portion of the sympathetic chain in man. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 59:559–560
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallace MS, Ridgeway BM, Leung AY, Gerayli A, Yaksh TL (2000) Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous lidocaine on the allodynia of complex regional pain syndrome types I and II. Anesthesiology 92:75–83PubMed Wallace MS, Ridgeway BM, Leung AY, Gerayli A, Yaksh TL (2000) Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous lidocaine on the allodynia of complex regional pain syndrome types I and II. Anesthesiology 92:75–83PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasner G, Backonja MM, Baron R (1998) Traumatic neuralgias: complex regional pain syndromes (reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia): clinical characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. Neurol Clin 16:851–868PubMed Wasner G, Backonja MM, Baron R (1998) Traumatic neuralgias: complex regional pain syndromes (reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia): clinical characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. Neurol Clin 16:851–868PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R (1999) Vascular abnormalities in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery. Arch Neurol 56:613–620CrossRefPubMed Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R (1999) Vascular abnormalities in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery. Arch Neurol 56:613–620CrossRefPubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasner G, Drummond P, Birklein F, Baron R (2001) The role of the sympathetic nervous system in autonomic disturbances and "sympathetically maintained pain" in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (eds) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 89–118 Wasner G, Drummond P, Birklein F, Baron R (2001) The role of the sympathetic nervous system in autonomic disturbances and "sympathetically maintained pain" in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W (eds) Complex regional pain syndrome—progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 89–118
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R (2001) Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value. Brain 124:587–599CrossRefPubMed Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R (2001) Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value. Brain 124:587–599CrossRefPubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Maier C, Baron R (2002) Skin temperature side differences—a diagnostic tool for CRPS? Pain 98:19–26 Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Maier C, Baron R (2002) Skin temperature side differences—a diagnostic tool for CRPS? Pain 98:19–26
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Baron R (2003) Complex regional pain syndrome—diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy. Spinal Cord 41:61–75CrossRefPubMed Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Baron R (2003) Complex regional pain syndrome—diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy. Spinal Cord 41:61–75CrossRefPubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson CP, Babul N (1998) Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 50:1837–1841PubMed Watson CP, Babul N (1998) Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 50:1837–1841PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson CP, Evans RJ, Reed K, Merskey H, Goldsmith L, Warsh J (1982) Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 32:671–673PubMed Watson CP, Evans RJ, Reed K, Merskey H, Goldsmith L, Warsh J (1982) Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 32:671–673PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber M, Birklein F, Neundörfer B, Schmelz M (2001) Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 91:251–257CrossRefPubMed Weber M, Birklein F, Neundörfer B, Schmelz M (2001) Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 91:251–257CrossRefPubMed
156.
Zurück zum Zitat White JC, Sweet WH (1969) Pain and the neurosurgeon. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Illinois White JC, Sweet WH (1969) Pain and the neurosurgeon. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Illinois
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ (1999) Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet 353:1959–1964CrossRefPubMed Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ (1999) Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet 353:1959–1964CrossRefPubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Zyluk A (1999) The usefulness of quantitative evaluation of three-phase scintigraphy in the diagnosis of post-traumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Hand Surg [Br] 24:16–21 Zyluk A (1999) The usefulness of quantitative evaluation of three-phase scintigraphy in the diagnosis of post-traumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Hand Surg [Br] 24:16–21
Metadaten
Titel
Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom
Neue Erkenntnisse
verfasst von
Dr. med. G. Wasner
J. Schattschneider
A. Binder
D. Siebrecht
C. Maier
R. Baron
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2003
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 10/2003
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-003-0562-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 10/2003

Der Anaesthesist 10/2003 Zur Ausgabe

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

23.04.2024 Appendizitis Nachrichten

Schmerzen im Unterbauch, aber sonst nicht viel, was auf eine Appendizitis hindeutete: Ein junger Mann hatte Glück, dass trotzdem eine Laparoskopie mit Appendektomie durchgeführt und der Wurmfortsatz histologisch untersucht wurde.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Mehr Schaden als Nutzen durch präoperatives Aussetzen von GLP-1-Agonisten?

23.04.2024 Operationsvorbereitung Nachrichten

Derzeit wird empfohlen, eine Therapie mit GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten präoperativ zu unterbrechen. Eine neue Studie nährt jedoch Zweifel an der Notwendigkeit der Maßnahme.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.