Background
Method
Animals
Shock model: cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)
Fluid resuscitation management
Esmolol dosage
Experimental design
Echocardiography procedure
Vascular reactivity procedure
Cytokine analyses
Western blotting
RNA extraction and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of α1-adrenoreceptor, β1-adrenoreceptor and β2-adrenoreceptor
Statistical analysis
Results
Model characterization
Variables | Sham | IQR | CLP | IQR |
P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 8 |
n = 8 | ||||||
Median | Min-Max | Median | Min-Max | ||||
Heart rate (min−1) | 372 | 361–396 | 368–373 | 419 | 349–472 | 381–452 | 0.015 |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 103 | 94–114 | 100–113 | 74 | 59–83 | 67–81 | <0.001 |
LVIDs (mm) | 3.85 | 3.60–4.63 | 3.78–4.22 | 2.76 | 0.99–4.07 | 2.26–3.46 | 0.003 |
LVIDd (mm) | 7.66 | 7.33–8.51 | 7.41–8.23 | 5.41 | 2.70–7.38 | 4.99–6.24 | <0.001 |
Stroke volume (μl) | 302 | 256–327 | 277–304 | 92 | 71–144 | 73–120 | <0.001 |
Cardiac output (ml.min−1) | 111 | 94–122 | 107–113 | 43 | 25–58 | 29–49 | <0.001 |
Ejection fraction (%) | 85 | 82–88 | 83–87 | 88 | 51–94 | 84–92 | 0.083 |
Lactatemia (mmol.l−1) | 1.1 | 0.9–1.9 | 1.0–1.5 | 2.5 | 1.6–3.5 | 2.1–2.8 | <0.001 |
Hemodynamic effects after different doses of esmolol in animals that underwent CLP
Variables | CLP | IQR | CLP + E-1 | IQR | CLP + E-5 | IQR | CLP + E-18 | IQR |
P value | Post hoc analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 8 |
n = 8 |
n = 8 |
n = 8 | |||||||||||
Median | Min–Max | Median | Min–Max | Median | Min–Max | Median | Min–Max | |||||||
Heart rate (min−1) | 419 | 349–472 | 381–452 | 429 | 392–456 | 414–436 | 419 | 396–434 | 402–428 | 366 | 342–383 | 354–376 | 0.002 | 1.000: CLP vs. CLP + E-1 |
1.000: CLP vs. CLP + E-5 | ||||||||||||||
0.019: CLP vs. CLP + E-18 | ||||||||||||||
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 74 | 59–83 | 67–81 | 89 | 86–92 | 88–90 | 90 | 77–97 | 85–95 | 82 | 71–114 | 78–87 | 0.001 | 0.002: CLP vs. CLP + E-1 |
0.005: CLP vs. CLP + E-5 | ||||||||||||||
0.624: CLP vs. CLP + E-18 | ||||||||||||||
LVIDs (mm) | 2.76 | 0.99–4.07 | 2.26–3.46 | 3.35 | 2.75–3.77 | 3.00–3.73 | 3.67 | 2.89–3.97 | 3.10–3.93 | 3.21 | 2.04–3.97 | 2.98–3.33 | 0.118 | |
LVIDd (mm) | 5.41 | 2.70–7.38 | 4.99–6.24 | 6.86 | 6.13–7.33 | 6.63–7.23 | 7.14 | 6.10–7.88 | 6.58–7.68 | 6.64 | 5.86–7.38 | 6.38–6.79 | 0.008 | 0.090: CLP vs. CLP + E-1 |
0.012: CLP vs. CLP + E-5 | ||||||||||||||
0.679: CLP vs. CLP + E-18 | ||||||||||||||
Stroke volume (μl) | 92 | 71–144 | 73–120 | 207 | 153–225 | 172–220 | 215 | 154–238 | 183–234 | 160 | 142–215 | 148–209 | <0.001 | 0.002: CLP vs. CLP + E-1 |
<0.001: CLP vs. CLP + E-5 | ||||||||||||||
0.092: CLP vs. CLP + E-18 | ||||||||||||||
Cardiac output (ml.min−1) | 43 | 25–58 | 29–49 | 86 | 66–97 | 76–94 | 89 | 66–101 | 74–97 | 60 | 49–80 | 53–75 | <0.001 | <0.001: CLP vs. CLP + E-1 |
<0.001: CLP vs. CLP + E-5 | ||||||||||||||
0.528: CLP vs. CLP + E-18 | ||||||||||||||
Ejection fraction (%) | 88 | 51–94 | 84–92 | 86 | 83–92 | 85–90 | 86 | 83–89 | 84–88 | 87 | 83–95 | 86–89 | 0.685 | |
Lactatemia (mmol.l−1) | 2.5 | 1.6–3.5 | 2.1–2.8 | 1.3 | 0.7–1.5 | 1.2–1.4 | 1.4 | 0.6–2.0 | 1.0–1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.4 | 1.3–1.9 | 0.001 | 0.001: CLP vs. CLP + E-1 |
0.007: CLP vs. CLP + E-5 | ||||||||||||||
0.128: CLP vs. CLP + E-18 |